Progress 10/01/05 to 10/01/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities. For the KSU rootstock trial, genetic background of rootstock did not influence precocity of scions or vigor. Five years after planting, most seedling rootstocks showed a high survival rate during establishment (78%); however, rootstock of Susquehanna and K8-2 had a lower survival rate (53%). Central leader training of trees reduced tree size and increased survival rate after 5 years; however, yield per tree was the same as minimally pruned trees. Fruit sunburn was the same in both training systems. Based on 10 years of evaluation in the pawpaw regional variety trial, the cultivars Potomac, Susquehanna, Wabash, Overleese, Shenandoah, NC-1, and Sunflower can be recommended for production in this region based on fruit size, yield, and availability. As part of KSU's role as a USDA satellite repository for pawpaw preservation, acetogenin activity was found to be highest in the cultivar NC-1 and lowest in the cultivars Sunflower, Wabash, and Wells. Pawpaw pollen tube growth in a range of cultivars indicated that many cultivars can cross and self. Within-cluster hand thinning of pawpaw fruit did not cause fruit abortion. Fruit from a range of pawpaw cultivars which were hand thinned in early-June weighed significantly more (35%) than those from control trees. A trial was initiated in June 2006 with organic production of six selections of advanced primocane fruiting blackberries from the University of Arkansas breeding program and commercially available cultivars. Floricane and primocane crops were produced on all selections. Over the last three years, APF-41, APF-40, APF-77, and Prime-Jan tended to produce the largest berries and highest yields. Of the two selections that are currently commercially available, Prime-Jan can be recommended for limited grower trial; however, Prime-Jim cannot be recommended for grower trial in Kentucky. Events. There were 11 events including pawpaw workshops, garden clubs, Kentucky Nut Growers Association meetings, and tours of KSU orchards. Presentations were made at four national, two regional, and four state scientific conferences. We conducted four biotechnology workshops for 150 7th grade students and 50 high school students. Services. We answered approximately 200 telephone calls, emails, and letters about growing pawpaw and blackberries. We mentored 6 high school, 9 undergraduate, and 4 graduate students in research projects. Products. Seven pawpaw cultivars can now be recommended for production in this region. Central leader training of pawpaw improves tree survival rates in orchards and does not reduce yields. Pawpaw fruit pulp can serve as a new large source of biomass for extracting acetogenin compounds. Prime-Jan can be recommended as a commercially available primocane fruiting blackberry in Kentucky. The KSU pawpaw website (www.pawpaw.kysu.edu) was updated and has had over 290,000 visitors since 2003. Nine undergraduate students completed BIO 410 research projects on pawpaw. Dissemination. Pawpaw workshops, blackberry and pawpaw taste trials, and a website distributed growing information to growers. Approximately 500 pawpaw trees were distributed for trials on farms in Kentucky. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals. Dr. Kirk Pomper, the project PD, designed experiments, analyzed data, assisted in data collection and production of crops, delivered talks to growers, extension and research personnel, developed field days, answered grower questions via email, letters, visits, mentored high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, wrote and edited manuscripts, and served as webmaster for pawpaw and blackberry research results. Ms. Sheri Crabtree and Mr. Jeremiah Lowe, project Co-Investigators, assisted in designing experiments, analyzed data, assisted in data collection and production of crops, delivered talks to growers, extension and research personnel, developed field days, answered grower questions via email, letters, and visits, mentored high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, and wrote and edited manuscripts. Partner Organizations. USDA Collaborations: We have collaborative projects with Dr. Kim Hummer (USDA, Corvallis, OR) concerning KSU USDA Pawpaw repository efforts in germplasm evaluation and Dr. Gayle Volk, USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, regarding pawpaw seed storage and germination and cryopreservation of buds. University Collaborations: We have collaborated with Dr. John Clark of the University of Arkansas and Dr. John Strang, University of Kentucky, concerning the blackberry breeding program to test advanced selections of primocane fruiting selections that could have improved storage and shipping characteristics. We collaborated with Douglas Archbold of UK, Lexington, KY., with cold storage of pawpaw fruit, Dr. Robert Geneve, UK, Lexington, concerning propagation of pawpaw in tissue culture. Grower Collaborations: We have collaborative research relationships with pawpaw growers Neal Peterson of Berryville, VA, Mr. Roland McIntosh of Stanton, KY, Ms. Ilze Sillers of Versailles, KY, Mr. Berry Lane of Waddy, KY, Dr. Ron Powell of Cincinnati, OH, Mr. Larry Ayres of Frankfort, KY, Erik Walles (Lexington, KY), Sandy Deutsch (Taylorsville, KY), Al Rider (Upton, KY) and Ken Waters (Shelby Co., KY) and Douglas Archbold of Lexington, KY, for the placement of organic production experiments and rootstock trials. Collaborations with Companies: We have collaborations with Dr. Bill Keller of Nature Sunshine Products, Spanish Forks, Utah, who is assisting us in screening for high and low acetogenin fruit selections. We have collaborated with Nolin River Nut Tree Nursery (Upton, KY), Four Seasons Nursery (Shelbyville, KY), Blossom Nursery (Eureka Springs, AR), and One Green World Nursery (Walla, OR), who are interested in propagating and selling some KSU pawpaw selections. KSU Collaborators: We have research collaborations with Drs. Mims, Tidwell, and Gomelsky in molecular genetics in various fish species and fresh water prawn germplasm. Training or professional development. Nine undergraduate students completed research projects using DNA markers to determine if pawpaw patches were clonal and examining pawpaw fruit acetogenin levels. Four MS students in aquaculture were mentored in DNA marker techniques for their research projects. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences. The needs of small family farms and limited resource farmers in Kentucky and the southeastern United States were addressed by this project by developing new niche crops for production in these regions. This project also impacts entrepreneurs, farmers markets, and other specialty fruit retailers. Kentucky and the southeast U.S. are continuing to make a transition from tobacco to new crops, therefore, pawpaw and blackberry and the organic production of these crops could provide high value crops for this region. This project could therefore significantly impact low-income minority farmers by providing new crop and market opportunities for these individuals. Efforts. Each of the last four years there were events including KSU farm field days, garden clubs, a community festival, Kentucky Nut Growers Association meetings, multiple tours of KSU orchards, and distribution of extension guides that communicated information to farmers and the public about pawpaw and blackberry. Pawpaw and blackberry taste trials were conducted at field days which introduced growers to pawpaw and primocane fruiting blackberries. Approximately 500 pawpaw trees were distributed to 50 people for trial on farms in Kentucky. The KSU pawpaw website at: http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu was updated and has had over 290,000 visitors since 2003. Nine undergraduate students completed BIO 410 research projects on pawpaw. Four MS students in aquaculture were mentored in DNA marker techniques for their research projects. We conducted three biotechnology workshops for 150 7th grade students and another for high school students. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Change in knowledge. Based on the pawpaw regional variety trial results, seven pawpaw cultivars can be recommended for production by small farmers in this region. Based on our pawpaw rootstock trial results, we can recommend to growers and nurseries cultivar seed sources that can be used to produce suitable rootstock for grafting and budding of pawpaw cultivars. Central leader training of pawpaw can be recommended to growers to improve tree survival rates in orchards. Seedling rootstock produced from the cultivar Susquehanna cannot be recommended due to a high mortality rate. Ripe pawpaw fruit pulp can be used as new large source of biomass for the extraction of acetogenin compounds for pharmaceutical use and for production of botanical pesticides. Development of a pawpaw fruit based botanical pesticide could reduce synthetic chemical inputs for conventional fruit and vegetable growers, allow development of a botanical pesticide for organic management techniques, as well as offer an alternative in chemical rotation to slow the development of insect resistance. Within cluster fruit thinning of pawpaw can be recommended to farmers to increase fruit size and shelf-life of pawpaw. The fall fruiting primocane blackberry cultivar Prime-Jan can be recommended for planting by farmers as the best selection of commercially available primocane fruiting blackberries for organic production. Change in Action. At least 2700 people have planted pawpaw cultivars based on cultivar recommendations developed from trial results. Four nurseries that grow pawpaw trees for sale have incorporated our findings on seedling rootstock into their production practices. At least four farmers have told us that they will be or have planted Prime-Jan blackberry plants. Change in condition. Pawpaw cultivars and primocane fruiting blackberry selections were identified in our trials that support the development of a new niche crop for growers at farmers markets in Kentucky. Production of these crops will promote the socio-economic stability of small farmers in this region. Production of primocane blackberries in Kentucky reduces our reliance on imported blackberry fruit during the fall and supports local food production and local economies that cannot be interrupted internationally through acts of terrorism to stop shipping of food and produce. Organically produced blackberry fruit and use of pawpaw botanical pesticides will promote economically viable, environmentally sound and socially responsible production practices that reduce synthetic chemical inputs and can protect human health and the environment.
Publications
- Pomper, K. W., S. B. Crabtree and J. D. Lowe. 2009. Flavor Preference for Ripe Fruit from 16 Pawpaw Varieties. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.106
- Gates, E. W., J. D. Lowe, K. W. Pomper, and S. B. Crabtree. 2009. The Influence of Light on Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Stem and Leaf Tissue. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 70:102.
- Craycroft, D., J. D. Lowe, K. W. Pomper and S. B. Crabtree. 2009. The Influence of Heating of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Fruit Pulp on Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.183
- Crabtree, S. B., K. W. Pomper and A. Tope. 2009. Evaluation of Pollen Tube Growth in Self and Cross-Pollinated Pawpaw Flowers Using Fluorescent Microscopy. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.184
- Schneider, K. J., J. H. Tidwell, B. Gomelsky, K. W. Pomper, and G. C. Waldbieser. 2009. Genetic Diversity of Cultured and Wild Populations of the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Based on Microsatellite Analysis. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.55.
- Gates, E. G., J. D. Lowe, K. W. Pomper and S. B. Crabtree. 2009. The Influence of Light Level on Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Stem Tissue. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.90
- Pomper, K. W., J. D.Lowe, S. B. Crabtree and C. Wang. 2009. Ripe Pawpaw Fruit Pulp Color for Six Preferred Cultivars and Advanced Selections. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.184
- Pomper, K., J. Lowe, S. Crabtree, J. Clark, and J. Strang. 2009. Evaluation of Advanced Floricane Fruiting Blackberry Selections from the University of Arkansas Grown in Kentucky. Association of Research Directors Program and Abstracts, pg.184-185
- Crabtree, S. B., A. McCormick, C. Daniels, and K. W. Pomper. 2009. Soluble Solids Content Varies by Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Variety. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science.70:102.
