Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Dr. Isserman passed away in late 2010. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Dr. Isserman passed away in late 2010.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Our rural prosperity research, which presents a fundamentally different perspective on rural development than prevailing paradigms, has been disseminated in many ways, ranging from countless newspapers, agricultural publications, websites, newsletters, and blogs internationally to a technical advisory committee at the Ford Foundation and the keynote opening address for several hundred participants at Rural Partners of Michigan's annual conference on small town and rural development. Our research on defining rural policy was used by the Congressional Quarterly's CQ Weekly in analyzing rural America and has led to our participation on a technical advisory board to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on defining remote rural frontier regions for policy purposes. Our system continues to be disseminated by federal and state agencies, diverse organizations, and other scholars that have adopted it for their use. The Economic Research Service (ERS) of USDA used our control group methods and software for a congressionally mandated, successful study of broadband's effects on rural economies, which received wide attention following its distribution by ERS. The cooperative research agreement with ERS also led to many exchanges of ideas central to and resulting from this project, as did the internship and doctoral dissertation research at ERS by a participant in this project. Our research on air service to small cities and rural areas, the subject of a dissertation completed the prior year, led to both expert group participation in a U.S. Government Accountability Office study and additional graduate student research funded and advised by the Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Science. Our research on value chains, clusters, and other aspects of data-driven regional economic development strategies was the focus of professional workshops and short courses we taught sponsored by the American Planning Association; Economic Developers Council of Ontario, the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; and Council for Community Economic Research. We also presented on-going project research at several scholarly conferences, among them, the national annual meetings of agricultural and applied economics, regional science, and planning. PARTICIPANTS: Sarah Low became the fourth doctoral candidate to complete a dissertation with major support from this project. The Economic Research Service of USDA also supported her research while she was an intern there. David McGranahan and many others at ERS provided feedback and ideas that contributed to her new ways of defining and measuring innovative entrepreneurship. Mallory Rahe, who wrote her master's thesis under this project, is now a doctoral candidate at Illinois and an instructor at Oregon State University. She is continuing her case studies of prosperous rural communities with support of this project and Oregon State. Maulik Vaishnav, a master's candidate, joined the research group mid-year and is attempting to identify conditions or incentives that might convince local leaders to give up airline subsidies from the Essential Air Service program. He recently won a graduate student research competition of the Transportation Research Board (TRB), which provides funding for his research and guidance from an advisory committee of experts from TRB, the Congressional Research Service, and selected states. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Industry clustering is a useful, widely applied concept for understanding the interdependence among industries and its implications for rural economic development and growth. The fullest understanding of the implications of industrial interdependence requires viewing linked industries - or value chains - on a spatial continuum from those that are national or international in geographic scope to those that are highly localized in specific places as regional clusters. From that perspective, rural economies may depend on - as well as contribute to - the competitive success of value chains anchored elsewhere. Testing this possibility with our new classification of 45 U.S. industry value chains together with our rural-urban county typology, we found that rural America plays an integral part in a great variety of U.S. value chains. For instance, rural areas located outside the spatial clusters that characterize the U.S. automobile industry contribute to that industry and, therefore, are vulnerable to its current circumstances. More generally, our research implies that federal, state, and local development agencies must be careful not to view rural cluster strategy strictly as the development of groups of linked and related industries concentrated in specific rural places. There are real opportunities to identify and leverage the advantages of rural locations for businesses and industries in globally competitive and geographically extensive value chains.
Publications
- Feser, E., Renski, H. and Koo, J. 2009. Regional cluster analysis with interindustry benchmarks.In Targeting Regional Economic Development, edited by S. Goetz, S. Deller, and T. Harris, 213-238 (London: Taylor and Francis).
- Isserman, A.M., Feser, E. and Warren, D.E. 2009. Why some rural places prosper and others do not. International Regional Science Review 32(3):300-342.
- Low, S. 2009. Defining and measuring entrepreneurship for regional research: A new approach. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois.
