Progress 11/01/05 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:1. Other researchers and extension personnel through presentations of research findings at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Turfgrass Entomology Workshops) and publications in refereed journals. 2. Turfgrass professionals (golf course) through integration of findings in continuing education courses and presentations at turf and ornamental conferences and field days and direct interaction through emails, phone calls, and site visits. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Postdoctoral Associates Drs. Kostromytska and Wu attended the International Congress of Entomology in Orlando, FL and each gave one presentation related to the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to the scientific community through refereed journal articles, a book chapters, and proceedings papers (see Products - Publications) as well as presentations at the National Turfgrass Entomology Workshops, the Rutgers Turfgrass Symposia, and annual meetings of the Entomological Society of America and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology and the International Congress of Entomology. Results have been disseminated to the turfgrass industry and specifically to the golf course industry via newsletter articles (see Products - Publications), blogs, numerous extension presentations (NJ Turfgrass Expo, Rutgers Turfgrass Field Days, Rutgers Office of Continuing Education Short Courses), and personal communications to superintendents via field visits, emails, and phone calls. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Impact of Project Our interdependent research strategy has improved exchange of information among turfgrass scientists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. This multistate effort developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass. This and other applied publications developed from this project are and will be posted on our Website. This helps improve management practices used by golf courses including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners results in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region. A survey (in press) conducted throughout the area affected by ABW indicated that 78% of superintendents seek out help with ABW management from University personnel (on par with colleagues and sales/distributors), and that the greatest influence on superintendents' management philosophy was by University personnel (43% vs. 31% colleagues and 21% sales/distributors. Specific accomplishments: Obj. 1A. biology, ecology. P. annua volatiles most attractive to ABW females were 3-hexenyl acetate and phenyl ethyl alcohol. Field observations using traps lured with these compounds suggested that they are not attractive enough to have potential as stand-alone attractants but may be used in combination with to-be-identified ABW pheromones. P. annua volatile profiles differed from those of bentgrasses. P. annua emitted more of the green leaf volatile 3-hexenyl acetate and the terpenoid linalool, whereas bentgrasses tended to have more terpenoids which are commonly involved in plant defenses. We observed an egg laying threshold of 8°C with oviposition still very low at 11-13°C, significantly increasing at 15 and 16°C, peaking at 21-25°. Fewer eggs were laid at a 10:14 L:D regime than at 12:12 L:D and 14:10 L:D. The effect of photoperiod was weaker than that of temperature.. ABW populations on 3 fairways were monitored 2009-2012. Life stages were always aggregated, independent of population density or spatial dispersion of hosts. The distribution of consecutive and non-consecutive immature stages was correlated in all years, suggesting that females do not avoid patches already occupied by conspecific eggs. Significant spatial associations were not found between larvae and P. annua when the host plant was relatively abundant. Multiple mechanisms may drive ABW oviposition site-selection behaviors, and a flexible strategy may allow ABW to persist in areas where P. annua is not the dominant species. OBJ 1B. Control options: 3 bentgrass species and 8 cultivars were evaluated for resistance to ABW in lab and field experiments. Larval survival and growth on the selected bentgrasses and grass tolerance to larval feeding were studied in greenhouse assays. Compared to the P. annua, all tested bentgrasses were neither preferred nor suitable for ABW. Poa annua was the most suitable host for ABW larval survival and development. It had significantly higher numbers of ABW life stages than all tested bentgrasses. Larvae weighed more and developed faster in P. annua than in most bentgrasses. Bentgrasses were more tolerant to ABW feeding than P. annua. In P. annua damage became apparent sooner and was more severe than in most creeping bentgrasses. In greenhouse experiments, bentgrasses tolerated 2-3 times higher numbers of ABW adult and larvae than P. annua before displaying any significant quality decrease. Creeping bentgrass had the lowest damage ratings. ABW infestation caused higher plant yield reduction in P. annua than in bentgrasses. Clearly, creeping bentgrass is the best species for the implementation of host plant resistance in ABW management. Giving the significant issues with insecticide resistance, we conducted topical bioassays to determine resistance levels and cross resistance patterns to the major insecticide modes of actions in adult ABW. Populations were collected from 9 courses with different histories of insecticide use. The populations collected at Rutgers Horticultural Farm 2 and at 2 country courses were relatively pyrethroid-susceptible and were considered susceptible. Other populations had various levels of pyrethroids resistance with RR50s ranging 14-343 (bifenthrin) and 8-324 (cyhalothrin). Pyrethroid resistant populations also demonstrated elevated tolerance to chlorpyrifos (RR50 3-16), clothianidin (3-10), and spinosad (3-5). Resistance or increased tolerance to most available ABW larvicides was also observed in larvae in greenhouse studies. These observations were confirmed in 2 years of field trials conducted at 4-5 courses with bifenthrin-resistance levels of 2x to 343x. Only products based on spinosad and cyantraniliprole applied against larvae showed no significant reduction in efficacy at the highest pyrethroid-resistance levels. To develop diagnostic assays for resistance monitoring and detection, 5 concentrations of formulated bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos were tested against 5 populations in Petri dish assays and corresponding AIs concentrations in vial assays. A greenhouse test was conducted to validate results of the lab assays. RR50s obtained from the different assays types were proportionally similar. The petri dish assay was the simplest assay. In greenhouse and field studies combinations of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and the neonicotinoid imidacloprid provided additive control of ABW larvae in pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant populations. Splitting EPN applications into 2 applications 4-7 days apart improved control by 10-15%. Split combination treatments gave repeatedly over 90% control. Where imidacloprid is already used for white grub control, its combination with EPN application could be a highly effective option for ABW larval control. In field studies a product based on the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was ineffective against pyrethroid-resistant ABW adults but synergized strongly with bifenthrin. Lab studies indicated that the carrier oil in the fungus formulation was responsible for the synergistic interaction. In field trials, a product based on liquid paraffins applied against adults provided 50% control, and