- Lowe, J. D., K.W. Pomper, S. B. Crabtree, and J. Durham. 2009. Assessment of Variation in Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Cultivars. 70:102-103.
- Pomper, K. W., J. D. Lowe, L. Lu, S. B. Crabtree, and L. A. Collins. 2009. Clonality of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Patches in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 70:103.
- Pomper, K.W., S.B. Crabtree, and J.D. Lowe. 2009. The 2009 Pawpaw Cultivars and Grafted Tree Sources. Kentucky State University Land Grant Program. http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/pawpaw/cvsrc98.htm.
- Pomper, Kirk W. 2009. Pawpaw: A Fruit in Your Future The Nutshell. March 2009. Pages 15-18.
- Pomper, Kirk W. 2009. Pawpaw Patch Research at Kentucky State University-We Need Your Help! The Kentucky Colonels Kernel 2-39(3):4.
- Archbold, Douglas D., and Kirk W. Pomper. 2009. Pawpaw: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality. Postharvest Technology Research and Information Center. http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Fruit/pawpaw.shtm l.
- Pomper, K. W., S.B. Crabtree, and J. Lowe. 2009. Enhancing Pawpaw Chip Budding Success and Scion Growth of Two Cultivars on Two Seedling Rootstocks in Greenhouse Container Production. Journal of the American Pomological Society 63:145-149.
- Pomper, K. W., J. D. Lowe, L. Lu, S. B. Crabtree, and L. A. Collins. 2009. Clonality of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Patches in Kentucky. Journal of The Kentucky Academy of Sciences. 70:3-11.
- Pomper, K. W., J. D. Lowe, S. B. Crabtree, and W. Keller. 2009. Identification of Annonaceous Acetogenins in the Ripe Fruit of the North American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba). J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:8339-8343.
- Galli, F. D. D. Archbold, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2009. Pawpaw Fruit Chilling Injury and Antioxidant Protection J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 2009 134:466-471.
- Cuevas-Uribe, R., B. I. Gomelsky, S. D. Mims, K. W. Pomper, and J. H. Tidwell. 2009. Progress in Studies on Hormonal Sex Reversal and Genetic Sex Control in Black Crappie. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17:1-7.
- Novelo, N.D., B. Gomelsky, and K. W. Pomper. 2009. Inheritance and reliability of random amplified polymorphic DNA-markers in two consecutive generations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture Research 40:1-7.
- Pomper, K., S. Crabtree and J. Lowe. 2009. Pawpaw and the American Persimmon: Niche Tree Fruit Crops for the Midwest and Eastern United States. HortScience 44:982-983.
- Crabtree, S., K. Pomper, and J. Lowe. 2009. Utilizing Within-Cluster Hand-Thinning to Increase Pawpaw Fruit Weight. HortScience 44:1108.
- Lowe, J., K. Pomper, S. Crabtree, J. Clark, and J. Strang. 2009. Primocane and Floricane Yield Characteristics of Primocane Fruiting Blackberries From the University of Arkansas Breeding Program Grown In Kentucky. HortScience 44:1122.
- Pomper, K., J. Lowe, L. Lu, S. Crabtree, S. Dutta, K. Schneider, and J. Tidwell. 2009. Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Cultivars with Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. HortScience 44:1174-1175.
- Lowe, J. Lowe, Shandeep Dutta, Li Lu, Kirk Pomper, Sheri Crabtree, and Kyle Schneider. 2009. Pawpaw Cultivar Fingerprinting and Progeny Determination Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. HortScience 44:1174.
- Craycroft, D., K. Pomper, J. Lowe, and S. Crabtree. 2009. Heat Stability of Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Fruit Pulp. Posters at the Capitol Abstract Book pg.24.
- Gates, E., K. Pomper, J. Lowe, and S. Crabtree. 2009. The Influence of Light Level on Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Stem Tissue. Posters at the Capitol Abstract Book pg.35
- Mack, A., J. Sedlacek, K. Friley, J. Lowe, and K. Pomper. 2009. Potential of Ripe Pawpaw Fruit Extract as a Feeding Deterrent for Striped Cucumber Beetle on Squash. Posters at the Capitol Abstract Book pg.54
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities. A rootstock trial was established in 2004 at the KSU Research Farm that consisted of two scions budded onto five seedling rootstocks with either minimal or central leader pruning system. Genetic background of rootstock did not influence precocity of scions or vigor once field-planted. Most seedling rootstocks showed a high survival rate during establishment (81%); however, rootstock of Susquehanna had a low survival rate (52%) and should not be used to produce pawpaw rootstock. Minimally pruned trees had 25% more flower buds than central leader trained trees. As part of KSU's role as a USDA satellite repository for pawpaw preservation, acetogenin activity was assessed for ripe fruit pulp from 16 varieties. NC-1 pulp had the highest activity while Sunflower and Wells had the lowest activity. Pollinizer relationships among four pawpaw cultivars were also examined. Brix, stomatal density, and fruit storage ability for pawpaw germplasm was examined. A trial was initiated in June 2006 with organic production of six selections of advanced primocane fruiting blackberries from the University of Arkansas breeding program and commercially available cultivars. In 2008, both floricane and primocane crops were produced on all selections. APF-41 and APF-77 produced the largest floricane crop and APF-46 the smallest floricane crop. APF-27 had the largest primocane crop. Summer drought conditions negatively impacted the primocane crop. Events. There were 11 events including a Pawpaw Workshop, KSU farm field days, garden clubs, a community festival, Kentucky Nut Growers Association meetings, and tours of KSU orchards where production information was distributed. Presentations were made at one national, one regional, and one state scientific conference. We conducted two biotechnology workshops for 50 7th grade students and 50 high school students. Services. We answered