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Drawing on a doctoral dissertation and other research, we discussed federal policy options for air service for small communities at a U.S. Government Accountability Office/Transportation Research Board workshop. We presented an invited, comprehensive assessment of the ways federal agencies define regions at the annual meeting of the Association of Public Data Users, emphasizing issues with current definitions and suggestions for possible improvements. Applying our new methods for identifying the rural role in national value chains, we presented an invited overview of the bioeconomy at a Farm Foundation and U.S. Department of Agriculture conference for industry, government, and academic representatives. We continue to make numerous invited presentations to practitioners interested in our data-driven approaches, including the annual Chicago region conference of the U.S. Economic Development Administration, the annual conference of the Council for Community and Economic Research, senior international development staff of Research Triangle International, and the North Central States Extension program leaders for community, resource, and economic development. A contract between the four USDA. Regional Rural Development Centers and the U.S. Economic Development Administration means more nationwide use of the training materials on strategic economic development planning that draw on our research. Jointly with the Center for Regional Competitiveness, University of Missouri, we continued to use and test our methods of regional and cluster analysis, applying them in a federally supported WIRED program in Alabama and Mississippi and a regional development initiative in Southern Minnesota. We also taught a local five-day course on research skills for 14 staff members of the University of Illinois Extension, Community Assessment and Development Services, who will use the methods in local projects. PARTICIPANTS: Graduate students continued to make significant contributions to the project and receive valuable research training. Three students completed doctoral dissertations on timely policy issues: Xia Feng on public subsidies to sports stadiums, Drake Warren on federal subsidies for small city commercial air service, and Yu Xiao on local recovery from natural disasters. In addition, Mallory Rahe continued our rural prosperity research, completing a masters' thesis on what can be learned from persistently prosperous rural communities. Sarah Low is serving as an intern at the Economic Research Service, USDA, and focusing her dissertation on defining and measuring entrepreneurship for regional research. Professors Nick Brozovic and Brad Humphreys continued to participate by supervising the research of Todd BenDor and Xia Feng. TARGET AUDIENCES: We have incorporated our approaches to regional analysis and federal program analysis into graduate student courses at the University of Illinois and anticipate additional dissemination through manuscripts under review. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our rural prosperity research is in the midst of a second stage, which focuses on persistently prosperous places. Persistent poverty has spawned a large literature trying to understand why certain places have poverty rates of 20 percent or more for decades. Understanding persistent prosperity is important, too. The strategies used by prosperous rural communities to weather hard times and volatility and to succeed in preserving a high quality of life can hold valuable lessons for other places. Using data for 1980, 1990, and 2000, we discovered that only 144 out of 3,109 counties are persistently prosperous, that is, consistently doing better than the nation with respect to poverty, unemployment, schooling, and housing. Among the 1,333 rural non-core counties, only 21 are persistently prosperous. Our interviews in two of the counties lead us toward an intriguing theory of rural prosperity: a natural resource base creating local wealth, farmers willing and eager to innovate and work cooperatively, local wealth reinvested in small colleges, hospitals, housing, utilities, and other institutions, locally owned firms competitive nationally but preferring to hire locally and recruit college-educated, experienced native born adults to return, well established, inclusive churches and schools, a strong sense of community and volunteerism, visible investments in social and public capital, and a commitment to build local resources through community wide efforts that include partnerships among government, businesses, and individuals. Future case studies will continue to generate and refine our hypotheses before leading us back to multivariate research, likely with more focus on civic engagement, income and ethnic heterogeneity, educational institutions, and social capital as we try to understand what we can learn from prosperous places. As part of our research on places and federal policy, we continue to follow the money trails of 1,800 federal programs to identify implicit urban, rural, and regional policies. For example, if the Markusen hypothesis is correct and Congressional vote trading to secure territorial priorities substitutes for central policy, we should observe markedly different regional portfolios of federal spending. Our findings do not contradict the hypothesis. Striking cases of regional specialization exist. The implicit regional policy channels billions in medical or other research grants to New England, public transit grants to the Mideast, farm support payments to the Plains, community development block grants, tobacco transition payments, disaster public assistance grants to the Southeast, and mineral leasing revenues to the Rocky Mountains. Yet, strong spatial spending patterns often do not match the ways we divide the nation into regions. Regions can spawn federal programs, but federal programs can create their own regions of political support, too. The resulting layers of political geography, regions creating programs and programs creating regions, produce a more complex regional policy than would result from a set of predefined, mutually exclusive regions voting their interests.
