Progress 04/01/06 to 03/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focuses on the feeding damage of internally feeding fruit pests: Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck) Plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), grape berry moth (GBM), Paralobesia botrana (Clemens) and an internal but non-fruit-feeding pest, grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris). Degree-day models were discussed in grower meetings, and distributed to fruit growers and agents in hard copy extension publications and web sites; differences in degree-targets for CM and OFM were presented to explain observed patterns of injury. I conducted field research on mating disruption of grape root borer, and a geographical information systems approach (GIS) to risk assessment for GBM. Results have been disseminated at annual fruit schools (in five different parts of Virginia), a state-wide viticultural conference (Virginia Vineyards Association), and in-season orchard and vineyard meetings (Target audience: fruit producers), Entomological Society of America national and regional meetings) (Target audience: the entomological community), and the Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference (Target audience: Fruit research and extension specialists). PARTICIPANTS: Laub, C. Technical support in orchard and vineyard studies. Mays, R. Technical support in orchard and vineyard studies. Jordan, T. Doctoral student participating in grape berry moth and grape root borer research. Basnet, S. Masters student participating in brown marmorated stink bug research. Maxey, L. Masters student who participated in Japanese beetle, stink bug, and spotted wing drosophila research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Apple producers were the target of degree day recommendations, and grape growers were the target of the mating disruption and GIS studies. Grape and berry crop growers were the target of brown marmorated stink bug and spotted wing drosophila research. Entomologists and fruit production specialists were the target audience for the mating disruption and GIS studies. Entomologists and population ecologists were targets for plum curculio study. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Less emphasis is placed on sprayable mating disruption formulations (1) limited block size for mating disruption research at Kentland Farm, (2) manufacturing modifications needed for codling moth preparation. Mating disruption work is reduced for grape berry moth because of manufacturer discontinuing the product; mating disruption work increased for a lepidopteran feeding internally in grape roots, grape root borer. A second manufacturer notified me in November 2011 that they are interested in moving into this market.
Impacts
Based on my research, the manufacturer has decided to pursue a federal (EPA) registration for Isomate GRB, a mating disruption product for grape root borer. This is expected to be the most effective control tactic for this pest, which can be very damaging in the Southeast. I aided in grower adoption of this new approach for grape root borer, an increasing pest in winegrape vineyards in the mid-Atlantic region. This led to growers buying into the program under an Experimental Use Permit. My program has increased grower awareness of brown marmorated stink bug and spotted wing drosophila, and has provided original research on control measures. My program increased our knowledge of the biosystematics of plum curculio, specifically the relation between its geographic races, and the geographic races of Wolbachia, a bacterial symbiont. I provided information on environmentally selective grape pest management, lessening the severity of grape mealybug and other secondary pests. I improved the ability of grape growers to predict vineyard risk for grape berry moth, an internally feeding pest.
Publications
- Brannen, P. (ed.), (Pathology) G. Schnabel (Clemson), D. Ferrin (LSU), (Entomology) H. Burrack (NCSU), D. Pfeiffer (VT), (Weed Sci.) W. Mitchem, K. Jennings (NCSU), (Vertebrates) D. Lockwood (Univ. TN), (Culture) G. Fernandez (NCSU), (Pesticide Safety) B. Bellinger (Clemson) and P. Guillebeau (UGa). 2011. Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide. Southeastern Small Fruit Consortium. http://www.smallfruits.org/SmallFruitsRegGuide/Guides/2011/2011Brambl eSprayGuideNewTrialVersion6_26_11.pdf
- Pfeiffer, D. G. (Bulletin Coordinator since 1988), J. C. Bergh, R. D. Fell, C. R. R. Hooks, C. S. Walsh, K. S. Yoder, A. R. Biggs, J. B. Kotcon, J. F. Derr, R. S. Chandran, M. J. Weaver, A. Brown and J. Parkhurst. 2011. 2011 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Publ. 456-419.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., C. Johnson, K. S. Yoder and C. Bergh. 2011. Commercial Small Fruits: Disease and Insects. p. 2.12.16. In: 2011 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., A. B. Baudoin, J. C. Bergh and M. Nita. 2011. Grapes: Diseases and Insects in Vineyards. p. 3.1-3.18. In: 2011 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.
