Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The project served the scientific community as well as various commodity groups including the berry, grapevine, vegetable and fruit tree communities. Advancements of science-based knolwedge was delivered through (i) the publication of research articles in peer-reviewed journals, (ii) the publication of review articles and book chapters, (iii) presentations at professionnal society meetings, (iv) internships for graduate students, (v) experimental learning opportunities for undergradaute and gradaute students, and (vi) classroom lectures. Extension information was delivered through (i) the publication of disease fact sheets, (ii) the publication of articles in trade journals, (iii) presentations at growers conventions, (iv) presentations at Ag In-Service workshops, and (v) presentations at tail-gate meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Internship opportunities have been provided to graduate students (Jonathan Oliver, John Gottula, Larissa Osterbaan, Elizabeht Cieniewicz) and undergraduate students [Jessica Carpenter, University of Wisconsin River Falls, Wisconsin (2015), Hannah Sweet, University of Minnesota Morris, Minnesota (2015), Emily Donaldson, Harvard University, Massachussets (2015), Jesus Banderas UC-Davis, California (2014), Kaitley Wozer, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, New York (2014), Melanie Isganitis, Delaware Valley College, Pennsylvania (2013), Keiran Cantilina, Cornell University (2013), Larissa Osterbaan, Calvin College, Michigan (2012), Libby Cieniewicz, Lebanon Valley College, Pennsylvania (2012), Julie Button, West Virginia University, West Virginia (2011), Halli Gutting, Michigan State University, Michigan (2011), and Dana Lapato, University of Virginia, Virginia (2010)] How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to the scientific community, extension educators and commodity groups (grapevine, berry, stone fruit and vegetable growers) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The population diversity and genetic variability of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, grapevine red blotch-associated virus, Blueberry scorch virus, cucumber mosaic virus and iris yellow spot virus were determined under these goals. Also, a macroarray system was developed for the simultaneous detection of more than 30 viruses of grapevine based on the use of more than 1,300 generic or virus species-specific oligonucleotides targeting the (-) or (+) strand of viral genomes. Progress was recently made on the identification of viral silencing suppressors encoded by grapevine fanleaf virus, providing new target for engineered resistance in transgenic grapevine rootstocks.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Fuchs, M., Marsella-Herrick, P., Hessler, S., Martinson, T. and Loeb, G. 2015. Seasonal pattern of virus acquisition by the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus, in a leafroll-diseased vineyard. Journal of Plant Pathology, 97: 503-510.
Thompson, J.R., Langenhan, J.L., Fuchs, M. and Perry, K.L. 2015. Genotyping of cucumber mosaic virus isolates in western New York State during epidemic years: Characterization of an emergent plant virus population. Virus Research, 210: 169-177.
Golino, A.D. Savino, V., Martelli, G.P. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Certification and international regulation of planting materials. In: Compendium of Grapevine Diseases. Wilcox, W.F., Gubler, W.D. and Uyemoto, J.E. (Eds.), APS Press, pp. 192-198.
Martelli, G.P., Savino, V. and Fuchs, M. 2015. European nepoviruses. In: Compendium of Grapevine Diseases. Wilcox, W.F., Gubler, W.D. and Uyemoto, J.E. (eds.), APS Press, pp. 124-127.
Fuchs, M. and Sudarshana, M. 2015. Grapevine red blotch. In: Compendium of Grapevine Diseases. Wilcox, W.F., Gubler, W.D. and Uyemoto, J.E. (eds.), APS Press, 122-123.
Wallingford, A.K., Fuchs, M.F., Hesler, S., Martinson, T.M. and Loeb, G.M. 2015. Slowing the spread of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses in commercial vineyards with insecticide control of the vector, Pseudococcus maritimus (Erhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Insect Science, 15: 112?doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iev094.
Smith E.A., Fuchs, M., Shields, E.J. and Nault, B.A. 2015. Potential for long-distance dispersal of onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Iris yellow spot virus (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus) in an onion ecosystem. Environmental Entomology, 44: 921-930.
Kalinowska, E., Marsella-Herrick, P. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Genetic variability of Blueberry scorch virus isolates from highbush blueberry in New York. Archives of Virology, 160:1537-1542.
Ricketts, K.D., Gomez, M.I., Atallah, S.S., Fuchs. M.F., Martinson, T., Smith, R.J., Verdegaal, P.S., Cooper, M.L., Bettiga, L.J. and Battany, M.C. 2015. Reducing the economic impact of grapevine leafroll disease in California: identifying optimal management practices. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 66:138-147.
Sudarshana, M., Perry K.L. and Fuchs, M.F. 2015. Red blotch, an emerging viral disease of grapevine. Phytopathology, 105:1026-1032.
Gergerich, R., Welliver, R., Gettys, S., Osterbauer, N., Kamenidou, S., Martin, R.R., Golino, D.A., Eastwell, K., Fuchs, M., Vidalakis, G. and Tzanetakis, I. E. 2015. Safeguarding fruit crops in the age of agriculture globalization. Plant Disease, 99:176-187.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Belval, L., Marmonier, A., Schellenberger, P., Andret-Link, A., Keichinger, C., Gersch, S., Komar, V., Trapani, S., Bron, P., Lorber, B., Sauter, C., Fuchs, M., Lemaire, O., Ritzenthaler, C., and Demangeat, G. 2015. New insights in nepovirus capsid determinants involved in the transmission by Xiphinema spp. nematodes. 18th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, September 7-11, Ankara, Turkey.
Vigne, E., Martin, I., Komar, V., Fuchs, M., Lemaire, O. and Schmitt-Keichinger, C. 2015. Hypersensitive-like response of Grapevine fanleaf virus in Nicotiana occidentalis. 18th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, September 7-11, Ankara, Turkey.
Perry, K.L., Thompson, J., McLane, H.L., Zeeshan Hyder, M. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Sequence diversity and relationships among Grapevine red blotch virus isolates from vines within and outside a diseased vineyard. 18th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, September 7-11, Ankara, Turkey.
Krenz, B., Yepes L.M., Thompson, J., McLane, H.L., Perry, K.L. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Is Grapevine red blotch-associated virus the causal agent of red blotch disease? 18th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, September 7-11, Ankara, Turkey.
Cieniewicz, E., Perry, K.L. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Elucidating the transmission of the emerging and widespread Grapevine red blotch-associated virus. Ninth Annual Arthropod Genomics Symposium, June 17-19, Manhattan, KS.
Thompson, J.R., Langenhan, J.L., Watters, K., Lucks, J., Fuchs, M. and Perry, K.L. 2015. The isolation and characterization for a strain of Cucumber mosaic virus isolated from an epidemic affecting Phaseolus vulgaris in upstate New York. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, August 1-5, Pasadena, CA.
Hodges, A.C., Burkle, C.C., Whilby, L., Hoenisch, R., McCarthy, R., Stubbs, E., Myers, B., Buss, L., Harmon, C., Bostock, R., and Fuchs, M. 2015. Developing volunteer survey networks through interagency first detector training. International IPM Symposium, March 23-26, Salt Lake City, UT.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Atallah, S., G�mez, M., Fuchs, M. and Martinson, T. 2015. Economic impact of grapevine leafroll disease on Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernt franc in Finger Lakes vineyards of New York. Finger Lakes Vineyard Notes, December Issue, pp. 7-8.
Fuchs, M. 2015. Red blotch virus update. Proc. Eastern Winery Exposition, March 17-19, Syracuse, NY.
Cieniewicz, E. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Grapevine leafroll disease. IPM FactSheet. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/grapes/diseases/grape_leafroll.pdf
Fuchs, M. 2015. Red blotch disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Grape Expectations, Annual Winter meeting of the New Jersey grape growers Association, February 28, Cranbury, NJ.