it combination with bifenthrin provided additive control of 75%. A product based on the botanical azadirachtin provided consistently around 40% control of pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptyible ABW population when applied when ABW were mostly in the egg to second instar stage. Given the low cost of these applications, even this relatively low efficacy could be a useful additional tool for the suppression of resistant ABW populations. OBJ. 1C. IPM decision tools: We compared different methods for ABW extraction. The number of stages extracted by salt was the lowest for whole cores and tended to be lower in quartered cores than pulverized cores. Heat extracted about 1.4 times higher numbers than were found with quartered or pulverized cores and salt. However, about 40% of the stages found with heat extraction were found during manual examination after heat treatment. The average instar of the ABW stages found tended to be higher in heat extractions than in salt extractions due to the advanced age of the stages found remaining in the desiccated cores. Using a 1.5 in. diam rather than the standard 2.4 in. diam corer, similar densities of ABW developmental stages were determine. Using tap water instead of water saturated with salt for submersion extraction resulted in 50% less stages.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2015. Spatial analysis of Listronotus maculicollis immature stages demonstrate strong associations with conspecifics and turfgrass damage but not with optimal hosts on golf course fairways. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 157, 307-316.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenhofer A.M., Wu S. 2015. Insecticide resistant annual bluegrass weevil: understanding, managing, alleviating, and preventing a superintendent's nightmare. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 14 (1), 25-27.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenhofer A.M. Rodriguez-Saona C.2015. Advancing integrated management of annual bluegrass weevil. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 14 (1), 19-21.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Koppenhofer A.M., Kostromytska O.S., Wu S. 2015. Insecticide resistant annual bluegrass weevil: Understanding, managing, and preventing a superintendents nightmare. NY State Turf Assoc. Electronic Newsletter, December 2015.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., S. Wu., Koppenhofer A.M. C. 2016. Sustainable management of the annual bluegrass weevil. Proc. 25th Ann. Rutgers Turfgrass Symp. 18 March 2016, New Brunswick, NJ, p.59-61.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Koppenhofer A.M., Wu S. 2017. Microbial Control of Insect Pests of Turfgrass. In: Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pest: From Theory to Practice (Lacey, L.A., Ed.), pp. 331-341. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:1. Other researchers and extension personnel through presentations of research findings at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Turfgrass Entomology Workshops) and publications in refereed journals. 2. Turfgrass professionals (golf course) through integration of findings in continuing education courses and presentations at turf and ornamental conferences and field days and direct interaction through emails, phone calls, and site visits. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Postdoctoral Associate Dr. Kostromytska attended the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch - Entomological Society of America and gave one presentation related to the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to the scientific community through a refereed journal article, a book chapter, and proceedings papers (see Products - Publications) as well as presentations at the National Turfgrass Entomology Workshop (RI), the Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium, and the Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America. Results have been disseminated to the turfgrass industry and specifically to the golf course industry via newsletter articles (see Products - Publications), numerous extension presentations (NJ Turfgrass Expo, Rutgers Turfgrass Field Days, Rutgers Office of Continuing Education Short Courses), and personal communications to superintendents via field visits, emails, and phone calls. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue research on all Objectives and write and submit manuscripts to peer reviewed and professional journals. We will continue disseminating the information to the scientific community via refereed publications and presentations at workshops, society meetings, and symposia. Updated findings will be disseminated to the golf course industry via articles in professional journals and newsletters and presentations at turfgrass conferences, superintendent association meetings, field days, and personal communications via field visits, emails, and phone calls.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective1a (biology, ecology). It is assumed that overwintering annaul bluegrass weevil (ABW) adults undergo a reproductive diapause. In order to predict the onset of spring oviposition and the optimal time for insecticide applications it is important to know what environmental conditions are conducive for diapause termination. Our studies to date suggest an egg laying threshold of 8°C with oviposition still very low at 11-13°C, significantly increasing at 15 and 16°C, peaking at 21-25°. Fewer eggs were laid at a 10:14 L:D regime than at 12:12 L:D and 14:10 L:D, but the effect of photoperiod was weaker than that of temperature. Factors affecting induction and termination of diapause still need to be studied. Objective 1b. (Control options): In earlier greenhouse and field research we had shown that combinations of EPNs and the neonicotinoid imidacloprid provide additive control of. Thus, were imidacloprid is already used for white grub control, its combination with EPN application could be a highly effective option for ABW larval control. These observations to date had been done with pyrethroid-susceptible ABW populations. In 2015 we confirmed the additive effect and high control levels of EPN-imidacloprid combinations with a highly (100x) pyrethroid-resistant population. Given the dearth of effective control options for resistant ABW, EPN-imidacloprid combinations appear to be a very feasible option for controlling resistant ABW populations at the larval stage. In spring applications, as in 2014, in 2015 a product based on the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was ineffective against pyrethroid-resistant ABW adults but synergized strongly with the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin. B. bassiana did not interact with the organophosphate chlorpyrifos against pyrethroid-resistant adult ABW. In these (and other) tests, chlorpyrifos alone was as ineffective or even less effective than bifenthrin alone. Chlorpyrifos is widely used as an alternative to the pyrethroids for controlling resistant adult ABW which has become the go-to alternative to pyrethroids. Since this leaves no effective adulticide for managing resistant ABW at the adult stage, B. bassiana-bifenthrin combinations can fill in this glaring gap in management options. Additional spring field trials with highly pyrethroid-resistant ABW showed that a product based on the botanical azadirachtin provides around 40% control when applied when spring generation ABW are mostly in the egg to second instar stage. Given the low cost of these applications, even this relatively low efficacy could be a useful additional tool for the suppression of resistant ABW populations. Objective 1c. (IPM decision tools): Nothing new to report for this period.