- Day, E. R., T. McCoy, D. Miller, T.P. Kuhar and D.G. Pfeiffer. 2011. Brown marmorated stink bug, Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Halyomorpha halys. Extension Fact Sheet 2902-1100. 2 p. (http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2902/2902-1100/2902-1100.pdf)
- Yoder, K. S., D. G. Pfeiffer, C. Bergh and M. Nita. 2011. Home Fruit: Diseases and Insects. p. 3.1-3.24. In: 2011 Pest Management Guide for Home Grounds and Animals. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-018.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., C. A. Laub, R. A. Mays and T. A. Jordan. 2010. Mating disruption for grape root borer - 2010. Proc. 86th Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 18-19.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., T. A. Jordan, C. A. Laub and R. A. Mays. 2010. Elimination of brown marmorated stink bug from winegrape clusters at harvest - 2010. Proc. 86th Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 18-19.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., C. A. Laub, T. A. Jordan, A. K. Wallingford and M. Cassell. 2009. Control of grape root borer using mating disruption. Proc. 85th Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Dec. 4-5.
- Lockwood, D. (Ed.) (Pathology) T. Sutton (NCSU), (Entomology) H. Burrack (NCSU), D. Pfeiffer (VT), (Weed Sci.) W. Mitchem (NCSU), (Vertebrate) D. Lockwood (Univ TN), (Pesticide Safety) B. Bellinger (Clemson) and P. Gillebeau (UGa). 2011. 2011 Southeast Regional Bunch Grape Integrated Management Guide. Southeastern Small Fruit Consortium. http://www.smallfruits.org/SmallFruitsRegGuide/Guides/2010/BunchGrape SprayGuide2_19_10.pdf
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focuses on the feeding damage of internally feeding fruit pests: Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck) Plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), grape berry moth (GBM), Paralobesia botrana (Clemens) and an internal but non-fruit-feeding pest, grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris). Degree-day models were distributed to fruit growers and agents; differences in degree-targets for CM and OFM were presented to explain observed patterns of injury. I conducted field research on mating disruption of grape root borer, and a geographical information systems approach (GIS) to risk assessment for GBM. Results have been disseminated at annual fruit schools (in five different parts of Virginia), a state-wide viticultural conference (Virginia Vineyards Association), and in-season orchard and vineyard meetings (Target audience: fruit producers), Entomological Society of America national and regional meetings) (Target audeince: the entomological community), and the Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference (Target audience: Fruit research and extension specialists). PARTICIPANTS: Laub, C. Technical support in orchard and vineyard studies. Mays R. Technical support in orchard and vineyard studies. Jordan, T. Doctoral student participating in grape berry moth and grape root borer research. Luckhart, S. Formerly in Biochemistry Department, Virginia Tech. Provided support in plum curculio and Wolbachia analysis. Tu, J. Biochemistry Department, Virginia Tech. Provided support in plum curculio and Wolbachia analysis. Zhang, X. Doctoral student that participated in the plum curculio research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Apple producers were the target of degree day recommendations, and grape growers were the target of the mating disruption and GIS studies. Entomologists and fruit production specialists were the target audience for the mating disruption and GIS studies. Entomologists and population ecologists were targets for plum curculio study. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Less emphasis is placed on sprayable mating disruption formulations (1) limited block size for mating disruption research at Kentland Farm, (2) manufacturing modifications needed for codling moth preparation. Mating disruption work is reduced for grape berry moth because of manufacturer discontinuing the product; mating disruption work increased for a lepidopteran feeding internally in grape roots, grape root borer.
Impacts
I aided in grower adoption of a new mating disruption for grape root borer, an increasing pest in winegrape vineyards in the mid-Atlantic region. This led to growers buying into the program under an Experimental Use Permit. Results have encouraged the manufacturer to consider federal registration of this product. My program increased our knowledge of the biosystematics of plum curculio, specifically the relation between its geographic races, and the geographic races of Wolbachia, a bacterial symbiont. I provided information on environmentally selective grape pest management, lessening the severity of grape mealybug and other secondary pests. I improved the ability of grape growers to predict vineyard risk for grape berry moth, an internally feeding pest.