approximately 200 telephone calls, emails, and letters from people who had questions about growing pawpaw and blackberries. We mentored two high school, three undergraduate, and four graduate students in research projects. Products. Pawpaw fruit pulp of several cultivars was found to serve as a new large source of biomass for the extraction of acetogenin compounds. Prime Jan was found to be the best producing selection of the commercially available primocane fruiting blackberries. The primocane fruiting selection APF-41 is planned for commercial release by the University of Arkansas. The KSU pawpaw website (www.pawpaw.kysu.edu) was updated and has had over 250,000 visitors since 1999. Three undergraduate students completed BIO 410 research projects on pawpaw. Dissemination. There were 11 events including a Pawpaw Workshop, KSU farm field days and other events, as well as a pawpaw website, and distribution of pawpaw information to farmers and the public about pawpaw and blackberry growing. Blackberry and pawpaw taste trials was conducted at a field day and workshop which introduced growers to these fruits. We conducted two biotechnology workshops for 50 7th grade students and 50 high school students. Approximately 100 pawpaw trees were distributed for trial on farms in Kentucky. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals. Dr. Kirk Pomper, the project PD, designed experiments, analyzed data, assisted in data collection and production of crops, delivered talks to growers, extension and research personnel, developed field days, answered grower questions via email, letters, visits, mentored high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, wrote and edited manuscripts, and served as webmaster for pawpaw and blackberry research results. Ms. Sheri Crabtree and Mr. Jeremiah Lowe, project Co-Investigators, assisted in designing experiments, analyzed data, assisted in data collection and production of crops, delivered talks to growers, extension and research personnel, developed field days, answered grower questions via email, letters, and visits, mentored high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, and wrote and edited manuscripts. Partner Organizations: USDA Collaborations: We have collaborative projects with Dr. Kim Hummer (USDA, Corvallis, OR) concerning KSU USDA Pawpaw repository efforts in germplasm evaluation and Dr. Gayle Volk, USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, regarding pawpaw seed storage and germination and cryopreservation of buds. University Collaborations: We have collaborated with Dr. John Clark of the University of Arkansas and Dr. John Strang, University of Kentucky, concerning the blackberry breeding program to test advanced selections of primocane fruiting selections that could have improved storage and shipping characteristics. We collaborated with Douglas Archbold of UK, Lexington, KY., with cold storage of pawpaw fruit, Dr. Robert Geneve, UK, Lexington, concerning propagation of pawpaw in tissue culture. Grower Collaborations: We have collaborative research relationships with pawpaw growers Neal Peterson of Berryville, VA, Mr. Roland McIntosh of Stanton, KY, Ms. Ilze Sillers of Versailles, KY, Mr. Berry Lane of Waddy, KY, Dr. Ron Powell of Cincinnati, OH, Mr. Larry Ayres of Frankfort, KY, Erik Walles (Lexington, KY), Sandy Deutsch (Taylorsville, KY), Al Rider (Upton, KY) and Ken Waters (Shelby Co., KY) and Douglas Archbold of Lexington, KY, for the placement of organic production experiments and rootstock trials. Collaborations with Companies: We have collaborations with Dr. Bill Keller of Nature Sunshine Products, Spanish Forks, Utah, who is assisting us in screening for high and low acetogenin fruit selections. Collaborators and contacts: KSU Collaborators. We have research collaborations with Drs. Mims, Tidwell, and Gomelsky in molecular genetics in various fish species and fresh water prawn germplasm. Collaborations with Companies: We have collaborated with Nolin River Nut Tree Nursery (Upton, KY), Four Seasons Nursery (Shelbyville, KY), Blossom Nursery (Eureka Springs, AR), and One Green World Nursery (Walla, OR), who are interested in propagating and selling some KSU pawpaw selections. Training or professional development. Three undergraduate students completed research projects using DNA markers to determine if pawpaw patches were clonal and examining pawpaw fruit acetogenin levels. Four MS students in aquaculture were mentored in DNA marker techniques for their research projects. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences. The needs of small family farms and limited resource farmers in Kentucky and the southeastern United States were addressed by this project by developing new niche crops for production in these regions. This project also impacts entrepreneurs, farmers markets, and other specialty fruit retailers. Kentucky and the southeast U.S. are continuing to make a transition from tobacco to new crops, therefore, pawpaw and blackberry and the organic production of these crops could provide high value crops for this region. This project could therefore significantly impact low-income minority farmers by providing new crop and market opportunities for these individuals. Efforts. There were 11 events including KSU farm field days, garden clubs, a community festival, Kentucky Nut Growers Association meetings, multiple tours of KSU orchards, and distribution of extension guides that communicated information to farmers and the public about pawpaw and blackberry. Pawpaw and blackberry taste trials were conducted at field days which introduced growers to pawpaw and primocane fruiting blackberries. Approximately 100 pawpaw trees were distributed to 15 people for trial on farms in Kentucky. The KSU pawpaw website at: http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu was updated and has had over 250,000 visitors since 1999. Three undergraduate students completed BIO 410 research projects on pawpaw. Four MS students in aquaculture were mentored in DNA marker techniques for their research projects. We conducted a biotechnology workshop for fifty 7th grade students and another for high school students. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Change in knowledge. Based on our pawpaw rootstock trial results, we can recommend to growers and nurseries cultivar seed sources that can be used to produce suitable rootstock for grafting and budding of pawpaw cultivars. Seedling rootstock produced from the cultivar Susquehanna cannot be recommended due to a high mortality rate. Ripe pawpaw fruit pulp can be used as new large source of biomass for the extraction of acetogenin compounds for pharmaceutical use and for production of botanical pesticides. Development of a pawpaw fruit based botanical pesticide could reduce synthetic chemical inputs for conventional fruit and vegetable growers, allow development of a botanical pesticide for organic management techniques, as well as offer an alternative in chemical rotation to slow the development of insect resistance. The fall fruiting primocane blackberry cultivar Prime Jan can be recommended for planting by farmers as the best selection of commercially available primocane fruiting blackberries for organic production. Change in Action. Four nurseries that grow pawpaw trees for sale have incorporated our findings on seedling rootstock into their production practices. Two farmers have told us that they will be or have planted Prime Jan blackberry plants. Change in condition. Primocane fruiting blackberry selections identified in our trials will support the development of a new niche crop for growers for fall off season sale of blackberries at farmers markets in Kentucky. Production of primocane blackberries in Kentucky reduces our reliance on imported blackberry fruit during the fall and supports local food production and local economies that cannot be interrupted internationally through acts of terrorism to stop shipping of food and produce. Organically produced blackberry fruit and use of pawpaw botanical pesticides will promote economically viable, environmentally sound and socially responsible production practices that reduce synthetic chemical inputs and can protect human health and the environment.
Publications
- Lowe, Jeremiah D., Kirk W. Pomper, Sheri B. Crabtree, John R. Clark, and John G. Strang. 2008. Taste Test Evaluations of Primocane Fruiting Blackberries from the University of Arkansas Breeding Program Grown in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 69:73
- Lowe, Jeremiah D., Kirk W. Pomper, Sheri B. Crabtree, John R. Clark, and John G. Strang. 2008. Fall Yield Characteristics of Primocane Fruiting Blackberries from the University of Arkansas Breeding Program Grown in Kentucky. HortScience 43:608.
- Collins, Lauren A., Kirk Pomper, Li Lu, Jeremiah Lowe, and Sheri Crabtree. 2008. Assessment of Clonality in Native Kentucky Pawpaw Patches Using DNA Markers. Seventh Annual Posters at the Capitol Program Booklet. Page 32.
- Kobayashi, Hideka, Changzheng Wang, and Kirk Pomper. 2008. Cytotoxicity of Lyophilized Whole Pawpaw Extract and Phenolic Rich Fraction. HortScience 43:1223.
- Crabtree, Sheri B., Kamero Neblett, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2008. Leaf Size and Stomatal Density Varies by Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Variety. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 69:74
- Wang, Changzheng, Caodi Fang, Youling Xiong, and Kirk Pomper. 2008. Genotypic Variation and Heat Susceptibility of Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Pawpaw Fruit Pulp. HortScience 43:1212.
- Kobayashi, Hideka, Changzheng Wang, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2008. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Fractioned Extract of the Pawpaw Cultivar PA Golden. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 69:73
- Faulkner, Latrice, Jeremiah D. Lowe, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2008. Assessment of Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Ripe Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Fruit and Twig Tissue. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 69:74
- Collins, Lauren A., Li Lu, Jeremiah D. Lowe, Sheri B. Crabtree, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2008. Assessment of Clonality in Native Kentucky Pawpaw Patches Using Intersimple Sequence Repeat Markers. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 69:74
- Kobayashi, Hideka, Changzheng Wang, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2008. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Pawpaw Fruit (Asimina triloba L.) at Different Ripening Stages. HortScience 43:268-270.
- Galli, Federica, Douglas Archbold, and Kirk Pomper. 2008. Loss of Ripening Capacity of Pawpaw Fruit with Extended Cold Storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:10683-10688.
- Pomper, Kirk W., Sheri B. Crabtree, Desmond R. Layne, and R. Neal Peterson. 2008. Flowering and Fruiting Characteristics of Eight Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Selections in Kentucky. Journal of the American Pomological Society 62:89-97.
- Pomper, Kirk W., S.B. Crabtree, D.R. Layne, R. Neal Peterson, J. Masabni, and D. Wolfe. 2008. The Kentucky pawpaw regional variety trial. J. Amer. Pom. Sci. 62:58-69.
- Pomper, Kirk W. 2008. Should I Practice Within-Cluster Fruit Thinning in Pawpaw? University of Kentucky-Cooperative Extension Service. FruitFacts (June issue) 6:6-7.
- Pomper, Kirk W. 2008. The 2008 Periodical Cicada in Kentucky: Will This Insect Affect Your Nut Trees? The Kentucky Colonels Kernel 2-38 (2): 4.
- Pomper, Kirk W. 2008. Look for Evidence of Twig Girdlers Under Hickory, Pecan, and Persimmon Trees. The Kentucky Colonels Kernel 2-38 (2): 5.
- Pomper, Kirk W 2008. Should I Practice Within-Cluster Fruit Thinning in Pawpaw? The Kentucky Colonels Kernel 2-38 (2): 6.
- Pomper, Kirk W. 2008. Remembering the 2008 Periodical Cicada Outbreak The Kentucky Colonels Kernel 2-38 (3): 3-4.