Fuchs, M. 2015. Management of viral diseases: Lessons from Grapevine Certification. Workshop on Pests and Diseases of Cacao, February 22, Orlando, FL.
Fuchs, M. 2015. Red blotch: A new threat. Virginia Vineyards Association, February 6, Charlottesville, VA.
Fuchs, M. 2015. Emerging and re-emerging virus diseases: What can we do? Fruit and Vegetable Expo, January 20, Syracuse, NY.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Sanfa�on, H., Keichinger, C. and Fuchs, M. 2015. Biology and ecology of nepoviruses. In: Advances in Virus Research, G. Loebenstein (ed.), in press.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience reached by our efforts were primarily fruit and vegetable growers, students, extension educators, and regulators. Efforts consisted mainly in delivering and disseminating science-based knowledge through (i) classrrom instruction, (ii) mentoring of students, including undergraduate students from educationally disadvantaged minority populations, (iii) conventions, and (iv) extension activities. Changes/Problems: n/a What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project provided opportunities for the training and professional development of three graduate students (JohnGottula, Larissa Osterbaan, and Libby Cioeviewicz) and three undergraduate students (Keiran Cantilina from Cornell Unviersity, Kailty Wozer from Hobart and William Smith Colleges, and Jesus Banderas from UC-Davis). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Fuchs, M. 2014. Leafroll epidemiology and management. Summer meeting of the National Grape and Wine Institute, Napa, CA, July 28-29, contact horus = 40. Fuchs, M. 2014. Red blotch disease. California grape rootstock research foundation and grape rootstock improvement commission, Davis, CA, June 18, contact hours = 15. Fuchs, M. 2014. Meeting Disease Management Challenges in Grapes. Nuffield Scholars Visit to NYSAES, July 7, contact hours = 10. Fuchs, M. 2014. Virus resistance in New York State agriculture: A primer for growers and consumers. League of Women Voters, visit to NYSAES, May 23, contact horus = 10. Fuchs, M. 2014. Agriculture Biotechnology: Challenges and opportunities. 6th Annual Biotechnology Symposium, May 16, Syracuse University, contact hours = 20. Fuchs, M. 2014. Management of leafroll disease. Visit of Grape Growers of Ontario to NYSAES, April 16, contact hours = 20. Fuchs, M. 2014. Update on red blotch virus. Business, Enology and Viticulture NY 2014, March 1, Waterloo, NY, contact horus = 100. Fuchs, M. 2014. Virus diseases: Challenges and Opportunities. Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Convention, February 20, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, contact horus = 50. Fuchs, M. 2014. Red blotch disease overview, Special session on ‘Seeing red: when old prevention techniques result in new disease outbreaks’, Washington Associate of Wine Grape Growers, February 7, Kennewick, WA, contact hours = 50. Fuchs, M. 2014. Symptoms and biology of leafroll and red blotch diseases, Workshop, Grape growers of Ontario and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, January 21, Niagara on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada, contact hours = 400. Fuchs, M. 2014. Leafroll disease in commercial vineyards in New York. Grape growers of Ontario and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, January 21, Niagara on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada, contact hours = 37.5. Fuchs, M. 2014. The discovery of a new virus, grapevine red blotch, and its implication for wine grape production in New York. Long Island Agriculture Forum, January 17, Riverhead, NY, contact hours = 60. Fuchs, M. 2013. Prevention and management of viruses in cucurbit crops. New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference, December 17-19, Manchester, NH, contact hours = 200. Fuchs, M. 2013. Red blotch disease: What do we know? Wine Growers Association of Mendocino and Lake Counties, November 15, Upper Lake, CA, contact hours = 200 Fuchs, M. 2013. Update on red blotch disease, November 14, Napa Valley Grape Expo, Napa, CA, contact hours = 300 Fuchs, M. 2013. CRAVE meeting, CCE Ag In-service, Ithaca, NY, Red blotch: a new threat to the industry?, November 19, contact hours = 10, . Fuchs, M. 2013. Fall Seminar Series, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, Red blotch: opportunities and challenges, Invited speaker, , November 14, contact hours = 300 Fuchs, M. 2013. Field meeting, CCE Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY, Update on red blotch disease, September 9, contact hours = 10. Fuchs, M. 2013. Finger Lakes Grape Spring IPM Meeting, CCE and Finger Lakes grape growers, Clearview Farms, Hammondsport, NY, Leafroll and red blotch diseases, May 20, contact hours = 40. Fuchs, M. 2013. NCPN Webinar, CCE and National Clean Plant Network outreach committee, Geneva, NY, Grapevine red blotch diseases: An emerging issue, March 27, contact hours = 330. Fuchs, M. 2013. Western Winter Conference, Double A Nursery, Dunkirk, NY, Viruses, Certification, and the National Clean Plant Network, February 26, contact hours = 150. Fuchs, M. 2013. Viticulture 2013, New York Grape and Wine Foundation, Rochester, NY, The National Clean Plant Network: what it will do, what growers can expect, and Cornell’s role as an NCPN center for the eastern US, February 6-8, contact hours = 60. Fuchs, M. 2013. New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference, New England Vegetable and Fruit growers, Manchester, NH, Prevention and management of viruses in cucurbit crops, December 19, contact hours = 200. Fuchs, M. 2013. UCCE IPM Conference, Wine Growers Association of Mendocino and Lake Counties, Upper Lake, CA, Red blotch disease: What do we know?, November 15, contact hours = 200. Fuchs, M. 2013. Napa Valley Grape Expo, Napa Valley grape growers, Napa, CA, Update on red blotch disease, contact hours = 300. Fuchs, M. 2013. Fall Seminar Series, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, Red blotch: opportunities and challenges, November 14, contact hours = 300. Fuchs, M. 2013. 2ème Conférence de l’Association Française des Biotechnologies Végétales, Association Française des Biotechnologies Végétales, Paris, France, Les plantes peuvent se défendre contre les infections virales, October 4, 150 contact hours. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue research efforts to address objectives 1-3 by characterizing the seasonable acquisition of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 and -3 by the grape mealybug, fulfill Koch's postulates for Grapevine red blotch-associated virus in grapevine, identify a vector of epidemiological significance for Grapevine red blotch-associated virus, determine the exonomic impact of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus, develop management strategies for Grapevine red blotch-associated virus, and characterize transgenic grapevine rootstocks engineered for resistance to Grapevine fanleaf virus. Continue extension efforts to disseminate science-based knolwedge to growers, extension educators, and regulators.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Investigate the nature of virus populations with a special emphasis on emerging viruses of vegetable and fruit crops in New York: We determined the genetic variability of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (Krenz et al., 2014), Blueberry scorch virus (Kalinowska et al., 2014), and Iris yellow spot virus (Smith et al., 2014). Objective 2. Explore novel detection methodologies for viruses: We developed PCR assays for the diagnosis of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (Krenz et al., 2014) and a macroarray for the diagnosis of 38 grapevine viruses, closteroviruses, nepoviruses, vitiviruses, and tymoviruses, among others, based on the use of species or genera specific oligonucleotides (Thompson et al., 2014). Objective 3. Develop transgenic crop plants for virus resistance: We continue developing transgenic grapevine rootstocks for resistance to Grapevine fanelaf virus using concatenate constructs designed in different conversed genomic regions of the virus itself. We also contribute to the development of transgenic papaya that are resistant to Papaya ringspot virus from Texas and Mexico.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Vigne, E., Gottula, J., Schmitt-Keichinger, C., Komar, V., Ackerer, L., Rakotomalala, L., Lemaire, O., Ritzenthaler, C. and Fuchs, M. 2013. A strain specific segment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Grapevine fanleaf virus determines symptoms in Nicotiana species. J. General Virology 94:2803-2813