Publications
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Koppenh�fer A.M., Kostromytska O.S., McGraw B.A., Ebssa L. 2015. Entomopathogenic nematodes in turfgrass: ecology and management of important insect pests in North America. In: Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection (Campos Herrera, R., Ed.), pp. 309-327. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenh�fer A.M. 2015 Egg-laying preferences and larval development of annual bluegrass weevil on Poa annua and selected bentgrasses. Golf Course Management, April 2015, 86-89.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Wu. S., Rodriguez-Saona C., Koppenh�fer A.M. 2015. Advancing integrated management of the annual bluegrass weevil. Proc. 24th Ann. Rutgers Turfgrass Symp. 16 Jan. 2015, New Brunswick, NJ, p.30-32.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Koppenh�fer A.M. 2015. Don't get them angry: Insecticide resistance in ABW. Plant & Pest Advisory, Landscape, Nursery & Turf Edition, online. March 25, 2015. http://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/dont-get-them-angry-insecticide-resistance-in-awb/
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: 1. Other researchers and extension personnel through presentations of research findings at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Turfgrass Entomology Workshops) and publications in refereed journals. 2. Turfgrass professionals (golf course) through integration of findings in continuing education courses and presentations at turf and ornamental conferences and field days and direct interaction through emails, phone calls, and site visits. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Postdoctoral Associate Dr. Kostromytska attended the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Branch - Entomological Society of America and gave one presentation related to the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to the scientific community through a refereed journal article, a book chapter, and proceedings papers (see Products - Publications) as well as presentations at the National Turfgrass Entomology Workshop (RI), the Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium, and the Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America. Results have been disseminated to the turfgrass industry and specifically to the golf course industry via newsletter articles (see Products - Publications), numerous extension presentations (NJ Turfgrass Expo, Rutgers Turfgrass Field Days, Rutgers Office of Continuing Education Short Courses), and personal communications to superintendents via field visits, emails, and phone calls. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue research on all Objectives and write and submit manuscripts to peer reviewed and professional journals. We will continue disseminating the information to the scientific community via refereed publications and presentations at workshops, society meetings, and symposia. Updated findings will be disseminated to the golf course industry via articles in professional journals and newsletters and presentations at turfgrass conferences, superintendent association meetings, field days, and personal communications via field visits, emails, and phone calls
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective1a (biology, ecology). ABWs tend to aggregate at overwintering sites. To investigate whether ABW produce aggregation and/or sex pheromones a series of behavioral bioassays were conducted. The biological significance of ABW headspace volatiles was tested in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Weevils were given a choice between volatiles collected in the head space of males or females feeding on P. annua and of P. annua only. Overwintering adults were not responsive to any tested extracts. Spring generation males (70%) preferred female + P. annua extract to P. annua only extract. Short distance attractiveness of ABW-produced volatiles was tested in pitfall assays. Plastic containers were filled with moistened sand and 4 wells were arranged in the center. Wells were baited with head space extracts of males + P. annua, females + P. annua, P. annua, and solvent only. Spring generation males and females were placed centrally in the arena. After 24 h the number of weevils in each well and outside of wells was determined. Similarly to the Y-tube assays, only males tended to be attracted to female head space volatiles. Fewer males and females were recovered from non-baited wells than from wells baited with male/female extracts. To test for presence of aggregation pheromones during overwintering, ABW males or females were given a choice between 1) female- or male-baited sides and a control and 2) between male- and female-baited sides of overwintering experimental arenas kept in incubators under overwintering conditions (10 h light, 6°C: 14 h dark, 4°C). Weevil position was recorded after 24 h. Numerically most males and females tended to choose side baited with females. Male baits had weak effect only on female choices. No preferences were observed between male or female baits. In 83% of replicates introduced weevils were found in one group, confirming ABWs tendency to aggregate during overwintering. Objective 1b. (Control options): Topical bioassays were conducted to determine resistance levels and cross resistance patterns to the major insecticide modes of actions in adult ABW. Nine different populations were collected from golf courses with different histories of insecticide use and ABW infestation. Six concentrations of the insecticide active ingredients (AI) were applied topically (1 µl/adult) using microapplicators. Treated ABW were placed in Petri dishes lined with moist filter paper with food provided. Mortality was evaluated 72 h after treatment and LD50s were determined. Resistance ratios were calculated (RR50 = LD50 resistant / LD50 susceptible population) and their significance determined. The populations collected at Rutgers Horticultural Farm 2 (HF), North Brunswick, NJ and at Pine Brook GC, Manapalan, NJ (PB) were relatively pyrethroid-susceptible and were considered susceptible. The other populations had various levels of pyrethroids resistance/tolerance, with RR50s ranging 14.2-343.1(bifenthrin) and 7.8-323.6 (λ-cyhalothrin). Pyrethroid resistant populations also demonstrated elevated tolerance to chlorpyrifos (RR50 3.3-15.5), clothianidin (RR50 2.9-9.7), and spinosad (RR50 3.0-5.1). Topical assays with indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole did not yield meaningful dose-response curves due to low mortality for the resistant populations. To develop diagnostic assays for resistance monitoring and detection, greenhouse and laboratory assays were conducted using one susceptible and four resistant populations. Four to five concentrations of formulated bifenthrin (range 0.01-600x of labeled rate) and chlorpyrifos (range 0.001-3x) were tested against 5 populations in Petri dish assays and corresponding insecticide AIs concentrations in vial assays. Mortality was evaluated after 72 h and lethal concentrations (LCs) determined. A greenhouse test was conducted to validate results of the lab assays. Four to five concentrations of the formulated insecticides were sprayed on pots with established grass. Adults were introduced per pots immediately after treatment application. Adults were extracted 72 h later and survival rates recorded for LC determination. Our preliminary data suggest that RR50s obtained from different assays types, except vial assays, were proportionally similar. We did not observe significant differences among populations in vial assays. Resistance level could be determined in any of the conducted assays. The petri dish assay was the simplest and the least labor intensive assay. More replications are needed to validate our findings and determining diagnostic doses for practical use. In 2013 we observed that combined application of nematodes and imidacloprid tended to improve nematode efficacy against ABW. To examine the effect of split application on efficacy of nematodes and nematode-imidacloprid combination we conducted a field study in 2014. The nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and imidacloprid were either applied alone or in combination at full rate (2.5 billion IJs/ha and 336 g AI/ha, respectively) or half rates either as single (May 30) or split (May 30 + June 5) applications. Larval survival was evaluated 11 days after the first application. All treatments except imidacloprid alone provided significant control. Nematode rate had no significant effect in the single and combination treatments. Nematode imidacloprid combinations (77-78%) but not nematodes alone (50-58% control) were significantly better than imidacloprid alone. Split application of nematodes whether for nematodes alone (88%) or in the combinations (both 95%) showed the greatest potential. Where imidacloprid is already used for white grub control, its combination with split nematode application could be a highly effective option for ABW larval control. Objective 1c. (IPM decision tools): Nothing new to report for this period.