Publications
- Demchak, K. (coord.), (PSU) T. E. Elkner, C. J. Esslinger, M. Frazier, S. D. Guiser, J. M. Halbrendt, J. K. Harper, G. Krawczyk, H. K. Ngugi, K. M. Richards, E. S. Sanchez, G. J. San Julian, J .W. Travis, (Rutgers) J. R. Heckman, B. W. Majek, P. Nitzsche, P. Oudemans, G. Pavlis, D. Polk, C. Rodriguez-Saona, W. J. Sciarappa, D. L. Ward, (UDel) D. M. Caron, G. C. Johnson, (UMd) B. R. Butler, J. A. Fiola, W. Lantz, H. J. Swartz, (USDA-Beltsville) M. Ehlenfeldt, (Va Tech) J. F. Derr, C. Johnson, D. G. Pfeiffer, R. A. Straw, K .S. Yoder, (WVA) J. Baniecki, A. R. Biggs, H. W. Hogmire, J. W. Jett (Additional Contributor) E. Mashburn. 2010-2011. The Mid-Atlantic Berry Guide for Commercial Growers. Pa. State Univ., Agric. Res. Coop. Ext. 271 p
- Pfeiffer, D. G., A. B. Baudoin, J. C. Bergh and M. Nita. 2010. 2010 Grapes: Diseases and Insects in Vineyards. Chapter 3, p. 1-14. In: 2010 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.
- Pfeiffer, D. G. (Bulletin Coordinator since 1988), J. C. Bergh, R. D. Fell, H. W. Hogmire, C. R. R. Hooks, R. Yuan, C. S. Walsh, K. S. Yoder, A. R. Biggs, J. B. Kotcon, A. DeMarsay, J. F. Derr, R. S. Chandran, M. J. Weaver, J. F. Baniecki, A. Brown and J. Parkhurst. 2010. 2010 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Publ. 456-419.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., C. Johnson, K. S. Yoder and C. Bergh. 2010. 2010 Commercial Small Fruits: Disease and Insects. Chapter 2, p. 1-14. In: 2010 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.
- Shahini, Sh., E. Kullaj, A. Cakalli, M. Cakalli, S. Lazarevska, D. G. Pfeiffer and F. Gumeni. 2010. Population dynamics and biological control of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana: Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Albania using different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Internat. J. Pest Manag. 56: 281-286.
- Yoder, K. S., D. G. Pfeiffer, C. Bergh and M. Nita. 2010. 2010 Home Fruit: Diseases and Insects. chapter 3, p. 1-24. In: 2010 Pest Management Guide for Home Grounds and Animals. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-018.
- Zhang, X., S. Luckhart, Z. Tu and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2010. Analysis of Wolbachia strains associated with Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the eastern United States. Environ. Entomol. 39: 396-405.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Conducted field trials in management of internally feeding fruit pests. Dissemination: Have reported mating disruption results during in-season grower educational meetings, as well as state wide conferences. Developed and introduced an online project management site to distribute results to growers and other stakeholders, and receive feedback. PARTICIPANTS: Douglas G. Pfeiffer, PI Curt Laub Ryan Mays TARGET AUDIENCES: Primary target audience is composed of fruit growers in Virginia and neighboring states. Secondary target audience is composed of graduate and undergraduate students at Virginia Tech. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: I have expanded this project to include grape because a key pest of that crop had no highly effective controls and was a suitable target for a main tactic already used in our project.
Impacts
Our results for mating disruption have been expanded from apple systems to vineyards, where this approach demonstrated in apples has great promise in grape systems. There are no generally practical means to control grape root borer, even with the only labeled insecticide (chlorpyrifos), which is highly toxic. Our results from this year demonstrated 75, 97 and 100 percent reduction in pupal counts, using a non-toxic, environmentally selective approach. Furthermore, grower testimony indicates that vines in affected blocks are no longer dying, and are thriving.
Publications
- Pfeiffer, D. G., Bergh, J. C., Fell, R. D., Hogmire, H. W., Hooks, C. R. R., Yuan, R., Walsh, C. S., Yoder, K. S., Biggs, A. R., Kotcon, J. B., DeMarsay, A., Derr, J. F., Chandran, R. S., Weaver, M. J., Baniecki, J. F., Brown, A. and Parkhurs, J. 2009. 2009 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Publ. 456-419. A regional manual for VA, WV and MD.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., Yoder, K. S. and Bergh, C. 2009. Commercial Small Fruits: Disease and Insects. p. 1-14. In: 2009 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017. Revised annually since 1988.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., Baudoin, A. B., and Bergh, J. C. 2009. Grapes: Diseases and Insects in Vineyards. p. 1-14. In: 2009 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017. Revised annually since 1988.