Publications
- BenDor, T.K. and Brozović, N. 2007. The role of regulatory change on wetlands mitigation. National Wetlands Newsletter 29, 4: 10-13.
- BenDor, T., Brozović, N. and Pallathucheril, V., 2008. The social impacts of wetland mitigation policies in the United States. Journal of Planning Literature 22, 4: 341-357.
- BenDor, T. 2008. A dynamic analysis of the wetland mitigation process and its effects on no net loss policy. Landscape and Urban Planning 89, 1-2: 17-27.
- Feng, X. 2008. Professional sports facilities, teams, government subsidies, and economic impact. Chapter 6 In B. R. Humphreys and D. R. Howard (eds.), The Business of Sports, volume 2: Economic Perspectives on Sport. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
- Feng, X. and Humphreys, B.R. 2008. Assessing the economic impact of sports facilities on residential property values: A spatial hedonic approach. International Association of Sports Economists/North American Association of Sports Economists Working Paper Series, No. 08-12.
- Feser, E., Renski, H. and Goldstein, H. 2008. Clusters and economic development outcomes: An assessment of the link between clustering and economic growth in Appalachia. Economic Development Quarterly 22, 4: 324-44.
- Feser, E. and Isserman, A. 2009. The rural role in national value chains. Regional Studies 43,1: 89-109.
- Humphreys, B.R. and Howard, D.R. (eds.) 2008. The Business of Sports, volume 1: perspectives on the sports industry, volume 2: economic perspectives on sport, volume 3: bridging research and practice. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
- Low, S. and Isserman, A. 2009. Ethanol and the local economy: Industry trends, location factors, economic impacts, and risks. Economic Development Quarterly 23, 1: 71-88.
- Feng. X. 2008. Spatial econometric analysis of property values: The impact Of sports facilities on local residential property values. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois.
- Rahe, M. 2008. Rural eutopia: Can we learn from persistently prosperous places M.S. thesis, University of Illinois.
- Warren, D.E. 2008. The regional economic effects of commercial passenger air service at small airports. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois.
- Xiao, Y. 2008. Local economic impact and adjustment after a natural disaster: Evidence from the 1993 Midwest flood. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois.
|
Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Regionalism and Clusters for Local Development, a project funded by the U.S. Economic Development Administration, resulted in the design of a training curriculum and associated materials on the topic of comprehensive strategic economic development planning focused on industry clusters and regional policy. It drew on several aspects of our research, including methods for defining regions and clusters. The materials are now being used to train practitioners in courses throughout the nation. We co-sponsored a two-day training session for Illinois extension and economic development practitioners titled "Regional Industry Clusters in Economic Development: Concepts, Policy Applications and Analysis Tools." Over forty practitioners attended the session, which was organized by the Council for Community and Economic Research with support from UI Extension, and held on the Urbana campus on April 11-12, 2007. We also presented a special session on regional economic competitiveness for
the Illinois Planning Institute, a continuing education event with UI Extension support held in Urbana on March 2, 2007. At the annual meeting of the United Counties Council of Illinois, held in Galena on July 24, 2007, we conducted a half-day training session for county commissioners on data support systems for understanding their local economies. Our system for estimating suppressed data in County Business Patterns has now been turned into a commercial product with encouragement from the University. In 2007 four test users, three from land-grant institutions, have been using the data in their research and outreach activities, and the data soon will be publicly available via the Internet. Spreadsheets with our systems for (1) defining rural, mixed, and urban counties, (2) combining industries into value chains, and (3) assessing prosperity of counties have been provided on request to numerous researchers and others. They will soon be available for download on the website we developed
that presently has our research reports.