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Gottula, J., Lapato, D., Cantilina, K., Saito, S., Bartlett, B. and Fuchs, M. 2013. Genetic variability, evolution and biographical effects of Grapevine fanleafr virus satellite RNAs. Phytopathology 103:1180-1187.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Tennant, P.F. and Fuchs, M. 2014. Engineered resistance to viruses: A case of plant innate immunity. In: Biotechnology for Plant Disease Control, D.B. Collinge, (ed.), Wiley Blackwell, John Wiley and Sons, in press.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Smith, E.A., Fuchs, M., Shields, E.J. and Nault, B.A. 2014. Potential for long-distance dispersal of onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Iris Yellow Spot Virus (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus)in an onion ecosystem. Environmental Entomology (In Revision)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Kalinowska, E., Marsella-Herrick, P. and Fuchs, M. 2014. Genetic variability of Blueberry scorch virus isolates from highbush blueberry. Arch. of Virology. (In Revision)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Ricketts, K.D., Gomez, M.I., Atallah, S.S., Fuchs, M.F., Martinson, T.E., Smith, R.J., Verdegaal, P.S., Cooper, M.L., Bettiga, L.J., and Battany, M.C. 2014. Reducing the Economic Impact of Grapevine Leafroll Disease in California: Identifying Optimal Management Practices. Amer. J. Enol. & Vitic. (In Revision)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Krenz, B., Thompson, J.R., McLane, H.L., Fuchs, M., and Perry, K.L. 2014. Grapevine red blotch-associated virus is widespread in the United States. Phytopathology 104: 1232-1240.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Gottula, J., Lewis, R., Saito, S., and Fuchs, M. 2014. Allopolyploidy and the evolution of plant virus resistance. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14:149.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Thompson, J.R., Fuchs, M., McLane, H., Toprak-Celebi, F., Fischer, K., Potter, J. and Perry, K.L. 2014. Profiling viral infections in grapevine using a randomly primed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/macroarray multiplex platform. Phytopathology 104:211-219.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Naidu, R., Rowhani, A., Fuchs, M., Golino, D.A., and Martelli, G.P. 2014. Grapevine leafroll disease: A complex viral disease affecting a high value fruit crop. Plant Disease, 98:1172-1185.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Maree, H.J., Almeida, R.P.P., Bester, R., Chooi, K-M., Cohen, D., Dolja, V.V., Fuchs, M.F., Golino, D.A., Jooste, A.E.C., Martelli, G.P., Rayapati, N., Rohawni, A.K., Saldarelli, P. and Burger, J.T. 2013. Grapevine leafroll associated virus 3. Frontiers in Microbiology 4:82 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00082.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Audiences targeted by this research are primarily students, extension educators, agriculture producers, high school biology teachers, agriculture service providers, and regulators. Changes/Problems: No significant problems have been experienced during this reporting period, with the exception of limited progress on the development of virus-resistant transgenic snap beans and grapevines due to our failure to secure funding in support of continued research. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Two graduate students (John Gottula and Larissa Osterbaan) and two undergraduate students (Kairan Cantilina and Melanie Izganitis) were trained in 2013. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results were disseminated through oral presentations at the following grower's conventions: Finger Lakes grape IPM conference, Viticulture 2013, New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference, IPM Conference of the Wine Growers Association of Mendocino and Lake Counties and Napa Valley Grape Expo. Results were also disseminated through oral presentations at the following conferences: American Society for Enology and Viticulture, Annual Boyce Thompson Institute Scientific Retreat, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting and Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathology Society. Results were disseminated through seminars at UC-Davis and Hobart and William Smith Colleges. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? It is anticipated that studies on the genetic diversity of IYSV will be completed during the next reporting period. It is also anticipated that our recommendations to manage leafroll disease will be revised by taking into account our recent findings on a reduced spread following two applications of the systemic insecticide Movento® and on ouputs of our bioeconomic study, providing comprehensive management options for enhanced profitability.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We explored the genetic diversity of Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) in onions and onion thrips in New York. Onion samples and thrips were collected from various onion ecosystems throughout New York state and tested for the presence of IYSV by RT-PCR and sequencing. Results indicated limited diversity among onion samples from different geographic locations. Results from a temporal spatio-analysis also showed the presence of IYSV genetic elements in onion thrips, in particular those collected late summer at elevated heights, i.e. 20 to 100 ft, suggesting the the potential for long-distance dispersal of viruliferous vectors. This research contributes to advancing our understanding of the dissemination of this emerging viral disease of onions. The genetic diversity of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) was characterized over time in grapevines and the grape mealybug vector, Pseudococcus maritimus, in a Chardonnay vineyard affected by leafroll disease. Genetic elements of GLRaV-1 were identifed by RT-PCR and sequencing in overwintered mealybugs as early as budswell. Very few viruliferous mealybugs were identified late fall or early winter, suggesting that virus uptake occurs primarily in spring. The systemic insecticide Movento® reduces mealybug populations were 70-100% based on timed census. As a direct consequence, the mean annual spread of GLRaV-1 in the Chardonnay vineyard was reduced from 5 to 2%. These findings have a direct impact on management. Similarly, we expanded on our earlier economic studies and showed that roguing can be optimized in terms of disease management if the two vines immediatly adjacent to a rogue vine are eliminated too. The genetic diversity of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) was studied using isolates from different grape-growing areas in the US and different grapvine cultivars and hybrids. Results showed a maximum of 8% divergence in the replicase gene and two distinct phylogenetic clades. The biological significance of these results remains to be investigated. Using an infectious GRBaV construct, we are attempting to fullfil Koch's postulates following agroinfiltration. Preliminary results seem to indicate that GRBaV is the causal agent of the newly recognized red blotch disease. We contributed to the development of a membrane-based macroarray for more than 30 grapevine viruses. This methodology provides a robust format that is complementary to the more routine assays such as ELISA and RT-PCR for the simultaneous multiplex detection of viruses. The occurence of combinations of different viruses that belong to distinct families, i.e. Secoviridae, Closteroviridae, Betaflexiviridae, and Tymoviridae, was often identified in grapevine samples from commercial vineyards and germplasm repositories. Virus-host interactions studies focused on Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), in particular, on the identification of the genetic determinant of symptom expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Using a reverse genetic approach and infectious cDNAs of two GFLV strains with distinctive symptomatology on Nicotiana benthamiana, we showed that the 408 nucleotides at the 3' end of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase coding region of GFLv strain GHu elicit mosaic symptoms on this model host. Investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of symptom expression are under way.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Celebi-Toprak, F., Thompson, J.R., Perry, K.L. and Fuchs, M. 2013. Arabis mosaic virus in grapevines in New York State, Plant Disease, 97:849.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Red blotch disease: Discovery and Management, Annual Conference of the American Society for Enology and Viticulture, June 24-27, Monterey, CA.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Prevention and management of viruses in cucurbit crops. New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference, December 17-19, Manchester, NH. Invited speaker.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Red blotch disease: What do we know? Wine Growers Association of Mendocino and Lake Counties, November 15, Upper Lake, CA. Invited speaker at the UCCE IPM Conference.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Update on red blotch disease, November 14, Napa, CA. Invited speaker at the Napa Valley Grape Expo.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Red blotch: opportunities and challenges. UC-Davis. Invited seminar speaker, November 14, Davis, CA.