- Yoder, K. S., Pfeiffer, D. G. and Bergh, C. 2009. Home Fruit: Diseases and Insects. p. 1-24. In: 2009 Pest Management Guide for Home Grounds and Animals. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-018. Revised annually since 1988.
- Majek, B., Oudemans, P., Pfeiffer, D. and Ward, D. 2009. Commercial grape pest control recommendations for New Jersey, 2009. Rutgers Coop. Ext. Publ E283. (http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asppid=E283)
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focuses on the feeding damage of the: Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) Oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck) Plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). A novel insecticide, E2Y45 (rynaxypyr; Altacor), became available and was tested for internal feeders at Kentland Farm, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences research farm. Three different spray programs were applied in a mixed cultivar apple block. Two rates of rynaxypyr were compared with a standard program, and an untreated control. Each treatment was applied by airblast sprayer to about a quarter-acre plot. Crop load was very light following an April freeze. Fruit were not sampled from trees until harvest samples, which were taken 26 Sep. Twenty-five fruit were collected from each of four trees per treatment (Golden Delicious, York, Empire and Stamen). Exceptions were the Golden Delicious tree in the standard treatment (11 fruit), and the York tree in the control (9 fruit). Fruit were cut open to examine for internal feeders. Only two live larvae were found, one CM and one OFM. Percent internal feeding injury is reported, in addition to percent clean fruit. PARTICIPANTS: Laub, C. Technical support in rynaxypyr study. Luckhart, S. Formerly in Biochemistry Department, Virginia Tech. Provided support in plum curculio and Wolbachia analysis. Tu, J. Biochemistry Department, Virginia Tech. Provided support in plum curculio and Wolbachia analysis. Zhang, X. Doctoral student that participated in the plum curculio research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Apple producers were the target of rynaypyr study. Entomologists and population ecologists were targets for plum curculio study. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Less emphasis will be placed on sprayable mating disruption formulations (1) limited block size for mating disruption research at Kentland Farm, (2) manufacturing modifications needed for codling moth preparation.
Impacts
All three chemical programs effectively controlled internal feeders. Leafroller injury in 2007 was very light. The petal fall spray was applied late; consequently, plum curculio injury was heavy. This is the reason clean fruit percentages were so low. Data obtained in the described rynaxypyr trial resulted in more environmentally selective control recommendations (Pfeiffer et al 2008). The research on plum curculio produced two refereed publications and has already served as the impetus on plum curcuio genetic structure in another university.
Publications
- Pfeiffer, D. G. (Bulletin Coordinator since 1988), J. C. Bergh, R. D. Fell, H. W. Hogmire, G. P. Dively, R. Yuan, C. S. Walsh, K. S. Yoder, A. R. Biggs, J. B. Kotcon, A. DeMarsay, J. F. Derr, R. S. Chandran, M. J. Weaver, J. F. Baniecki, A. Brown and J. Parkhurst. 2008. 2008 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Publ. 456-419. A regional manual for VA, WV and MD.
- Shestopal, G., and D. Pfeiffer. 2008. Apple - A Commercial Crop for Ukraine. Tsov Triada-Plus Publ. L'viv, Ukraine. 256 p. 20 pls.
- Zhang, X., and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2008. Evaluation of reproductive incompatibility of interstrain mating among plum curculio populations in the eastern United States. Environ. Entomol. 37: 1208-1213.
- Zhang, X., J. Tu, S. Luckhart and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2008. Genetic diversity of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) among geographical populations in the eastern United States. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101: 824-832
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: ACTIVITIES: My field trials this year included work with puffers, a new mating disruption technology, use of organic pesticides and those with short preharvest intervals for Japanese beetle in fruit crops, novel selective pesticide chemistry in apple, and a survey for Pierce's disease vectors and bacterial infection in vineyards throughout Virginia. EVENTS: I participated in four winter fruit schools in Virginia, a multi-state grower meeting in Hershey PA, and a series of orchard and vineyard field grower meetings. I participated in two in-service training workshops for extension agents, one in organic agriculture at the college research farm, and the other in tree fruit pest management at the Alson H. Smith Agric. and Ext. Center. I presented a poster at the national meeting of the North American Bramble Growers Assoc in Columbus OH and two talks at the Eastern Branch meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Harrisburg PA. PRODUCTS: I used the Virginia Fruit web
site that I created to disseminate information to stakeholders (http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/). DISSEMINATION: I distributed information through refereed journal articles, presentations in scientific meetings, extension publications, face-to-face grower and agent sessions, and email distribution lists.