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenh�fer A.M. 2014. Ovipositional preferences and larval survival of Annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis, on Poa annua and selected bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.). Entomol. Exp. Appl. 152, 108-119.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Rodriguez-Saona, Koppenh�fer A.M. C. 2014. Advancing integrated management of the Annual bluegrass weevil. Proc. 23rd Ann. Rutgers Turfgrass Symp. 17 Jan. 2014, New Brunswick, NJ, p.13-14.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenh�fer A.M. C. 2014. Host plant resistance and tolerance to Annual bluegrass weevil. Proc. 23rd Ann. Rutgers Turfgrass Symp. 17 Jan. 2014, New Brunswick, NJ, p.41-42.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenh�fer A.M. 2014. Advancing integrated management of annual bluegrass weevil. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 13 (2), 42-43.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Koppenh�fer A.M. 2014. ABW Part 1: Managing insecticide susceptible populations. Plant & Pest Advisory, Landscape, Nursery & Turf Edn., online. April 11, 2014. http://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/?p=9079
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Koppenh�fer A.M. 2013. ABW Part 2: Managing insecticide resistant populations Plant & Pest Advisory, Landscape, Nursery & Turf Edition, online. April 14, 2014. http://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/?p=9092
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Koppenh�fer A.M., Kostromytska O.S. 2014. Tolerance/resistance to annual bluegrass weevil among bentgrasses. NY State Turf Assoc. Electronic Newsletter, July 2014.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: 1. Other researchers and extension personnel through presentations of research findings at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Turfgrass Entomology Workshops) and publications in refereed journals. 2. Turfgrass professionals (golf course) through integration of findings in continuing education courses and presentations at turf and ornamental conferences and field days and direct interaction through emails, phone calls, and site visits. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? PD Dr. Albrecht Koppenhöfer attended National Turfgrass Entomology Workshop in Rhode Island and gave a presentation related to the project. Postdoctoral Associate Dr. Kostromytska attended the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America and gave two presentations related to the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to the scientific community through a book chapter and proceedings papers (see Products - Publications) as well as presentations at the National Turfgrass Entomology Workshop (RI), the Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium, and the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Results have been disseminated to the turfgrass industry and specifically to the golf course industry via a newsletter article (see Products - Publications), numerous extension presentations (NJ Turfgrass Expo, Rutgers Turfgrass Field Days, Rutgers Office of Continuing Education Short Courses), and personal communications to superintendents via field visits, emails, and phone calls. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue research on all Objectives and write and submit manuscripts to peer reviewed and professional journals. We will continue disseminating the information to the scientific community via refereed publications and presentations at workshops, society meetings, and symposia. Updated findings will be disseminated to the golf course industry via articles in professional journals and newsletters and presentations at turfgrass conferences, superintendent association meetings, field days, and personal communications via field visits, emails, and phone calls.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Impact of project: Our interdependent research strategy has already led to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region. While interactions of the PD and other PDs from the associated MSRP with superintendents through the Northeast already indicate a wider adoption of monitoring and control techniques developped in this project, the implementations still needs to be quantified through a survey. Specific accomplishments: Objective1a (biology, ecology). Nothing new to report for this period. Objective 1b. (Control options): Four cultivars of creeping bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L., and two cultivars each of colonial bentgrass, Agrostis capillaris L., and velvet bentgrass, Agrostis canina L., were evaluated for resistance to ABW considering three major components: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance. It is likely that grass is exposed to cumulative effects of adult and larval feeding and oviposition in the field. Thus, in a 2013 greenhouse experiment, three different adult densities were introduced in the pots with 8 bentgrass cultivars (3 species) and P. annua. Adults were removed after 1 week and pots remained in the greenhouse for larvae to develop. Grass responses (quality and damage ratings) to ABW feeding were recorded weekly for 4 weeks. Grass leaves and stems were clipped, oven dried and silicon and fiber content analyzed to determine possible mechanisms of grass resistance/tolerance to ABW feeding. Results of the 2013 experiment were consistent with our previous findings. Poa annua sustained significantly more damage than any of the tested bentgrasses (Fig. 1). In the pots with P. annua, damage ratings ranged from 70 to 93% at the lowest and the highest densities, respectively. In contrast, even for most susceptible bentgrass (colonial ‘Capri’ and ‘Tiger’ and velvet ‘Villa’ and ‘Greenwich’) damage ratings were at most 24% and 40% at the lowest and the highest densities, respectively. Low damage ratings (on average < 20%) were observed in creeping bentgrasses (cvs. ‘Penncross’, ‘Declaration’ and ‘007’) even in the pots with the highest adult densities. Silicon and fiber content of leaf and stem tissue did not correlate with the larval stages recovered in the tested grasses, suggesting that they are not involved in bentgrass resistance. In fact, P. annua and most susceptible bentgrasses tended to have higher concentrations of silicon and fiber in their tissues. Combinations of entomopathogenic nematodes and imidacloprid for larval control were studied in greenhouse and field experiments. In greenhouse tests, a low and a high rate of the nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae, and of imidacloprid were tested alone and in combination against ABW fourth instars. In the field experiment two rates of H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae were tested alone or in combination with the labeled rate of imidacloprid. In the greenhouse experiment no significant synergistic effect of EPN+imidacloprid combination was observed (Fig. 2). In the field no significant differences among treatments was observed 7 DAT (Fig. 3). All treatments differed from control 14 DAT. In addition, plots treated with combinations numerically tended to have fewer ABWs. Future experiments will examine the effect of delayed and split application of nematodes on this interaction. A field trial was conducted in spring against a pyrethroid resistant ABW population. A sequential treatment consisting of lambda-cyhalothrin applied against overwintered adults (16 April), chlorantraniliprole against young larvae (30 April), and indoxacarb against older larvae (29 May) provided only 65% control. A combination product with bifenthrin and clothianidin applied on 30 April provided 94% control at the standard rate for a single application (0.371 lb ai/ac) but only 74% at a higher rate (0.6 lb ai/ac). Single (30 April) and sequential (30 April + 29 May) applications of two experimental insecticides provided between 68% and 100% control with generally higher control rates with sequential applications and with the addition of an additive. Objective 1c. (IPM decision tools): Nothing new to report for this period.