Fuchs, M. 2013. On the transmission and management of Grapevine fanleaf virus. Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Department of Biology, October 25, Geneva NY. Invited speaker.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Management of Grapevine fanleaf virus: present and future. Annual Boyce Thompson Institute Scientific Retreat, September 27, La Tourelle Resort, Ithaca, NY. Invited speaker.
Fuchs, M. 2013. Red blotch: How does academia advance our understanding of disease biology for enhanced management? Annual Conference of the American Society of Enology and Viticulture, June 24-27, Monterey, CA. Invited speaker at a Special Session on Red Blotch Disease.
Fuchs, M. and Loeb, G. 2013. Seasonal pattern of virus uptake by the grape mealybug in a leafroll-diseased vineyard. Phytopathology, 103:S2, 46.
Gottula, J., Demangeat, G., Ritzenthaler, C. and Fuchs, M. 2013. Abolishing the nematode transmissibility of a Grapevine fanleaf virus vector engineered for functional genomics. Phytopathology, 103:S2, 51.
Gottula, J., Lapato, D., Cantilina, K., Saito, S., Bartlett, B. and Fuchs, M. 2013. Genetic variability, evolution and biological effects of Grapevine fanleaf virus satellite RNAs. Phytopathology, 103: 1180-1187.
Maree, H.J., Almeida, R.P.P. Bester, R., Chooi, K-M., Cohen, D., Dolja, V.V., Fuchs, M.F., Golino, D.A., Jooste, A.E.C., Martelli, G.P., Rayapati, N., Rohawni, A.K., Saldarelli, P. and Burger, J.T. 2013. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4:82 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00082.
Rayapati, N., Rowhani, A., Fuchs, M., Golino, D.A. and Martelli, G.P. 2013. Grapevine leafroll disease: A complex viral disease affecting a high value fruit crop. Plant Disease, in revision.
Smith, E.A, Shields, E.J., Fuchs, M.F. and Nault, B.A. 2013. Diurnal dispersal of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman), in an onion ecosystem. 61th Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, November 10-13, Austin, TX.
Vigne, E., Gottula, J., Schmitt-Keichinger, C., Komar, V., Ackerer, L., Rakotomalala, L., Lemaire, O., Ritzenthaler, C. and Fuchs, M. 2013. A strain specific segment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Grapevine fanleaf virus determines symptoms in Nicotiana species. Journal of General Virology, 94:2803-2813.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Viruses can cause severe losses to vegetable and fruit crops. Knowledge of the nature of virus populations, in particular of emerging viruses, is important to inform the course of epidemics and advance our understanding of disease spread. Similarly, new detection methodologies and innovative management approaches are needed to facilitate the diagnosis of emerging viruses and provide new control opportunities, respectively. Our research has three major goals: 1. Investigate the nature of virus populations. 2. Explore novel detection methodologies. 3. Develop virus-resistant transgenic plants. We identified and characterized satellite RNA variants associated with Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in naturally infected vineyards in California as well as two previously undescribed grapevine viruses in New York: Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and Grapevine red-blotch-associated virus (GRBaV). ArMV was found in a germplasm collection and GRBaV is a newly discovered virus in grapevine. We also contributed to the development of a membrane-based macroarray detection methodology for grapevine leafroll viruses, and published our research on the economic impact of leafroll diseases in Finger Lakes vineyards. We evaluated onion cultivars for resistance to Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and onion thrips and found no source of tolerance to IYSV on thrips-resistant or thrips-susceptible onion cultivars. Finally, we improved the conditions for propagation of grapevine rootstocks in tissue culture and expanded on the development of anti-viral genetic constructs by testing their efficacy at interfering with virus multiplication in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines challenged with several GFLV strains. We mentored one graduate student and three undergraduate students who participated in our summer research scholars program at NYSAES. We maintained and nurtured regular contact with our growers, extension educators, agriculture service providers, and regulators and discussed issues related to viral disease identification, diagnosis and management. Research outputs were disseminated through oral presentations at grower's conventions (Finger Lakes Grape Growers' Conference in Waterloo, NY) and professional society meetings (American Phytopathological Society in Provvidence, RI). We reported research progress to growers and extension educators, and updated our stakeholders on our efforts to manage leafroll disease in New York based on a multifaceted approach with the production of virus-tested, clean stocks in conjunction with local nurseries, insecticide control of mealybug populations in contaminated vineyards, and analyses on the economic impact of the disease on farm operations and revenue streams. Fact sheets on Blueberry shock virus and Blueberry scorch virus were written and posted online to reach a wide audience. These fact sheets summarize our knowledge on these devastating viruses with information on the biology on the causal agents, a description of diagnostic symptoms and host range, a synopsis on transmission, and management recommendations. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals working on the project were John Gottula (Graduate Student), Larissa Osterbaan (undergraduate student), Kairan Cantilina (undergraduate student), Libby Cieniewicz (undergradaute student), Patricia Marsella-Herrick (RSSI), Rosemary Cox (RSSI), Cheung Mei (Technician), and Dave MacUmber (Technician). Collaborators were Drs. Greg Loeb, Brian Nault, Keith Perry, Tim Martinson, Miguel Gomez, Kerik Cox, Juliet Carroll and Christy Hoepting, and numerous onion, grape, stone fruit and blueberry growers. TARGET AUDIENCES: Audiences targeted by this research are primarily students, extension educators, agriculture producers, agriculture service providers, and regulators. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Based on accomplishments, no project modifications are needed.
Impacts
Large GFLV satellite RNAs were identified in a naturally infected vineyard and a grape germplasm collection. They had a higher nucleotide sequence identity with satRNAs of ArMV strains than the satRNA of GFLV strain F13, indicating no distinction of subgroup A nepovirus satRNAs with respect to the identity of the helper virus. Sequence analyses also suggested that large GFLV and ArMV satRNAs originated from recombination between an ancestral subgroup A nepovirus RNA and an unknown RNA sequence with the 5' region putatively acting as a cis-replication element. A comparative analysis of two GFLV strains carrying or absent of satRNAs showed no discernable effect on virus accumulation and symptom expression in Chenopodium quinoa, a systemic host. This work shed light on the origin, ecology and biological effects of large satRNAs associated with subgroup A nepoviruses. We demonstrated the successful application of macroarray methodology using randomly primed and sequence-nonspecific amplified cDNAs derived from grapevine total RNA extracts for the detection of GLRaVs. Using a net present value approach over a 25-year lifespan of a vineyard, we estimated economic impact of leafroll diseases to range from approximately $25,000 (for a 30% yield reduction and no grape quality penalty) to $40,000 (for a 50% yield reduction and a 10% penalty for poor fruit quality) per hectare in the absence of any control measure. The per hectare impact of leafroll disease can be substantially reduced to $3,000-$23,000 through roguing if levels of disease prevalence are moderate (1-25%). With disease prevalence levels greater than 25%, replacing the entire vineyard is the optimal response, yielding economic losses of ~$25,000/ha. Furthermore, the use of vines derived from certified, virus-tested stocks in replant sites is predicted to keep the costs associated with GLRD infection to ~$1,800/ha. No intervention appears to be economically optimal when (i) infection levels are high (>25%), yield reduction is moderate (<30%), and no price penalty is enforced or (ii) when GLRD is transmitted through vectors after year 19. These findings were to construct integrated decision matrices for vineyard managers to devise profit-maximizing disease control strategies and to create incentives for extended uses of clean, virus-tested planting material. Evaluating onion cultivars for resistance to onion thrips feeding damage and reaction to IYSV showed that virus infection levels did not differ statistically between thrips-susceptible and thrips-resistant onion cultivars in laboratory and field experiments. This research stressed the need to develop resistance to IYSV in onion. The effect of genotype, explant position, media composition and antioxidant on the development and rooting of five micropropagated grapevine rootstocks was determined. Better rooting and plant development was obtained on woody plant supplemented with 37 mg l-1 cysteine as antioxidant. This optimized facilitated a faster and more uniform multiplication of grapevine rootstocks in tissue culture and a successful transfer and growth of micropropagated plantlets in the greenhouse.