PARTICIPANTS: Laub, C. S., technical support Love, K., County Extension Agent Maxey, L. M., Graduate Research Assistant Mays, R. S., technical support Wallingford, A. K., Graduate Research Assistant
TARGET AUDIENCES: Fruit growers within Virginia Fruit growers in other states Horticultural crop researchers and producers in Eastern Europe
Impacts
I aided in grower adoption of a new mating disruption technology (pheromone puffers) in apple orchards and strengthened the research base demonstrating efficacy of mating disruption for grape root borer, an increasing pest in winegrape vineyards in the mid-Atlantic region. This led to growers buying into the program under an Experimental Use Permit. My program increased our knowledge of the biosystematics of plum curculio, specifically the relation between its geographic races, and the geographic races of Wolbachia, a bacterial symbiont. I provided information on environmentally selective grape pest management, lessening the severity of grape mealybug and other seconday pests. I improved the ability of grape growers to deal with Pierce's disease, a leafhopper-borne vine disease.
Publications
- Pfeiffer, D. G., A. B. Baudoin, J. C. Bergh and A. L. Myers. 2007. Grapes: Diseases and Insects in Vineyards. p. 3-1 - 3-13. In: 2007 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.
- Demchak, K. (coord.), (PSU) Brittingham-Brant, M., M. Frazier, S. D. Guiser, J. M. Halbrendt, J. K. Harper, G. Krawczyk, K. M. Richards, E. S. Sanchez, J .W. Travis, (Rutgers) B. W. Majek, P. Nitzsche, P. Oudemans, G. Pavlis, S. Polavarapu, D. Polk, P. R. Probasco, C. Rodriguez-Saona, W. J. Sciarappa, P. W. Shearer, M. Stanghellini, (UDel) D. M. Caron, W. E. Kee, G. C. Johnson, (UMd) B. R. Butler, J. A. Fiola, H. J. Swartz, (Va Tech) A. D. Bratsch, J. F. Derr, J. A. Pattison, D. G. Pfeiffer, K .S. Yoder, (WVA) J. Baniecki, A. Biggs, H. W. Hogmire, R. Zimmerman. 2006. The Mid-Atlantic Berry Guide for Commercial Growers. Pa. State Univ., Agric. Res. Coop. Ext. 205 p. (Authors listed alphabetically within participating states) (VCE Pub. No. 423-020).
- Pfeiffer, D. G. and K. Love. 2007. Handheld applications in fruit extension delivery. J. Extension 45 (5): 5TOT6
- Wallingford, A. K., S. A. Tolin, A. L. Myers, T. K. Wolf and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2007. Expansion of the range of Pierce's disease in Virginia. Plant Health Progress. Online. doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-1004-01-BR.
- Pfeiffer, D. G. (Bulletin Coordinator since 1988), J. C. Bergh, R. D. Fell, H. W. Hogmire, G. P. Dively, R. Yuan, C. S. Walsh, K. S. Yoder, A. R. Biggs, J. B. Kotcon, A. DeMarsay, J. F. Derr, R. S. Chandran, M. J. Weaver, J. F. Baniecki and J. Parkhurst. 2007. 2007 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Publ. 456-419. A regional manual for VA, WV and MD.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., K. S. Yoder and C. Bergh. 2007. Commercial Small Fruits: Disease and Insects. p. 2-1 - 2-14. In: 2007 Pest Management Guide for Horticultural and Forest Crops. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-017.
- Yoder, K. S., D. G. Pfeiffer and C. Bergh. 2007. Home Fruit: Diseases and Insects. p. 3-1 - 3-24. In: 2007 Pest Management Guide for Home Grounds and Animals. Va. Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-018.
- Pfeiffer, D. G. 2006. Handheld applications in fruit extension delivery. Proc. 82nd Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 16-17.
- Zhang, X., D. Pfeiffer, S. Luckhart and J. Tu. 2006. Analysis of plum curculio strains using mtCO1 and wsp molecular markers. Proc. 82nd Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 16-17.
- Maxey, L., C. Laub, Z.-X. Shen, W. Mays, A. Wallingford and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2006. Insect control and varietal comparisons in primocane-bearing caneberries. Proc. 82nd Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 17-18.