Publications
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Koppenh�fer A.M., Latin R., McGraw B.A., Brosnan J.T., Crow W.T. 2013. Integrated Pest Management. In: Turfgrass Monograph, 3rd ed. (J.C. Stier, Horgan B.P., Bonos, S.A., Eds.), pp. 933-1006. American Society for Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenh�fer A.M., Rodriguez-Saona C., Bonos S.A. 2012. Annual bluegrass weevil IPM: Plant resistance/tolerance and semiochemicals for monitoring and management. Proceedings of the 21th Annual Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium, 6 Jan. 2012, New Brunswick, NJ, p.14-15.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Rodriguez-Saona, Koppenh�fer A.M. C. 2013. Role of plant volatiles in host recognition by Annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium, 11 Jan. 2013, New Brunswick, NJ, p.41-42.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Kostromytska O.S., Koppenh�fer A.M. 2012. Host plant resistance for ABW management. Chips & Putts 18 (8), 3-5. (Newsletter, Pocono Turfgrass Association)
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: OBJ.1a (biology, ecology). In Y-tube assays, the most attractive to ABW females P. annua volatiles were 3-hexenyl acetate and phenyl ethyl alcohol. Field observations using traps lured with these compounds suggested that they are not attractive enough to have potential as stand-alone attractants. They may nonetheless be used in combination with to-be-identified ABW pheromones. Volatile profiles of P. annua differed from those of 6 bentgrasses, especially creeping bentgrasses (cvs. Declaration and 007) and velvet bentgrass (cv. Villa). P. annua emitted more of the green leaf volatile 3-hexenyl acetate and the terpenoid linalool, whereas bentgrasses tended to have more terpenoids (ocimene, borneol, camphene, sabinene) which are commonly involved in plant defenses. Headspace collections of ABW adults (+/- P. annua as a food source) detected no sex specific pheromone. But the headspace of males and females feeding on the P. annua contained 2 unique peaks which were identified as α-muurolene and E-β-ocimene. We finished our studies on the fine scale distribution of ABW larvae in spring. ABW densities per 0.09 m^2 averaged 103.1 across the 10x10 m plot and 0 to 627 in individual cores. Larval distribution was aggregated and larval densities were correlated with P. annua and damage. There was only a weak trend for densities to be higher on the fairway edge. The plot consisted of about 34% P. annua and 64% creeping bentgrass. Percent P. annua within sampling units varied from 0 to 100%, damage ranged from 0 to 100%. Percent P. annua was correlated with damage but not with ABW densities. OBJ.1b. (Control options): We tested 4 cvs. of creeping bentgrass and 2 each of colonial and velvet bentgrass for tolerance/resistance against ABW. In a series of lab and field tests, P. annua was the most suitable and clearly preferred host for ABW. However, females laid eggs in bentgrasses even if P. annua was available, and ABW could develop from eggs to pupae on all bentgrasses tested. Creeping bentgrasses were most resistant among the tested species. ABW females laid fewer eggs and larval survival and development was poor in creeping bentgrasses compared to P. annua. P. annua was most susceptible to ABW larval feeding, with damage becoming apparent sooner and tending to be more severe than in bentgrasses, especially creeping bentgrasses. In field trials in spring, preventive applications targeted against the overwintered adults or the young larvae inside the plants provided 73% with bifenthrin, 100% with lambda-cyhalothrin, 63% with chlorantraniliprole, 63% with Allectus, and 53-98% with Aloft. Curative applications against the larger larvae in the soil provided 77% with indoxacarb. OBJ.1c. (IPM decision tools): We continued to compare different methods for ABW extraction using the similar methodology as in previous years. Using a 1.5 in. diam rather than the standard 2.4 in. diam corer, similar densities of ABW developmental stages were determine. Using tap water instead of water saturated with salt for submersion extraction resulted in 50% less stages. PARTICIPANTS: Albrecht M. Koppenhofer, PI/Pd; Olga Kostromytska, Postdoctoral Associate. TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Other researchers and extension personnel through presentations of research findings at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Turfgrass Entomology Workshops) and publications in refereed journals. 2. Turfgrass professionals (golf course) through integration of findings in continuing education courses and presentations at turf and ornamental conferences and field days and direct interaction through emails, phone calls, and site visits. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our interdependent research strategy will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Monitoring techniques for the annual bluegrass weevil. Golfdom-Turfgrass Trends June 2011, 38-39.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Entomopathogenic nematodes control annual bluegrass weevil. Golfdom-Turfgrass Trends December 2011, 32-34.
- Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Insecticide resistance and resistance management. Plant & Pest Advisory, Landscape, Nursery & Turf Edition 17 (2), 1-2.
- Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Current insecticides/miticides for turfgrass and their ecotoxicology. Plant & Pest Advisory, Landscape, Nursery & Turf Edition 17 (2), 3-7.
- Koppenhofer A.M., Alm S.R., Cowles R.A., McGraw B.A., Swier S., Vittum P.J. 2012. Controlling annual bluegrass weevil: optimal timing and rates. Golf Course Management, March 2012, 98-104.
- Koppenhofer A.M., Alm S.R., Cowles R.A., McGraw B.A., Swier S., Vittum P.J. 2012. Managing pyrethroid-susceptible annual bluegrass weevil. Golf Course Management, April 2012, 104-110. 19.