- Pomper, Kirk W, Sheri B. Crabtree, Jeremiah D. Lowe and Desmond R. Layne. 2008. Cultivar, Rootstock, and Training Method Influence Flower Bud Production in Pawpaw. HortScience 43:608.
- Pomper, Kirk W., Sheri B. Crabtree, Jeremiah D. Lowe, and R. Neal Peterson. 2008. The Kentucky State University Ornamental Pawpaw Project. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 69:72
- Pomper, Kirk W., Jeremiah D. Lowe, Sheri B. Crabtree, John R. Clark, and John G. Strang. 2008. Flowering and Yield Characteristics of Primocane Fruiting Blackberries from the University of Arkansas Breeding Program Grown in Kentucky. HortScience 43:1188.
- Crabtree, Sheri B., Kirk W. Pomper, and Desmond R. Layne. 2008. Seedling Rootstock Recommendations for Nursery Container Production and Improved Field Establishment of Pawpaw Cultivars. HortScience 43:1273.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities. A rootstock trial was established in 2004 at the KSU Research Farm that consisted of 2 scions budded onto five seedling rootstocks with either a minimal or central leader pruning system. In 2007, field mortality was greatest for Susquehanna seedling rootstock (52%), whereas mortality was about 25% for other rootstocks. Sunflower had a three fold higher flower density than Susquehanna. Rootstocks did not influence flower bud number or vigor. Minimally pruned trees had 25% more flower buds than central leader trained trees. An April freeze event destroyed all flowers and no fruiting data were collected. As part of KSU's role as a USDA satellite repository for pawpaw preservation, ripe fruit from 10 accessions were evaluated for acetogenin content. Ripe fruit pulp of NC-1 had the highest activity and displayed about twice the activity of Sunflower. The activity for ripe fruit pulp was similar to that of young pawpaw twig tissues. Three acetogenin compounds,
asimicin, bullatacin, and bullatalicin, were found in ripe fruit pulp. Tissue culture propagation and fruit storage ability for pawpaw germplasm were also examined. A trial was initiated in June 2006 with organic production of six selections of advanced primocane fruiting blackberries from the University of Arkansas breeding program and four commercially available cultivars. Most selections began fruiting in early August and fruited until October. Prime Jan and APF-40 were the highest yielding selections, with Prime-Jim the lowest yielding selection. Events. There were17 events including KSU farm field days, garden clubs, a community festival, Kentucky Nut Growers Association meetings, and multiple tours of KSU orchards where production information was distributed. We presented information at one national, one regional, and one state scientific conference. We conducted one biotechnology workshop for fifty 7th grade students. Services. We answered approximately 100 telephone calls,
emails, and letters from people who had questions about growing pawpaw and blackberries. We mentored one high school, three undergraduate, and four graduate students in research projects. Products. Pawpaw fruit pulp was found to serve as a new large source of biomass for the extraction of acetogenin compounds by farmers for anticancer and pesticidal use. Prime Jan was found to be the best producing selection of the commercially available primocane fruiting blackberries. The KSU pawpaw website at: http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu was updated and has had over 250,000 visitors since 1999. Two undergraduate students completed BIO 410 research projects on pawpaw. Dissemination. There were 17 events including KSU farm field days and other events, as well as a pawpaw website, and distribution of pawpaw extension guides that communicated information to farmers and the public about pawpaw and blackberry growing. A blackberry taste trial was conducted at a field day and several locations which
introduced growers to primocane fruiting blackberries. We conducted one biotechnology workshop for fifty 7th grade students. Approximately 170 pawpaw trees were distributed to 28 people for trial on farms in Kentucky.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals. Dr. Kirk Pomper, the project PD, designed experiments, analyzed data, assisted in data collection and production of crops, delivered talks to growers, extension and research personnel, developed field days, answered grower questions via email, letters, visits, mentored high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, wrote and edited manuscripts, and served as webmaster for pawpaw and blackberry research results. Ms. Sheri Crabtree and Mr. Jeremiah Lowe, project Co-Investigators, assisted in designing experiments, analyzed data, assisted in data collection and production of crops, delivered talks to growers, extension and research personnel, developed field days, answered grower questions via email, letters, visits, mentored high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, and wrote and edited manuscripts. Partner Organizations: USDA Collaborations: We have collaborative projects with Dr. Kim Hummer (USDA, Corvallis, OR) concerning KSU USDA Pawpaw
repository efforts in germplasm evaluation and Dr. Gayle Volk, USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, regarding pawpaw seed storage and germination and cryopreservation of buds. University Collaborations: We have collaborated with Dr. John Clark of the University of Arkansas and Dr. John Strang, University of Kentucky, concerning the blackberry breeding program to test advanced selections of primocane fruiting selections that could have improved storage and shipping characteristics. We collaborated with Douglas Archbold of UK, Lexington, KY., with cold storage of pawpaw fruit, Dr. Robert Geneve, UK, Lexington, concerning propagation of pawpaw in tissue culture. Grower Collaborations: We have collaborative research relationships with pawpaw growers Neal Peterson of Berryville, VA, Mr. Roland McIntosh of Stanton, KY, Ms. Ilze Sillers of Versailles, KY, Mr. Berry Lane of Waddy, KY, Dr. Ron Powell of Cincinnati, OH, and Douglas Archbold of Lexington, KY, for the