- Wallingford, A. K., S. A. Tolin and D. G. Pfeiffer. 2006. A survey of Pierce's disease vectors in Virginia vineyards: First season. Proc. 82nd Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 16-17.
- Pfeiffer, D. G. 2007. Thrips in caneberry crops. The Bramble 22(2): 4-6.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
It is desirable to compare the competing technologies in order to better incorporate mating disruption into management programs. The main technologies to be incorporated are Isomate rope-style dispensers (CM/OFM-TT), sprayable laminate flake dispensers and Cyd-X (codling moth granulovirus). Both mating disruption preparations were effective at low to moderate population pressure, though both showed control problems at high population pressure. Addition of Cyd-X improved control. Progress was made in clarifying biogeography of plum curculio and its Wolbachia symbionts. Cross-mating experiments showed a rough unidirectional incompatibility: there is low fertility in West Virginia males mated with New York and Virginia females; West Virginia females have normal fertility mated with New York and Virginia males. The Florida population shows a different pattern: males have a lower fertility with Virginia and West Virginia females and females are compatible with all males
from each population. The incompatibility between two plum curculio strains could be due to different, incompatible Wolbachia infections. Current results suggest that Wolbachia strains approximate the distribution of PC strains: the northern PC strain is infected with wCne1 and wCne2 strains in B group, the southern strain is infected with wCne3 strain in A group and the mid-Atlantic region is the convergence area. wCne1 and wCne2 cause either single or double infections, but wCne3 is always present as a single infection in this study. The superinfection ratio is low (20.7%). WV and FL plum curculio populations may contain mixed northern and southern strains. Comparing the results of mating experiments between northern and southern PC strains, the observed partial reproductive incompatibility may due to infections by different (and incompatible) Wolbachia strains.
Impacts
The reported results on codling moth management indicate that mating disruption (a non-insecticidal method to control some agricultural pests) may be feasible in areas previously thought impossible by the addition of codling moth granulovirus as a supplement to pheromone treatment. This will support replacement of toxic organophosphate sprays with environmentally benign methods. In future research, the strains of Wolbachia associated with the populations of plum curculio could be used to develop an assay to differentiate between the univoltine (one annual generation) and multivoltine (2-3 annual generations) strains of plum curculio. We expect to explore possible manipulation of Wolbachia in plum curculio in order to decrease fitness of the pest population. This would contribute to lessening the pest potential of this species.
Publications
- Tedeschini, J., B. Stamo and D. Pfeiffer. 2006. Menaxhimi i paraziteve ne ullishtet organike. [Pest management in organic olives.] Plant Protection Institute. Durres, Albania. 135 p.
- Demchak, K. (coord.), (PSU) Brittingham-Brant, M., M. Frazier, S. D. Guiser, J. M. Halbrendt, J. K. Harper, G. Krawczyk, K. M. Richards, E. S. Sanchez, J .W. Travis, (Rutgers) B. W. Majek, P. Nitzsche, P. Oudemans, G. Pavlis, S. Polavarapu, D. Polk, P. R. Probasco, C. Rodriguez-Saona, W. J. Sciarappa, P. W. Shearer, M. Stanghellini, (UDel) D. M. Caron, W. E. Kee, G. C. Johnson, (UMd) B. R. Butler, J. A. Fiola, H. J. Swartz, (Va Tech) A. D. Bratsch, J. F. Derr, J. A. Pattison, D. G. Pfeiffer, K .S. Yoder, (WVA) J. Baniecki, A. Biggs, H. W. Hogmire, R. Zimmerman. 2006. The Mid-Atlantic Berry Guide for Commercial Growers. Pa. State Univ., Agric. Res. Coop. Ext. 205 p.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., A. Wallingford, C. A. Laub, W. T. Mays, X. Zhang, K. Love. 2005. Combining codling moth granulosis virus with mating disruption for internal Lepidoptera in apple. Proc. 81st Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 17-18.
- Pfeiffer, D. G., A. Wallingford, C. A. Laub, and W. T. Mays. 2005. Exploring mating disruption and entomopathogenic nematodes for control of grape root borer in southwestern Virginia - 2005. Proc. 81st Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 17-18.
- Zhang, X., S. Luckhart, D. G. Pfeiffer and Z. Tu. 2005. Analysis of Wolbachia strains and re-evaluation of the success of cross-strain mating in plum curculio in eastern North America. Proc. 81st Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers' Conf., Winchester, VA. Nov. 17-18.
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