- Koppenhofer A.M. 2012. Turfgrass insecticides and their safety for applicators, non-targets, and environment. Clippings & Green World 82, Spring 2012, 6-8.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1 (ABW biology, ecology). In choice tests in which ABW antennae were blocked, no host preferences were observed, indicating that chemical cues play an important role in ABW host recognition. In Y-tube olfactometers, females were attracted to Poa annua and repelled by some creeping bentgrass cvs. Thus, host plant volatiles are significant factors in ABW female behavior and potentially may be used as attractants for monitoring and/or management strategies as main lure compounds or at least as pheromone synergists. We continued studies on the fine scale distribution of ABW larvae in spring using the same methodology as in previous years. Average ABW densities per 0.09 square meters were 10.8 to 35.9 across plots and 0 to 264 in individual cores. Larval distribution was aggregated. The degree of aggregation increased with average densities across plot. Densities tended to be higher on the fairway edge. Plots consisted of about 10% P. annua and 80% creeping bentgrass. Percent P. annua within sampling units varied from 0 to 100%. Damage ranged from 0 to 80% per unit. Percent P. annua was correlated with damage but not with ABW densities. Obj. 1b. (Control options): The susceptibility of 3 bentgrass spp. (7 cvs.) to ABW in comparison with P. annua was investigated in choice and no-choice lab oviposition tests and greenhouse larval survival tests. ABW females preferred P. annua for oviposition. Percentage of eggs laid in bentgrasses in choice tests increased from 12% with adults collected before spring dispersal to 34% with adults collected in spring from short-mown turf. Females tended to lay more eggs in the creeping bentgrass cvs. Penncross and L-93 cvs. and the colonial bentgrass cv. Capri. Adult fed equally on all grass spp. tested. ABW developed from eggs to pupae on all bentgrasses tested, most cvs. (except Villa and Capri) had lower larval density than P. annua, and all cvs. appeared to be more tolerant than P. annua. In field experiments with the ABW spring generation, preventive applications targeted against the overwintered adults or the young larvae inside the plants provided 49% with spinosad and clothianidin, 75-91% with bifenthrin, and 83-91% control with the chlorantraniliprole. Curative applications against the larger larvae in the soil provided 50% with indoxacarb, 54% with bifenthrin, 66% with clothianidin, 77% with spinosad, and 83% with clothianidin. Obj. 1c. (IPM decision tools): We continued to compare different methods for ABW extraction using the same methodology as in previous years. Across the 3 study years, the number of stages extracted by salt was the lowest for whole cores and tended to be lower in quartered cores than pulverized cores. Heat extracted about 1.4 times higher numbers than were found with quartered or pulverized cores and salt. However, about 40% of the stages found with heat extraction were found during manual examination after heat treatment. The average instar of the ABW stages found tended to be higher in the heat extractions than in the salt extractions due to the advanced age of the stages found remaining in the desiccated cores. PARTICIPANTS: Albrecht M. Koppenhofer, PI/Pd; Olga Kostromytska, Postdoctoral Associate; Eugene M. Fuzy, Senior Technician TARGET AUDIENCES: Results from this project have been included in presentations to other researchers and extension personnel at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology) and to turfgrass professional (golf course) in continuing education courses and at turf & ornamental conferences and field days. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The interdependent research strategy among members of the MSRP project NE1025/NE1046 will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- McGraw B.A., Szendrei Z., Holdcraft R., Rodriguez-Saona C., Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to volatiles from intact and mechanically damaged annual bluegrass. Environ. Entomol. 40, 412-419.
- McGraw B.A., Vittum P.J., Cowles R.S., Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Nematodes for biological control of annual bluegrass weevil. Golf Course Management, February 2011, 88-94.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2011. Annual bluegrass weevils: distribution and damage. Golf Course Management, March 2011, 92-98.
- Buckley R.J., Koppenhofer A.M. & Tirpack S. 2003 / 2010 (extensive update). An Integrated Approach to Insect Management in Turfgrass, Annual Bluegrass Weevil. Rutgers Cooperative Extension, FS 1016, 4pp.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1 (Annual bluegrass weevil biology, ecology). We studied the fine scale (0.305 m x 0.305 m grid) distribution of ABW larvae in spring in 4 different 9.15 m x 9.15 m plots on golf course. Plots were placed with one edge parallel to and starting at the edge of the fairway toward overwintering areas for adult ABW. The opposing plot edge was 1 to 8 m away from the opposing edge of the fairway. Plant species composition for each grid unit was determined in early May, larval densities in early June. From each grid unit, one turf/soil sample was taken (5 cm diam x 5 cm depth) and ABW stages extracted by heat (Berlese funnels) followed by hand examination. Average densities per 0.09 square meters varied from 0.8 to 30.5 stages across plots and from 0 to 240 per 0.09 in individual cores. Overall larval distribution was aggregated, and the degree of aggregation increased with average densities across plot. Only in one plot were densities higher on the fairway edge. Plots consisted of about 50% annual bluegrass and 50% creeping bentgrass. Percent annual bluegrass within sampling grids varied from 0 to 100% in all plots. No clear correlation was found between percentage annual bluegrass and ABW densities. However, data sets still need to be more carefully analyzed and summarized. We also compared different methods for the extraction of larvae from 5 diam x 5 cm depth turf/soil cores. Methods tested were heat extraction on modified Berlese funnels followed by hand-examination and extraction by submersion of cores in saturated solutions of cooking salt. Cores for the salt extraction were handled in 3 different ways before submersion: no handling (whole cores), carefully separated into 4 quarters, or carefully examined for stages. Handling time for all steps and number and type of stages extracted were recorded. Generally, the number of stages extracted by salt was the lowest for whole cores but did not differ between quartered cores and pulverized cores. Heat extraction resulted in about 1.7 times higher numbers than were found with quartered or pulverized cores and salt. However, about half of the stages found with heat extraction were found during manual examination after heat treatment. Handling time per core was 118 sec for whole cores, 134 sec for quartered cores, 207 sec for pulverized cores, 197 sec for heat extraction (of which 113 for the manual examination). Objective 2 (New cultural, biological, chemical, and genetic control options). Field experiments compared various new synthetic insecticides applied against the ABW spring generation. Preventive applications provided 87% control with the oxadiazine indoxacarb, 100% with the pyrethroid bifenthrin, 73% with the spinosyn spinosad, and 87-100% with the anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole. Curative application provided 100% control for bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, and indoxacarb. Sequential applications of chlorantraniliprole and a combination product of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided 100% control. Sequential applications of two compounds (bifenthrin + indoxacarb, bifenthrin + chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb + chlorantraniliprole) provided 100% control. PARTICIPANTS: Albrecht M. Koppenhofer, PI/Pd TARGET AUDIENCES: Results from this project have been included in presentations to other researchers and extension personnel at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology) and to turfgrass professional (golf course) in continuing education courses and at turf & ornamental conferences and field days. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our interdependent research strategy will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- Belair G., Koppenhofer A.M., Dionne J., Simard L. 2010. Current and potential use of pathogens in the management of turfgrass insects as affected by new pesticide regulations in North America. Int. J. Pest Manag. 56, 51-60.