placement of organic production experiments and rootstock trials. Collaborations with Companies: We have collaborations with Dr. Bill Keller of Nature Sunshine Products, Spanish Forks, Utah, who is assisting us in screening for high and low acetogenin fruit selections. Collaborators and contacts: KSU Collaborators. We have research collaborations with Drs. Mims, Tidwell, and Gomelsky in molecular genetics in various fish species and fresh water prawn germplasm. Collaborations with Companies: We have collaborated with Nolin River Nut Tree Nursery (Upton, KY) and One Green World Nursery (Walla, OR), who are interested in propagating and selling some KSU pawpaw selections. Training or professional development. A high school student completed a project on leaf size and how stomatal density varies by pawpaw variety. Two undergraduate students completed research projects using DNA markers to determine if pawpaw patches were clonal and examining pawpaw fruit acetogenin levels. Four MS
students in aquaculture were mentored in DNA marker techniques for their research projects.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences. This project addresses the needs of small family farms and limited resource farmers in Kentucky and the southeastern United States by developing new niche crops for production in these regions. It also impacts entrepreneurs, farmers markets, and other specialty fruit retailers. Kentucky and the southeast U.S. are making a transition from tobacco to new crops, therefore, pawpaw and blackberry and the organic production of these crops could provide high value crops for this region. This project could therefore significantly impact low-income minority farmers by providing new crop and market opportunities for these individuals. Efforts. There were17 events including KSU farm field days, garden clubs, a community festival, Kentucky Nut Growers Association meetings, multiple tours of KSU orchards, and distribution of extension guides that communicated information to farmers and the public about pawpaw and blackberry. A blackberry taste trial was
conducted at a field day and several locations which introduced growers to primocane fruiting blackberries. Approximately 170 pawpaw trees were distributed to 28 people for trial on farms in Kentucky. The KSU pawpaw website at: http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu was updated and has had over 250,000 visitors since 1999. Two undergraduate students completed BIO 410 research projects on pawpaw. A high school student completed a project on leaf size and how stomatal density varies by pawpaw variety. Four MS students in aquaculture were mentored in DNA marker techniques for their research projects. We conducted one biotechnology workshop for fifty 7th grade students.
Impacts
Change in knowledge. As a result of our pawpaw rootstock trial, we can recommend to growers and nurseries that many cultivar seed sources can produce suitable rootstock for grafting and budding of pawpaw cultivars, except for seedling rootstock produced from the cultivar Susquehanna which has a high mortality rate. Pawpaw fruit pulp can be used as new large source of biomass for the extraction of acetogenin compounds by farmers for pharmaceutical use and for production of botanical pesticides. Development of a pawpaw fruit based botanical pesticide could reduce synthetic chemical inputs for conventional fruit and vegetable growers, allow development of a botanical pesticide for organic management techniques, as well as offer an alternative in chemical rotation to slow the development of insect resistance. The fall fruiting primocane blackberry cultivar Prime Jan can be recommended for planting by farmers as the best selection of commercially available primocane
fruiting blackberries for organic production. Change in Action. Two nurseries that grow pawpaw trees for sale have incorporated our findings on seedling rootstock into their production practices. Three farmers have told us that they will be or have planted Prime Jan blackberry plants. Change in condition. The production of primocane fruiting blackberry selections in Kentucky will support the development of a new niche crop for growers for fall off season sale of blackberries at farmers markets. Identification of primocane blackberries for Kentucky reduces our reliance on imported blackberry fruit during the fall and supports local food production and local economies that cannot be interrupted internationally through acts of terrorism to stop shipping of food and produce. The production of organically produced blackberry fruit and pawpaw botanical pesticides promote economically viable, environmentally sound and socially responsible production practices that reduce synthetic chemical
inputs and can protect human health and the environment.
Publications
- Geneve, R., S. Kester, and K.W. Pomper. 2007. Autonomous Shoot Production In Pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal). Propagation of Ornamental Plants 7:51-56
- Galli, F., D.D. Archbold, and K.W. Pomper. 2007. Pawpaw: An Old Fruit for New Needs. Acta Horticulturae 744:641-666.
- Pomper, K.W., J. D. Lowe, S.B. Crabtree, J.R. Clark, and J.G. Strang. 2007. The Kentucky Primocane Fruiting Blackberry Trial. The University of Kentucky Fruit and Vegetable Crops Research Report. PR-555:42-43.
- Pomper, Kirk W., Jeremiah D. Lowe, Sheri B. Crabtree, and William H. Keller. 2007. Assessment of Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Fruit. HortScience 42:939
- Crabtree, Sheri B. and Kirk W. Pomper. 2007. Within-cluster hand-thinning increases fruit size in pawpaw (Asimina triloba). HortScience 42:881.
- Crabtree, Sheri B. and Kirk W. Pomper. 2007. Rootstock Leaf Retention Aids Bud Break in Chip-Budded Pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 68:103.
- Lowe, Jeremiah D., Keidre Long, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2007. Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers to Distinguish Scion and Rootstock Tissues on Grafted Pawpaw Trees. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 68:102.
- Lowe, Jeremiah D., Kirk W. Pomper, John R. Clark, and John G. Strang. 2007. First Year Vigor of Primocane Fruiting Blackberries from the University of Arkansas Breeding Program Grown in Kentucky. HortScience 42:457.