PARTICIPANTS: Several graduate students had training opportunities and made significant contributions to the project. They are Todd BenDor, Xia Feng, Sarah Low, Kate Nesse, Mallory Rahe, and Drake Warren. Professors Nick Brozovic and Brad Humphreys also participated, supervising the research of Todd BenDor and Xia Feng. Several additional graduate students and faculty members took short courses in spatial econometrics taught by Professor Luc Anselin and benefited from technical assistance and interaction with the students funded by the project.
Impacts
Rural poverty, distress, population loss, and competitive disadvantages receive ample attention. We focused instead on rural prosperity, something so overlooked and unknown many might think it an oxymoron. We found that more than 300 rural counties and 200 mixed rural counties are more prosperous than the nation as a whole; they each have lower unemployment rates, lower poverty rates, lower school dropout rates, and better housing conditions than the nation. Among the 1,317 most rural counties, 21 percent meet these criteria. Strong regional, metropolitan, and racial patterns exist. Rural counties in The Plains, Great Lakes, and New England are most likely to be prosperous, as well as those strongly integrated with urban labor markets. Less than one of 20 rural counties with as little as 10 percent of the population African-American, American Indian, or Hispanic is prosperous. Our continuing research focuses on why some communities prosper and others do not. Some of
our initial statistical results support empirically what many rural people believe to be true: religious groups and other identities that bind people together can really matter. Some findings are more conventional. Rural communities with relatively more people with some college education are more likely to prosper, as are communities with vigorous, competitive, private economies. Others contradict conventional thought. Geographical factors that are impossible or expensive to change, including climate and distances to cities and major airports, are relatively unimportant in distinguishing between prosperous and other rural places. Prosperity is a useful, new lens through which to consider the rural condition and rural policy. Early signs indicate great interest in this perspective. Our county prosperity ratings are being used by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and have received attention from governmental, producer, rural development, news, and other organizations from
Florida to Idaho. Our research on industrial clusters and value chains has identified four distinct methods that are useful in identifying the rural role in the national economy. The first identifies the extent to which the value chain has located in urban and rural areas of the nation. The second identifies multi-county regions of the nation where the value chain has concentrated or clustered and the urban and rural portions of that cluster. The third identifies multi-county regions where specific parts of the value chain have clustered. The fourth begins with a pre-defined region and identifies whether a value chain or parts of the chain are concentrated there. On-going application of these four methods illustrate how each provides additional insights. We believe the four perspectives together have the potential to be much more useful for rural economic development initiatives than the dominant approach today, which emphasizes only spatial clusters within rural areas, such as
agri-tourism or food manufacturing.
Publications
- BenDor, T., Brozovic, N. and Pallathucheril, V.G. 2007. Assessing the socioeconomic impacts of wetland mitigation in the Chicago region. Journal of the American Planning Association 73,3: 263-282.
- BenDor, T. and Brozovic, N. 2007. Determinants of spatial and temporal patterns in compensatory wetland mitigation. Environmental Management 40:349-364.
- Feser, E. and Isserman, A. (eds.) 2007. State Rural Development Policy. Special issue of Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Vol. 37, No. 1. Mid-continent Regional Science Association.
- Feser, E. 2007. Linking research and rural development policy: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 37,1: 1-3.
- Feser, E. 2007. Encouraging local broadband deployment from the bottom up. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 37,1: 69-72.
- Isserman, A. 2007. Getting state policy right: Definitions, growth, and program eligibility. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy 37,1: 73-79.
- Renski, H., Koo, J. and Feser, E. 2007. Differences in labor versus value chain industry clusters: An empirical investigation. Growth and Change 38,3: 364-95.
- Feser, E. 2007. Clusters and the design of innovation policy for developing economies. In: U. Blien and G. Maier (eds.), The Economics of Regional Clusters: Networks, Technology and Policy. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 191-213.