- McGraw B.A., Cowles R., Vittum P.J., Koppenhofer A.M. 2010. Field evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in golf course turfgrass. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 20, 149-163.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2010. Spatial distribution of colonizing Listronotus maculicollis populations: implications for targeted management and host preference. J. Appl. Entomol. 134, 275-284.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1. Annual bluegrass weevil biology, ecology. The spatio-temporal distribution of emerging overwintered adult Listronotus maculicollis populations colonizing golf course fairways was characterized with Spatial Analyses by Distance IndicEs (SADIE) with the goal to better target management tactics and to test assumptions for weevil preference for annual bluegrass. Adults randomly colonized and moved throughout fairways. However, cumulative captures were significantly aggregated along fairway edges closest to overwintering sites demonstrating progressive movement through the edges. Spatial association analyses suggest that the spatial patterns of cumulative captures of adults rather than weekly patterns were strongly associated with larvae, indicating that the adults enter fairways from the edges and deposit eggs over the course of several weeks. No effect of host species on the distribution of either adult or larval L. maculicollis was observed. This is in disagreement with the traditional assumptions of host preference for short mown P. annua. The aggregated distribution of larvae may be generated by a low encounter rate of short mown hosts rather than by a preference for species or cultivar. This study indicates that caution need to be applied when using preference-performance criteria in host preference studies. Future behavioural studies need to address the contributions of encounter rate and host species on L. maculicollis host selection and oviposition. Objective 2. New cultural, biological, chemical, and genetic control options. In field experiments comparing various new synthetic insecticides the anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole provided 75-100% control, the oxadiazine indoxacarb 75-88%, the pyrethroid standard bifenthrin 75-100%, and a combination of neonicotinoid clothianidin and bifenthrin 88%. PARTICIPANTS: Albrecht M. Koppenhofer, PI/Pd; Benjamin A. McGraw, PhD student TARGET AUDIENCES: Results from this project have been included in presentations to other researchers and extension personnel at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology) and to turfgrass professional (golf course) in continuing education courses and at turf & ornamental conferences and field days. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our interdependent research strategy will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Population dynamics and interactions between endemic entomopathogenic nematodes and annual bluegrass weevil populations in golf course turfgrass. Appl. Soil Ecol. 41, 77-89.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Binomial sequential sampling plans for forecasting Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larval damage to golf course turfgrass. J. Econ. Entomol. 102, 1325-1335.
- Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Integrated management of important turfgrass insect pests in New Jersey. Clippings & Green World 72, Spring 2009, 6-7.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Exploring biocontrol of annual bluegrass weevil. USGA Green Section Record. 47 (2), 11-13.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Effect of endemic and released entomopathogenic nematodes on annual bluegrass weevil populations in golf course fairways. Proc. 18th Ann. Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium. 12 Jan. 2009, New Brunswick, NJ, p.48.
- Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Spatio-temporal nematode-host interactions in turfgrass. Program and Abstract, 42nd Ann. Meet. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., Park City, UT, p.100.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2008. Biological and biorational management options for the annual bluegrass weevil on golf courses. In: 2007 Turfgrass and Environmental Research Summary, (J.L. Nus, Ed.), p. 5. USGA Green Section, Far Hills, NJ.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2009. Biological and biorational management options for the annual bluegrass weevil on golf courses. In: 2008 Turfgrass and Environmental Research Summary, (J.L. Nus, Ed.), p.4. USGA Green Section, Far Hills, NJ.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 2. New cultural, biological, chemical, and genetic control options. We examined the efficacy of commercial EPN products against first generation annual bluegrass weevil (ABW) immature stages on golf course fairways. In 2008, Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, and H. bacteriophora were further examined since they have provided at least 70% control in past field trials. Since lower control levels in 2007 than in 2006 were believed to be linked to high ABW larval populations in the treated areas, we included higher EPN rates (1.25, 2.5, and 5 billion IJs/ha) in 2008. However, despite lower larval densities the higher EPN rates did not provide greater control than in 2007. Only the high rate of S. carpocaposae provided statistically significant control (86%). In the 2007 trials, treatments consisting of combinations of species and applications split into half doses applied in consecutive weeks provided higher levels of control than the 2.5 billion IJs/ha rate alone. In 2008, 3 combinations of 2 species did not provide better control than the full rate (2.5 billion IJs/ha) of either of the species applied alone. Similarly, splitting applications into two consecutive half rate treatments (1.25 billion IJs/ha) did not provide better control than the full or half rate applied once. In field experiments comparing various new synthetic insecticides the anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole provided 82-97% control, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid 48-55%, indoxacarb 79-100%, the pyrethroid deltamethrin 92-96%, the pyrethroid standard bifenthrin 98-100%, and a combination of neonicotinoid clothianidin and bifenthrin 98%. Objective 4. Improved IPM decision tools. Field sampling using an inverted leaf blower to suck up adult ABW from fairway areas shows a correlation between numbers of adults sampled in late April/early May and larval densities in late-May/early June. Binomial sequential sampling plans were developed to forecast ABW larval damage and aid in the development of IPM programs for the weevil. Populations of emerging overwintered adults were sampled over a 2-year period to determine the relationship between adult counts, larval density, and turfgrass damage. Multiple regression indicates that damage may occur in moderately mixed P. annua stands with as few as 10 larvae/0.09 m2. However, more than 150 larvae were required before damage became apparent in pure creeping bentgrass plots. Adult counts during peaks in emergence as well as cumulative counts across the emergence period were significantly correlated to future densities of larvae. Eight binomial sequential sampling plans based on two tally thresholds for classifying infestation and four adult density thresholds were developed to forecast the likelihood of turfgrass damage using adult counts during peak emergence. All sampling plans were found to deliver accurate classifications (correct decisions were made between 84 and 97%) in a practical timeframe. PARTICIPANTS: Albrecht M. Koppenhofer, PI/Pd; Benjamin A. McGraw, PhD student TARGET AUDIENCES: Results from this project have been included in presentations to other researchers and extension personnel at scientific meetings (Annual Meetings of the Entomological Society of America and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology) and to turfgrass professional (golf course) in continuing education courses and at turf & ornamental conferences and field days. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our interdependent research strategy will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2008. Evaluation of two endemic and five commercial entomopathogenic nematode species (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) against annual bluegrass weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae and adults. Biol. Control. 46, 467-475.
- Koppenhofer A.M., McGraw B.A. 2008. Preventive ABW programs can encourage resistance. Golfdom-Turfgrass Trends April 2008, 79-84.
- Cowles R.S., Koppenhofer A.M., McGraw B.A., Alm S.R., Ramoutar D., Peck D.C., Vittum P., Heller P., Swier S. 2008. Insights into managing annual bluegrass weevils. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 7 (15), 1-11.