- Galli, Frederica, Douglas D. Archbold, and Kirk W. Pomper. 2007. Cold Storage Injury and Antioxidant Systems of Pawpaw During Cold Storage. HortScience 42:1019
- Pomper, K.W. 2007. Can Pawpaws Be Grown Organically? Pomona 40:40-49.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A rootstock trial was established in 2004 at the KSU Research Farm that consisted of 2 scions (Sunflower and Susquehanna) budded onto five seedling rootstocks with either a minimal or central leader pruning system. There were 8 replicate blocks with each treatment combination for a total of 160 trees. In 2006, field mortality was greatest (58%) for Susquehanna budded onto Susquehanna seedling rootstock, whereas mortality was about 25% with other scion/rootstock combinations. Additionally, cultivar influenced the number of trees with flower buds; more trees of Sunflower (48%) had flower buds than Susquehanna (8%), and Sunflower (3.46) had more flower buds per tree than Susquehanna (0.43). Pruning system did influence the number of flower buds per tree; minimally pruned trees (2.65) had more flower buds per tree than central leader (1.21) trained trees. In an effort to continue a pawpaw regional variety trial to test and evaluate long-term the most promising varieties
for regional adaptability and suitability, mature tree fruiting and flowering characteristics were collected from a trial that was established in 1998 at the KSU Research Farm. The trial is a randomized block experimental design with 8 replicates of 28 grafted scion selections. Heavy cropping was observed in 2006. In August and September, the total number of fruit, clusters, number of fruit per cluster, fruit weights, and ripening dates were determined for all selections. A number of pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky. To support on-going efforts related to KSU's role as a satellite Repository for pawpaw preservation, ripe fruit were collected from over 30 accessions and pulp frozen for later evaluation of fruit acetogenin level. Acetogenins are anticancer compounds found in plant tissues in other members of the Annonaceae family. In fruit thinning studies, five pawpaw cultivars were selected with treatments of control (no thinning) and
hand-thinning the entire tree to one fruit per cluster, implemented on June 8. Ripe fruit from trees that had been hand-thinned had a significantly greater weight (128g) than fruit from control trees (83g). A trial was initiated in June 2006 with six selections of advanced primocane fruiting (APF) blackberries from the University of Arkansas breeding program and four commercially available cultivars. A randomized block design was used in the trial with 4 blocks, with 5 plants of each cultivar per block. In October, 2006, there were a similar number of canes produced in each plot for each genotype; however, the number of flowering canes varied by genotype, with APF-46 producing the most flowering/fruiting canes (15), and APF-27 and APF-77 producing the fewest flowering/fruiting canes (4). Vigor was similar for all genotypes; however, there was a trend for Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan plants to be less vigorous than APF selections. Since 1999, the KSU pawpaw information website at:
http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu has had over 250,000 visitors who have obtained information concerning repository holdings and KSU research efforts. In 2006, the website was updated and changed so that information is more accessible to users.
Impacts
Pawpaw and primocane fruiting blackberries are new high-value niche crops that are of great interest to small farmers in Kentucky to improve long-term economic viability. This project will assist the commercial development of these crops by developing pawpaw and primocane blackberry variety recommendations, pawpaw rootstock and pollinizer recommendations, pawpaw germplasm preservation and acetogenin evaluation, and an information web site for these crops.
Publications
- Duffrin, M.W. and K.W. Pomper. 2006. Development of Flavor Descriptors for Pawpaw Fruit Puree: A Step Toward the Establishment of a Native Tree Fruit Industry. Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal. 35:118-130.
- Pomper, Kirk. W., Sheri B. Crabtree, and Desmond R. Layne. 2006. Early Flower Bud Production and Field Establishment of Two Pawpaw Cultivars on Five Seedling Rootstocks. HortScience 41:1039.
- Crabtree, Sheri. B., Kirk W. Pomper, Desmond R. Layne, and R.N. Peterson. 2006. The Kentucky State University Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial: 1998-2005 Overview. HortScience 41:1039-1040.
- Galli, F. R. Koslanund, D.D. Archbold, and K.W. Pomper. 2006. Common Strategies to Manipulate Pre-and Postharvest Ripening of Fruit Fail with Pawpaw. HortScience 41:1051.
- Galli, F., D.D. Archbold, and K.W. Pomper. 2006. Cold Storage Effects on Pawpaw Fruit Ripening and Quality. HortScience 41:989
- Crabtree, Sheri B. and Kirk W. Pomper. 2006. The Kentucky State University Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial: 2003-2005 Overview. Association of Research Directors, Inc. 14th Biennial Research Symposium Program and Abstracts Book, p. 263.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
This project was begun on October 1, 2005. During the first three months of the project, analysis of data collected from the pawpaw regional variety trial in fall 2005 began. A blackberry variety trial will be established in spring 2006, consisting of advanced selections of primocane-fruiting blackberries provided by the University of Arkansas breeding program, compared with Apache and Chickasaw, widely-planted varieties in Kentucky. In November 2005, these advanced selections were propagated by the University of Arkansas and arrangements will be made for these plants to be shipped to KSU in spring of 2006.
Impacts
New high-value niche crops, such as pawpaw and primocane fruiting blackberries, are needed by small farmers in Kentucky to improve long-term economic viability. The objectives of this project will assist the commercial development of these crops by developing pawpaw and blackberry variety recommendations, pawpaw rootstock and pollinizer recommendations, pawpaw germplasm preservation, and an information web site for these crops.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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