- Feser, E. 2007. Globalization, regional economic policy and research. In: R.J. Cooper, K.P. Donaghy, and G.J.D. Hewings (eds.), Globalization and Regional Economic Modeling. Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 107-130.
- Feser, E. and Hewings, G.J.D. 2007. U.S. economic fragmentation and integration: Selected empirical evidence and implications. In: P. Todorovich (ed.), The Healdsburg Seminar on Megaregions. New York and Washington, DC: Regional Plan Association and Lincoln Institute, pp. 37-58.
- Isserman, A. 2007. Forecasting to learn how the world can work. In: L. Hopkins and M. Zapata (eds.), Engaging Our Futures: Forecasts, Scenarios, Plans, and Projects, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA., ch. 9, pp. 175-197.
- Low, S. and Isserman, A. 2007. Ethanol and the Local Economy. In: R. Hauser (ed.), Corn-Based Ethanol in Illinois and the U.S.: A Report from the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, ch. 5.
- Isserman, A., Feser, E. and Warren, D. 2007. Why Some Rural Communities Prosper and Others Do Not. Report prepared for Office of the Under Secretary for Rural Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 41 pp.
- Feser, E. and Isserman, A. 2007. The Rural Role in National Value Chains and Regional Clusters. Report prepared for Office of the Under Secretary for Rural Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 64 pp.
|
Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
We have made considerable progress developing and disseminating research tools; all are described in refereed journal articles or working papers. We have developed a taxonomy of counties that focuses on their urban-rural character, in contrast to federal taxonomies that focus on urban-rural integration, such as the metropolitan-micropolitan-non-core based taxonomy. Those taxonomies miss half the rural population because it lives in metropolitan counties, which are mistakenly treated as urban counties. Our system distinguishes between rural metropolitan and rural non-metropolitan counties, for example, and its use enables a better understanding of the rural role in the national economy and the diffusion of growth among urban, mixed, and rural areas. We have developed a better system for defining industrial supply chains and have demonstrated the validity of viewing supply chains along a spatial continuum only some parts of which are found in regional clusters. The
conventional emphasis on clusters within a region misses important linkages to industries outside the region and understates the importance of rural areas to many national supply chains. We have solved a major data problem for researchers by creating and making available a complete data base for county employment by industry. It has 2.4 million records, 1.5 million of which are estimates because actual employment is suppressed in County Business Patterns by the U.S. Bureau of the Census to protect the confidentiality of individual businesses. Our estimates make possible a great range of research on regional economies and industrial location because the data base provides employment for every industry in every county at the finest detail of the North American Industrial Classification System. Finally, we continue to refine and augment GeoDa, software for spatial analysis, which has been downloaded by tens of thousands of users and makes possible an enormous range of research. Our own
research has used various combinations of these four tools to gain a better understanding of regional economies and public policy. We reported new findings on the relationships between urban and rural economies in national supply chains and in the diffusion of growth. We found that the conventional wisdom on animal production and slaughter is out of date; few production areas are left behind by the trend to megaplants, regional trends have changed or modified, and the old producing regions remain important today. Our research on regional prosperity is producing intriguing preliminary results on why some counties prosper while others do not. We also are working on two papers for The Brookings Institution on regional clusters and economic development policy. Our major collaborative effort focused on state policy. We invited scholars to prepare testimonies for a hypothetical state legislature interested in rural policy. The refereeing process is complete, and papers by 24 scholars from
14 universities will appear as a special issue of the Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, published on line by the Mid-continent Regional Science Association and the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Impacts
Our research tools are being adopted by researchers and practitioners to gain a better understanding of regional economies, policy options, and policy implementation. Our work on defining supply chains and clusters is being used by major metropolitan areas to identify regional economic development strategies. Our work on defining urban and rural has pointed out that government policies may not be reaching their target populations; it has led to greater awareness and closer attention to eligibility requirements and is being used in prominent national rural development efforts. We gave invited plenary presentations to the National Association of Counties, NeighborWorks America, the Land-Grant System Summit on rebuilding hurricane impacted rural communities, and the fifth international conference on industrial clustering and regional development. The GeoDa software is in a class of its own; the term "GeoDa software" produces 22,700 hits on Google, testifying to its
widespread adoption.