- Cowles R.S., Koppenhofer A.M., McGraw B.A., Alm S.R., Ramoutar D., Peck D.C., Vittum P., Heller P., Swier S. 2008. Insights into managing annual bluegrass weevils. Golf Course Management, August 2008, 86-92.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Objective 1. Annual bluegrass weevil biology and ecology. - Surveys of annual bluegrass weevil (ABW) and endemic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) populations were conducted at 3 golf courses in central and northern New Jersey in 2007. ABW larval abundance differed between courses despite relatively consistent emerging adult densities. Timing of peak stages was consistent with the previous year's peak abundance and independent of lower spring temperatures and increased rainfall. EPN-infected ABW were found at all courses. Percentage infection of ABW stages differed between generations and from that of the previous year. Heavy rainfall in April of 2007 had a negative impact on EPN abundance and persistence on fairways. Consequently, a lower per capita impact of the EPN on the 1st ABW generation was observed. EPNs rapidly increased to peak densities following ABW stages entering the soil. Moderate rainfall during the summer allowed Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora to persist and cause greater generational mortality to 2nd generation ABW. The two EPN species were observed to infect all ABW stages between 3rd instar and teneral adults. Objective 2. New cultural, biological, chemical, and genetic control options. - Various nematodes species/strains were lab tested vs. field-collected adult ABW. Only the commercial and field isolates of S. carpocapsae (both 58%) and H. bacteriophora (51 and 63%) provided control. Commercial strains of H. megidis, S. feltiae and S. kraussei were ineffective (26-38%). Control of ABW adults does not appear to be feasible in spring or in their hibernation sites in fall when low temperatures limit nematode activity. Virulence of EPNs to ABW larvae was assessed in field infested turf cores in the laboratory. 4th instar control reached 97% (S. feltiae) and 100% (S. carpocapsae field isolate). 5th instar control was upwards of 90% with S. feltiae. 16 treatments were tested against very high densities in the
field. Control ranged between 0 and 87%. High variability in the data made detection of significant differences difficult. No single EPN species applied once provided significant control, whether applied at 0.5 or 1.0 billion nematodes per acre. However, combining doses within species for analysis showed significant control for S. carpocapsae. A combination of S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora, each at 0.5 billion/acre, provided 82%control. Two treatments with 0.5 billion/acre applied 1 week apart resulted in 87% control for the endemic H. bacteriophora. In a field experiment comparing various new synthetic insecticides the anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprol provided 82-100% control, the neonicotinoid clothianidin 45-55%, indoxacarb 55-100%, and the pyrethroid standard bifenthrin (82%). Objective 4. Improved IPM decision tools. - Field sampling using an inverted leaf blower to suck up adult ABW from fairway areas shows a correlation between numbers of adults sampled in late
April/early May and larval densities in late-May/early June. This correlation may be useful to predict problem areas and allow more targeted applications of insecticides.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Albrecht M. Koppenhofer, PI. Benajmin A. McGraw, PhD student.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences: Golf course maintenance personnel Efforts: Extension and outreach.
Impacts
Our interdependent research strategy will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2007. Biological and biorational management options for the annual bluegrass weevil on golf courses. In: 2006 Turfgrass and Environmental Research Summary, (J.L. Nus, Ed.), p.8. USGA Green Section, Far Hills, NJ.
- Koppenhofer A.M., McGraw B.A. 2007. Development of new management tools for the annual bluegrass weevil on golf courses. The Greenerside 31 (2), 4-11.
- Koppenhofer A.M., McGraw B.A. 2006. Development of new management tools for the annual bluegrass weevil on golf courses. 2005 Rutgers Turfgrass Proceedings. New Jersey Turf Expo, 6-8 Dec. 2005, Atlantic City, NJ, pp.179-181.
- Koppenhofer A.M., McGraw B.A. 2006. Management of the annual bluegrass weevil on golf courses: Developing new approaches. Clippings & Green World 61, Winter, 20-22.
- McGraw B.A., Koppenhofer A.M. 2007. Biological control of the annual bluegrass weevil using entomopathogenic nematodes. Proc. 16th Ann. Rutgers Turfgrass Symposium. 11-12 Jan. 2007, New Brunswick, NJ, p.33-34.
- McGraw BA, Koppenhofer A.M. 2007. Biology and management of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), pp.335-350. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Objective 1. Annual bluegrass weevil biology and ecology. - Surveys of annual bluegrass weevil (ABW) and endemic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) populations were conducted at 3 golf courses in central and northern New Jersey in 2006. The survey uncovered variability between sites in ABW phenology and number of generations per year. At 2 golf courses 2 generations were observed whereas there were 3 generations at the 3rd golf course. Sampling of leaf litter in rough and woods adjacent to infested turfgrass in the 1st week of August indicated that the adults from populations experiencing 2 generations were already overwintering. Objective 2. New cultural, biological, chemical, and genetic control options. - ABW infected by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) were found at all golf courses monitored in 2006. The percentage of infected ABW stages was similar in the 1st and 2nd generation. However, the vast majority of infections were found in the 1st generation. ABW were
infected by two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The stages infected ranged from 3rd instar to pupa. The 2 EPN species infecting ABW were also the only species found in soil samples. EPN densities exhibited great variability among sites and sampling dates. The fluctuation in EPN density observed suggests a seasonality to the dynamics of EPN populations in golf course turfgrass. Peak EPN density occurs immediately following the peak of 1st generation ABW soil stages. In laboratory assays EPN provided only moderate control of adult ABW, even under optimal conditions. In laboratory assays and field trials EPN provided high levels of control of 1st generation larvae. Field trials using one endemic and four commercially available EPNs indicate that high levels of control can be achieved with well timed applications against 1st generation soil stages. In a field experiment comparing various new synthetic insecticides and a biorational only the
anthranilic diamide E2Y45 showed ABW control comparable to the pyrethroid standard bifenthrin (around 93%). Objective 4. Improved IPM decision tools. - Efforts at rearing ABW in the laboratory have only started to show some limited promise recently and need to be further pursued before sufficient numbers of ABW developmental stages can be reared for bioassays.
Impacts
Our interdependent research strategy will lead to the improved exchange of information among turfgrass entomologists, management specialists, breeders, and pathologists in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. A publication containing BMPs for annual bluegrass will be developed and disseminated to turfgrass managers in the region via this multistate effort. This and other applied publications developed from this project will be posted on our Website. This information will lead to improved management practices being adopted by golf course superintendents including the use of new biological, biorational, and chemical strategies, and new cultural and ecologically based control techniques. Adoption and implementation of this information by practitioners will result in improved management of ABW and anthracnose on annual bluegrass with reduced pesticide inputs, and ultimately economic and environmental health benefits across the region.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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