Publications
- Gottula, J. Cox, K., Caroll, J. and Fuchs, M. 2012. Blueberry scorch disease. IPM Fact Sheet. Http://nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/berries.default.asp
- Alzubi, H., Yepes, L.M. and Fuchs, M. 2012. Enhanced micropropagation and establishment of grapevine rootstock genotypes. International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology 6:9-14.
- Atallah, S., Gomez, M. Fuchs, M. and Martinson, T. 2012. Economic impact of grapevine leafroll disease on Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet franc in Finger Lakes vineyards of New York. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 63:73-79.
- Celebi-Toprak, F., Thompson, J.R., Perry, K.L. and Fuchs, M. 2012. Arabis mosaic virus in grapevines in New York State, Plant Disease, in review.
- Cox, K., Cox, R. And Fuchs, M. 2012. Emerging blueberry virus concerns for NY: Result from blueberry virus survey efforts. New York Fruit Quarterly, New York State Horticultural Society 20:9-11.
- Diaz-Montano, J., Fuchs, M., Nault, B.A. and Shelton, A.M. 2012. Resistance to onion thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) in onion cultivars does not prevent infection by Iris yellow spot virus following vector-mediated transmission. Florida Entomologist 95:156-161.
- Fuchs, M. 2012. New threats on the horizon for the fruit tree industry. Phytopathology 102:S4.154.
- Fuchs, M., and Loeb, G. 2012. Seasonal pattern and dynamics of virus acquisition by the grape mealybug in a leafroll-diseased vineyard. 17th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, Oct. 7-14, Davis, CA.
- Fuchs, M., and Oliver, J.E. 2012. A novel approach for engineering resistance to Grapevine fanleaf virus. 17th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine, Oct. 7-14, Davis, CA.
- Gottula, J. Cox, K., Caroll, J. and Fuchs, M. 2012. Blueberry shock disease. IPM Fact Sheet. Http://nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/berries.default.asp
- Gottula, J., Lapato, D. and Fuchs, M. 2012. Identification, phylogenetic relationships, and biological properties of large satellite RNAs associated with Grapevine fanleaf virus. Phytopathology 102:S4.46-47.
- Hoepting, C.A. and Fuchs, M.F. 2012. First report of Iris yellow spot virus on onion in Pennsylvania. Plant Disease 96:1229.
- Krenz, B., Thompson, J., Fuchs, M. and Perry, P. 2012. Complete genome sequence of a new circular DNA virus from grapevine. Journal of Virology 86:7715.
- Martelli, G.P., Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Agranowsky, A.A, Al Rawhanih, M., Dolja, V.V., Dovas, C.I., Fuchs, M., Gugerli, P., Hu, J.S., Jelkmann, W., Katis, N., Maliogka, V.I., Melzer, M.J., Menzel, W., Minafra, A., Rott, M.E., Rowhani, A., Sabanadzovic, S. and Saldarelli, P. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the family Closteroviridae with special reference to the grapevine leafroll-associated members of the genus Ampelovirus and the putative species unassigned to the family. Journal of Plant Pathology, 94:7-19.
- Smith, E., DiTommaso, A., Fuchs, M., Shelton, A.M. and Nault, B.A. 2012. Abundance of weed hosts as potential sources of onion and potato viruses in western New York. Crop Protection 37:91-96.
- Thompson, J.R., Fuchs, M., Fisher, K. and Perry, K. 2012. Macroarray detection of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 183:161-169.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Viruses can cause severe losses to vegetable and fruit crops. Some viruses are endemic while others are emergent. Knowledge of the nature of virus populations, in particular emerging viruses, is important to inform the course of epidemics and advance our understanding of disease spread. Similarly, new detection techniques innovative management approaches are needed to facilitate the diagnosis of emerging viruses and provide new control opportunities. Our research has three major goals: 1. Investigate the nature of virus populations. 2. Explore novel detection methodologies. 3. Develop virus-resistant transgenic plants We surveyed blueberry operations for four viruses (Tomato ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Blueberry shock virus and Blueberry scorch virus), onion fields for Iris yellow spot virus, and vineyards for leafroll-associated viruses with a special emphasis on Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3. We conducted experiments to determine the population structure and genetic variability of these viruses. We contributed to the development of a membrane-based macroarray detection methodology for grapevine viruses. We also developed anti-viral genetic constructs and tested their efficacy at interfering with virus multiplication in transient assays and stable transformants by using Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Nicotiana benthamiana as model systems. We mentored two undergraduate students from our summer research scholars program and two graduate students. We maintained regular contact with our stakeholders (agriculture producers, extension educators, agriculture service providers, and regulators) and discussed issues related to viral disease identification, diagnosis and management. Outputs of our research were disseminated through oral presentations at grower's conventions (Hudson Valley Commercial Fruit Growers' School in Kingston, NY and Finger Lakes Grape Growers' Conference in Waterloo, NY). We reported progress on the Plum pox virus eradication program in New York, and updated our stakeholders on our efforts to manage leafroll disease in New York based on a multifaceted approach with the production of virus-tested, clean stocks in conjunction with local nurseries, insecticide control of mealybug populations in contaminated vineyards, and analyses on the economic impact of the disease on farm operations and revenue streams. A fact sheet on fanleaf degeneration/decline disease was also written, distributed at twilight meetings, and posted online to reach a wider audience (Oliver and Fuchs, 2011). This fact sheet summarizes our knowledge on this devastating disease of grapevines. It provides a summary of the 16 causal agents of the disease, a description of diagnostic symptoms and host range, a synopsis on transmission, and management recommendations. Presentations were also delivered at professional society meetings (American Phytopathological Society in Honolulu, HI) where we discussed our research accomplishments in terms of the genetic diversity of GLRaV-1 and GFLV, as well as our attempts to develop a viral vector for functional genomics in grapevines based on GFLV. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals working on the project were Jonathan Oliver (Graduate Student), John Gottula (Graduate Student), Julie Button (undergraduate student), Haili Gutting (undergraduate student), Patricia Marsella-Herrick (RSSI), Rosemary Cox (RSSI), Cheung Mei (Technician), and Dave MacUmber (Technician). Collaborators were Drs. Greg Loeb, Brian Nault, Keith Perry, Tim Martinson, Kerik Cox, Juliet Carroll and Christy Hoepting, and numerous onion, grape, and blueberry growers in New York. TARGET AUDIENCES: Audiences targeted by this research are primarily students, extension educators, agriculture producers, agriculture service providers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our surveys of highbush blueberry showed the presence of ToRSV, TRSV, BlScV and BlShV in NY. These viruses greatly compromise the profitability of production operations and threaten neighboring operations. We will continue surveying the major NY blueberry operations to better ascertain the prevalence of these four devastating viruses, develop an understanding of their spatio-temporal epidemiology, and assist growers improve operation profitability. The genetic diversity of 34 isolates of GLRaV-1 from different wine, table, and ornamental grape cultivars in California, New York, and Washington States was investigated. Segments of the heat-shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h) gene, coat protein (CP) gene, coat protein duplicate 2 (CPd2) gene, and open reading frame 9 (p24) were amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. A pairwise comparison of nucleotide sequences revealed intra- and interisolate sequence diversity, with CPd2 and HSP70h being the most and the least divergent, respectively, among the four genomic regions studied. A global phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the four genomic regions revealed segregation of GLRaV-1 isolates into two or three major clades and a lack of clearly defined clustering by geographical origin. Putative recombination events were revealed among the HSP70h, CP, and p24 sequences. The genetic landscape of GLRaV-1 populations provides a foundation for better understanding of the epidemiology of grapevine leafroll disease. Our work on the sequence determination of GLRaV-5 has led to re-consider the taxonomic classification of members of the family Closteroviridae. This family used to have 10 members isolated from leafroll-affected grapevines. Based on a recent revision, the family Closteroviridae consists of GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4 and GLRaV-7. Viruses formerly known as GLRaV-5, GLRaV-6, GLRaV-9 GLRaV-De, GLRaV-Pr and GLRaV-Car are now considered as genetic variants of GLRaV-4 rather than distinct virus species. Several concatenate constructed derived from one GFLV RNA1-encoded gene and three GFLV RNA2-encoded genes were engineered to confer resistance to GFLV. A high throughput approach was developed for evaluating the anti-viral potential of candidate constructs by utilizing an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated delivery system to achieve transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, a systemic host. Results from this high throughput approach indicated that many of the genetic constructs are capable of reducing virus titres in agroinfiltrated plant tissues, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and semiquatitative RT-PCR. Also, differential levels of anti-viral activity were observed among constructs in replicated experiments. In order to test whether the fast transient approach is an accurate predictor of the anti-viral competency of constructs, transgenic N. benthamiana were developed and utilized in resistance screening assays. Resistance evaluations indicated a relative similar performance of concatenate constructs in the transient expression system and stable transformants.