Publications
- Feser, E. and Sweeney, S. 2006. On the state of the geography in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Covered Wages and Employment (ES-202) series. International Regional Science Review 29 (3): 247-63.
- Isserman, A. and Westervelt, J. 2006. 1.5 million missing numbers: Overcoming employment suppression in County Business Patterns data. International Regional Science Review 29,3: 311-335.
- Mobley, L., Root, E., Anselin, L., Lozano, N. and Koschinsky, J. 2006. Spatial analysis of elderly access to primary care services. International Journal of Health Geographics 5 (19).
- Anselin, L. 2006. Spatial econometrics. In: Mills, T. and Patterson, K. (Eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics: Volume 1, Econometric Theory, pp. 901-969. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Feser, E., Sweeney, S. and Renski, H. 2005. A descriptive analysis of discrete U.S. industrial complexes. Journal of Regional Science 45 (2): 395-419.
- Isserman, A. 2005. In the national interest: Defining rural correctly for research and policy. International Regional Science Review 28,4: 465-499.
- Sparks, R.E., Ahn, C., Demissie, M., Isserman, A., Johnston, D., Lian, Y., Nedovic-Budic, Z. and White, D. 2005. Linking hydrodynamics, conservation biology, and economics in choosing naturalization alternatives for the Illinois River, USA. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 155/1-4: 521-538.
- Anselin, L. 2005. Spatial statistical modeling in a GIS environment. In: Maguire, D., Goodchild M. and Batty, M. (Eds.), GIS, Spatial Analysis and Modeling, pp. 93-111. Redlands, CA, ESRI Press.
- Feser, E. 2005. Industry cluster concepts in innovation policy: A comparison of U.S. and Latin American experience. In: Maier, G. and Sedlacek, S. (Eds.), Spillovers and Innovation: Space, Environment and the Economy, pp. 135-155. Vienna, Springer-Verlag.
- Varga, A., Anselin, L. and Acs, Z. 2005. Regional innovation in the U.S. over space and time. In: Maier, G. and Sedlacek, S. (Eds.), Spillovers and Innovation: Space, Environment and the Economy, pp. 93-104. Vienna, Springer-Verlag.
- Feser, E. 2005. North Carolinians Online: Trends from the Citizen Surveys, 1999-2004. Raleigh, NC: e-NC Authority. 8 pages.
- Anselin, L. and Le Gallo, J. 2006. Interpolation of air quality measures in hedonic house price models: Spatial aspects. Spatial Economic Analysis 1(1): 31-52.
- Anselin, L., Syabri, I. and Kho, Y. 2006. GeoDa: An introduction to spatial data analysis. Geographical Analysis 38 (1): 5-22.
- Anselin, L. 2006. How (not) to lie with spatial statistics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 (2): S3-S6.
- Anselin, L. and Lozano-Gracia, N. 2006. Errors in variables and spatial effects in hedonic house price models of ambient air quality. SPARC Working Paper 2007-01, Spatial Policy Analysis Research Consortium, University of Illinois.
- Feser, E. and Isserman, A. 2006. The rural role in national value chains and regional clusters. SPARC Working Paper 2007-03, Spatial Policy Analysis Research Consortium, University of Illinois.
- Feser, E. and Isserman, A. 2006. Harnessing growth spillovers for rural development: The effects of regional spatial structure. SPARC Working Paper 2007-05, Spatial Policy Analysis Research Consortium, University of Illinois.
- McElroy, M., Omedo, C., Feser, E. and Poole, K. 2006. Upper Rio Grande Workforce Development Board Industry Cluster Analysis. El Paso, TX: Institute for Policy and Economic Development, University of Texas at El Paso. 54 pages.
- Warren, D. and Isserman, A. 2006. Industrialization of U.S. agriculture: The new geography of animal production and slaughter. Report prepared for Office of the Under Secretary for Rural Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 82 pages.
|
|