Publications
- Martinson, T., Fuchs, M and Loeb, G. 2011. Grapevine leafroll incidence, vectors and impact on the Finger Lakes region of New York. Annual Conference of the American Society for Enology and Viticulture, June 20-24, Monterey, CA.
- Oliver, J.E. and Fuchs, M. 2011. Tolerance and resistance to viruses and their vectors in Vitis sp.: A virologists perspective of the literature. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 62:438-451.
- Oliver, J.E., Tennant, P.F. and Fuchs, M. 2011. Virus-resistant transgenic horticultural crops: safety issues and risk assessment. In: Transgenic Horticultural Crops: Challenges and Opportunities, B. Mou and R. Scorza (Eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 263-287.
- Oliver, J. and Fuchs, M. 2011. Usefulness of a high-throughput transient expression system to test virus-derived genetic constructs for resistance against Grapevine fanleaf virus. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, August 6-10. Honolulu, HI.
- Oliver, J.E. and Fuchs, M. 2011. Fanleaf degeneration/decline disease of grapevines. IPM Fact Sheet. http://nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/grapes/diseases/fanleaf.pdf
- Sanfacon, H. and Fuchs, M. 2011. Tomato ringspot virus. In: Virus and virus-like diseases of pome and stone fruits. Hadidi, A., Barba, M., Candresse, T. and Jelkmann, W (eds). APS Press, St. Paul, MN, pp. 41-48.
- Smith, E., Ditommaso, A., Fuchs, M., Shelton, A.M. and Nault, B.A. 2011. Weed hosts for onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Tripidae) and their potential role in the epidemiology of Iris Yellow Spot Virus in an onion ecosystem. Environmental Entomology 40:194-203.
- Thompson, J.R., Fuchs, M. and Perry, K. 2011. Genomic analysis of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-5 and related viruses. Virus Research, In Press.
- Thompson, J., Fuchs, M. and Perry, K. 2011. Development of a macroarray for the detection of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses in grapevine. Proc. 30th Annual meeting of the American Society for Virology, July 16-20, Minneapolis Minnesota.
- Alabi, O.J., Al Rwahnih, M., Gandhi, K., Poojari, S., Fuchs, M., Rowhani, A. and Rayapati A. N. 2011. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 occurs as genetically diverse populations. Phytopathology 101:1446-1456.
- Atallah, S., Martinson, T. Fuchs, M. and Gomez, M. 2011. Economic analysis of the financial impacts of grape leafroll virus in the Finger Lakes. 60th Annual Finger Lakes Grape Growers Conference, March 5, Waterloo, NY.
- Diaz-Montano, J., Fuchs, M., Nault, B.A. Fail, J. and Shelton, A.M. 2011. Onion thrips (Thysanoptera Thripidae): A global pest of increasing concern in onion. Journal of Economic Entomology 104:1-13.
- Fuchs, M. 2011. Risk Assessment: Insights into the Safety of Disease-Resistant Transgenic Crops. Symposium on Using Translational Biotechnology to Deploy Disease Resistance Trait in Crop Plants. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, August 6-10.
- Honolulu, HI. Fuchs, M. 2011. Molecular strategies for the control of leafroll disease. Symposium on Grapevine leafroll and vitivirus diseases: A continued and increasing program for vineyards, Annual Conference of the American Society for Enology and Viticulture, June 20-24, Monterey, CA.
- Fuchs, M. 2011. Managing Grapevine leafroll virus in the Finger Lakes, and the role of virus-tested, clean nursery stock. 60th Annual Finger Lakes Grape Growers Conference, March 5, Waterloo, NY.
- Fuchs, M and P. Sierzenga. 2011. NY plum pox update. Hudson Valley Commercial Fruit Growers School, February 15, Kingston, NY.
- Gottula, J., Vigne, E., Keichinger, C., Ritzenthaler, C., and Fuchs, M. 2011 Engineering Grapevine fanleaf virus into a plant expression vector. Annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, August 6-10. Honolulu, HI.
- Hsu, C.L., Hoepting, C.A., Fuchs, M., Smith, E.A. and Nault, B.A. 2011. Identifying sources Of Iris Yellow Spot Virus and their potential role in the onion-IYSV pathosystem. Plant Disease 95:735-743.
- Klas, F. E., Fuchs, M. and Gonsalves, D. 2011. Fruit yield of virus-resistant transgenic summer squash in simulated commercial plantings under conditions of high disease pressure. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 3:46-52.
- Li, R., Mock, R., Fuchs, M., Halbrendt, J., Howell, B. and Liu, Z. 2011. Characterization of the partial RNA1 and RNA2 3 prime untranslated region of Tomato ringspot virus isolates from North America. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 33:94-99.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) can cause severe losses to fruit crops by reducing yield, altering fruit quality, and shortening the lifespan of vineyards, orchards and plantings. ToRSV and GFLV can affect grapevines and ToRSV, which has a broader host range than GFLV, can also affect stone fruits, ornamentals, small fruits, and vegetables. GFLV is transmitted exclusively by the dagger nematode Xiphinema index whereas ToRSV is transmitted by the nematode complex Xiphinema americanum senso lato. Management strategies of GFLV and ToRSV rely primarily on agricultural practices, including soil disinfection with nematicides to eradicate vector populations, weed control, and the use of nematode-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars, when available. No source of resistance to GFLV and ToRSV is known in any crop germplasm. We investigated virus-host interactions with the goal of identifying host genes involved in pathogenicity and symptomatology. Our approach is based on the application of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in the model plant N. benthamiana, a systemic host for GFLV and ToRSV. Plants are agro-infiltrated first with a recombinant Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vector carrying various N. benthamiana genes and subsequently mechanically inoculated with ToRSV or GFLV. Inoculation with recombinant TRV silences host genes and inoculation with ToRSV or GFLV identifies the effect of a loss of function phenotype on virus multiplication and/or pathogenicity. Silencing genes coding a kinase, a Ran-like protein and a translation elongation factor reduce virus titer and alter virus symptomatology. The potential implication of a Ran-like protein in virus-host interactions led to the localization of the GFLV RNA1-encoded protein 1A and RNA2-encoded protein 2A in the nucleus. Is a host Ran-like protein involved in the nuclear localization of viral proteins More research is needed to address this issue. Nonetheless, our findings shed light on plant host genes or proteins that can be used for the development of novel control strategies against two economically important viruses. In parallel, we are investigating the nature of virus populations and studying their genetic variability to advance our understanding of disease spread and to provide new opportunities for effective viral disease management based on agriculture biotechnology. It is expected that our findings will benefit the grape and stone fruit industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies of virus diseases. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Greg Loeb, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY Dr. Brian Nault, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY Dr. Tony Shelton, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY Dr. Keith Perry, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, NYSAES, Ithaca, NY Dr. Tim Martinson, Senior Extension Associate, Department of Horticulture, NYSAES, Geneva, NY Dr. Juliet Carroll, New York State IPM Program, Cornell University, Geneva, NY Christine Hoepting, Extension Specialist, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Albion, NY TARGET AUDIENCES: Blueberry, grape and stone fruit growers were target audiences during this reporting period to raise awareness on the impact of virus diseases and recommend appropriate management strategies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Management strategies against viruses are often of limited efficacy, economically not attractive, and environmentally not friendly. Increasing our knowledge of virus-vector-host interactions opens new avenues for innovative and more effective control strategies. Our research is raising awareness of the impact of emerging virus diseases in vegetables and fruit crops in New York. It provides also unique opportunities to reach out to stakeholders on integrated management strategies. It is expected that our findings will benefit the vegetable and fruit crop industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies of virus diseases.
Publications
- Cox, K.D., Fuchs, M., Carroll, J.E., Pritts, M. and Heidenreich, M.C. 2010. Blueberry virus survey initiatives for New York. Cornell University Fruit Field Day, Geneva, NY, July 28.
- Oliver, J.E., Vigne, E. and Fuchs, M. 2010. Genetic structure and molecular variability of Grapevine fanleaf virus populations. Virus Research 152:30-40.
- Schellenberger, P., Andret-Link, P., Schmitt-Keichinger, C., Bergdoll, M., Marmonier, A., Vigne, E., Lemaire, O., Fuchs, M., Demangeat, G. and Ritzenthaler, C. 2010. A stretch of 11 amino acids in the βB-βC loop of the coat protein of Grapevine fanleaf virus is essential for transmission by the nematode Xiphinema index. Journal of Virology 84:7924-7933.
- Diaz-Montano, J., Fuchs, M., Nault, B.A. and Shelton, A.M. 2010. Evaluation of onion cultivars for resistance to onion thrips (Thysanoptera Thripidae) and Iris yellow spot virus. Journal of Economic Entomology 103:925-937.
- Fuchs, M., Abawi, G.S., Marsella-Herrick, P., Cox, R., Cox, K.D., Carroll, J.E. and Martin, R.R. 2010. Occurrence of Tobacco ringspot virus and Tomato ringspot virus in highbush blueberry in New York State. Journal of Plant Pathology 92:451-460.
- Hsu, C.L., Hoepting, C.A., Fuchs, M., Shelton, A.M. and Nault, B.A. 2010. Temporal dynamics of Iris yellow spot virus and its vector, onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in direct-seeded and transplanted onion fields. Environmental Entomology 39:266-277.
- Demangeat, G., Komar, V., Van-Ghelder, C., Voisin, R., Lemaire, O., Esmenjaud, D. and Fuchs, M. 2010. Competency of seven single-female Xiphinema index lines for Grapevine fanleaf virus. Phytopathology 100:384-389.
- Carroll, J.E., Fuchs, M., Cox, K., Shaw, M., Breth, D., Iungerman, K., McKay, S. and Heidenreich C. Results of a Survey of blueberry plantings for canker diseases. 2010. Blueberry virus survey initiatives for New York. Cornell University Fruit Field Day, Geneva, NY, July 28.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Results of our work were disseminated to the scientific community through a book chapter and through presentations made during growers meetings. PARTICIPANTS: Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) cause some of the most important viral diseases in fruit crops. These two viruses alter plant vigor, reduce crop yield and quality, and shorten the lifespan of plantings. ToRSV and GFLV can affect grapevines and ToRSV, which has a broader host range than GFLV, can also affect stone fruits, ornamentals, small fruits and vegetables. GFLV is transmitted exclusively by the ectoparasitic dagger nematode Xiphinema index whereas ToRSV is transmitted by the ectoparasitic nematode group Xiphinema americanum senso lato. Management strategies of GFLV and ToRSV rely primarily on agricultural practices, including soil disinfection with nematicides to eradicate vector populations and the use of nematode-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars, when available. No source of resistance to GFLV and ToRSV is known in any crop germplasm. Therefore, innovative approaches are needed to mitigate the impact of these two economically important viruses because present strategies are costly and of limited efficacy due to the fact that nematode vectors have a high survival potential and can etain viruses over extended time. We are investigating virus-host interactions with the goal of identifying host genes involved in the pathogenicity of GFLV and ToRSV. Our approach consists of applying virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in the model plant N. benthamiana, a systemic host for GFLV and ToRSV. Plants are agro-infiltrated first with recombinant Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying various N. benthamiana genes and then mechanically inoculated with ToRSV or GFLV. Inoculation with recombinant TRV silences host genes and inoculation with ToRSV or GFLV identifies the effect of a loss of function phenotype on virus multiplication and/or pathogenicity. Our VIGS data indicate that silencing genes coding a kinase, a Ran-like protein and a translation elongation factor reduce virus titer and alter virus symptomatology. The specificity and efficacy of VIGS will be determined with distinct strains of GFLV and ToRSV. TARGET AUDIENCES: Our studies provide new insights into virus-host interactions for GFLV and ToRSV as well as unique opportunities to identify plant host genes or proteins that can be further used for the development of novel control strategies against these two economically important viruses. It is expected that our research will benefit the grape and stone fruit industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies of virus diseases. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report.
Impacts
Plant genes involved in virus-host interactions for Grapevine fanleaf virus and Tomato ringspot virus were identified. This fundamental knowledge can be used to develop innovative management strategies against these two economically important viruses.
Publications
- Fuchs, M. 2006. Risks to New York and Eastern vineyards from viral diseases: What is there to worry about and what are the research plans Proc. 57th Finger Lakes Grapes Growers Convention, p.45, March 3-4, Waterloo, NY.
- Fuchs, M. 2007. Plum pox and other significant virus threats to stone fruits in New York. Proc. Empire State Fruit & Vegetable Expo, p. 27-29, February 13-15, Syracuse, NY.
- Sanfacon, H. and Fuchs, M. 2009. Tomato ringspot virus. In: Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. Hadidi, A., Barba, M., Candresse, T. and Jelkmann, W (eds). APS Press, in press.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) reduce vigor, affect crop yield, and alter plant longevity in several crops. ToRSV and GFLV can affect grapevines and ToRSV, which has a broader host range than GFLV, can also affect stone fruits, ornamentals, small fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. ToRSV and GFLV are transmitted by the ectoparasitic dagger nematodes Xiphinema americanum senso lato and X. index, respectively. Control of these two viruses relies primarily on agricultural practices, including soil disinfection with nematicides to eradicate vector populations and use of nematode-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars, when available. Innovative approaches are needed to mitigate the impact of ToRSV and GFLV because current strategies are costly and of limited efficacy due to the fact that nematode vectors have a high survival potential, even under adverse conditions, and retain viruses over extended time. We are applying virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to characterize plant host genes involved in ToRSV and GFLV infection in the model plant N. benthamiana, a systemic host for both viruses The approach consists of agro-inoculating plants first with recombinant Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying various N. benthamiana genes and then mechanically inoculating them with ToRSV or GFLV and monitoring infection by the latter two viruses. Inoculation with recombinant TRV silences host genes and inoculation with ToRSV or GFLV identifies the effect of a loss of function phenotype on virus multiplication and/or pathogenicity. A differential ToRSV symptomatology (mottling vs. severe necrosis) is observed in plants silenced for a kinase, Ran-like protein, or translation elongation factor in comparison with control plants. The impact of host silencing on GFLV is assessed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR because this strain induces asymptomatic infection in N. benthamiana. The specificity and efficacy of VIGS is determined by real-time PCR using appropriate primers. PARTICIPANTS: Marc Fuchs (PI), Cheung Mei and Patricia Herrick-Marsella were instrumental in the project. Marc Fuchs designated experiments and characterized virus isolates for the project. Cheung Mei prepared and maintained the plant material in the greenhouse. Patricia Herrick-Marsella inoculated the plants with various viruses and recorded the effect of host gene silencing on virus multiplication. Patricia further extracted RNA and carried out RT-PCR assays. Cheung Meu and Patricia Herrick-Marsella reported to Marc Fuchs on a regular basis. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
New insights into virus-host interactions through functional genomic approaches provide opportunities to identify plant host genes or proteins that can be further used for the development of novel control strategies of ToRSV and GFLV. It is expected that our research will benefit the grape and stone fruit industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies of virus diseases.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
The nepoviruses Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) can cause economic damage in fruit crops, including grapes for ToRSV and GFLV, and stone fruits, ornamentals, small fruits, vegetables and ornamentals for ToRSV. Both viruses reduce vigor, affect yield, and alter plant longevity. ToRSV and GFLV are transmitted by the ectoparasitic dagger nematodes Xiphinema americanum senso lato and X. index, respectively. Control of these two viruses relies primarily on agricultural practices, soil disinfection with nematicides to eradicate vector populations, and use of nematode-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars, when available. These approaches are costly or of limited efficacy with regard to the high survival of nematodes and to the retention of viruses by nematodes over extended time. Therefore, alternatives are needed to mitigate the impact of ToRSV and GFLV. We are investigating virus-host interactions by functional genomic approaches to identify
putative plant genes or proteins that could be the target of new control strategies. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used to characterize plant host genes implicated in ToRSV and GFLV infection by using N. benthamiana as model system. The approach consists of agro-inoculating plants first with recombinant Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying various N. benthamiana genes and then mechanically inoculating them with ToRSV isolate PYBM or GFLV isolate F13. Inoculation with recombinant TRV silences host genes and inoculation with ToRSV or GFLV is expected to identify the effect of a loss of function phenotype on virus multiplication and/or pathogenicity. A differential ToRSV symptomatology (mottling vs. severe necrosis) is observed in plants silenced for a kinase, Ran-like protein, or translation elongation factor in comparison with control plants. The impact of host silencing on GFLV-F13 is assessed by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR because this strain induces asymptomatic infection in N.
benthamiana. The specificity and efficacy of VIGS is determined by RT-PCR using appropriate primers.
Impacts
New insights into virus-host interactions provide opportunities to identify host plant genes that can be further used for the development of novel control strategies of ToRSV and GFLV. It is expected that our research will benefit the grape and stone fruit industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies of virus diseases.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) causes severe damage to fruit and berry crops and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is responsible for fanleaf degeneration, which is the most severe virus disease of grapevines. ToRSV and GFLV are transmitted by the dagger nematodes Xiphinema americanum senso lato and X. index, respectively. Control of these two viruses relies primarily on agricultural practices, soil disinfection to eradicate vector populations, and use of nematode-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars, when available. The efficacy of these approaches is limited by the high survival of nematodes and retention of viruses over extended time even under adverse conditions. Therefore, new technologies are needed to reduce the impact of ToRSV and GFLV. We are exploring approaches based on functional genomic studies to develop new control strategies against these two devastating viruses. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used to characterize plant host genes implicated in ToRSV
and GFLV infection and identify potential target genes for control. The approach consists of agro-inoculating N. benthamiana first with recombinant Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying various host genes and then mechanically inoculating with ToRSV or GFLV. Inoculation with recombinant TRV will silence targeted host genes and inoculation with ToRSV or GFLV is expected to identify the effect of the loss of function phenotype on virus multiplication and/or pathogenicity. Isolate PYBM of ToRSV and isolate F13 of GFLV are used to mechanical inoculate silenced N. benthamiana. TRV constructs encoding a kinase, a Ran-like protein, and a translation elongation factor induce a differential symptomatology of ToRSV in comparison to non-silenced plants (severe necrosis vs. mottling or mosaic). The impact on GFLV-F13 multiplication cannot visually be monitored as this isolate does not induce symptoms on N. benthamiana. Multiplication of ToRSV and GFLV will be characterized in silenced and
non-silenced plants by DAS-ELISA with specific antibodies, and the specificity of VIGS will be determined by RT-PCR using appropriate primers.
Impacts
New insights into virus-host interactions will provide opportunities for the development of novel control strategies of ToRSV and GFLV. As such, our research will benefit the grape and stone fruit industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies of virus diseases.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) is responsible for severe diseases in fruit and berry crops and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) induces fanleaf degeneration, which is the most severe virus disease of grapevines worldwide. ToRSV and GFLV are transmitted by ectoparasitic dagger nematodes. Control of these two viruses in agricultural fields relies primarily on using nematode-tolerant rootstocks and cultivars, when available, or soil disinfection with agrichemicals to eradicate or reduce vector populations. The efficacy of eradicating nematode populations in diseased fields is severely limited by the high survival of nematodes and retention of viruses over extended time. Also, agrichemicals used as nematicides have acute toxicity and are not specific to nematodes. Therefore, the development of new technologies that reduce the impact of ToRSV and GFLV is important. We are exploring the use of pathogen-derived resistance and other approaches based on functional genomic studies
to develop new control strategies of these two devastating viruses. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used to characterize plant host genes implicated in ToRSV and GFLV infection and identify potential target genes for control. The approach consists of agro-inoculating N. benthamiana first with recombinant Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying various host genes (MAKs, protease inhibitors, DNA binding proteins, heat shock proteins, or proteins of unknown function, among others), and then with ToRSV or GFLV. Inoculation with recombinant TRV will silence targeted host genes and inoculation with different isolates of ToRSV or GFLV is expected to identify the effect of the loss of function phenotype on virus multiplication and/or pathogenicity. So far, we have established several isolates of GFLV and ToRSV with various pathogenicity on N. benthamiana. Among these, isolate PYBM of ToRSV (severe necrosis) and isolate F13 (no symptoms) of GFLV are used to mechanical inoculate N.
benthamiana that are silenced by a dozen of TRV constructs. Interestingly, a couple of TRV constructs, encoding a kinase and a translation elongation factor, seem to induce a differential symptom expression of ToRSV in comparison to non-silenced plants. These preliminary experiments will be reproduced and multiplication of ToRSV and GFLV will be assayed in silenced and non-silenced plants by DAS-ELISA with specific antibodies. Also, the degree and specificity of VIGS will be determined by RT-PCR using appropriate primers. For plant transformation experiments, we will start analyzing the genetic diversity within isolates of Tomato ringspot virus and engineer coat protein gene constructs.
Impacts
Investigating virus-host interactions will provide opportunities for the development of novel control strategies of ToRSV and GFLV, and thus, will benefit the grape and stone fruit industries that express an increasing desire for effective and environmentally sound management strategies.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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