Progress 09/15/05 to 09/14/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Winter canola and rapeseed variety trials with 15-16 entries were grown at 8-10 locations during two growing seasons, and a spring canola and rapeseed variety trial with 32 entries was grown at 9 locations in OR, WA, and ID. An irrigated winter canola trial was conducted in the Willamette Valley of OR to determine cultivar adaptation. Studies were established in ID that examined the optimum N and seeding rates on two canola-quality Oriental mustard cultivars and one condiment oriental mustard cultivar at two locations and two planting dates in conventional and direct seed systems. Plant stand counts, flower start date, height, and seed yield were measured. Field trials established in ID examined the effect of straw management treatment and type of drill opener on stand establishment and yield of winter and spring planted canola and mustard cultivars. Winter canola agronomic trials were sown at two locations in MT to determine winter survival and seed yield. Thirty-seven entries of canola cultivars and breeding lines were planted at the Central Agricultural Research Center and the Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center of Montana State University in spring 2006 and 2007 to determine cultivar performance. A growth chamber study was conducted on 17 cultivars and breeding lines. Studies were initiated in WA to determine the relationship between irrigation and N application on yield and quality of winter canola. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted in ID to develop glyphosate and/or imazamox herbicide resistant cultivars of canola and rapeseed. Plants were evaluated for injury, stand counts and plant height were measured, and seed was harvested, dried and weighed. A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the effect of potting compost amended with canola and mustard seed meal on control of wild oat and redroot pigweed. Seed meal glucosinolate types and concentrations were determined. An experimental divider-pusher header was adapted to a swather for canola in hopes to reduce pod shatter. A research review was conducted in February 2008. Information was extended to growers and industry representatives at extension meeting and field tours. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Greg Bohach,Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Project Director; Donald Thill, Assistant Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Assistant Project Director; J. Brown - PI from University of Idaho; T. Chastain and D. Wysocki, PIs from Oregon State University, P. Miller and C. Chen, PIs from Montana State University. A. Hang, PI from Washington State University. Partner Organizations: University of Idaho, Oregon State University, Washington State University, Montana State University; Idaho, Oregon, Montana and Washington agricultural experiment stations, USDA-ARS, US Canola Council. Training or Professional Development: Undergraduate and graduate students through participation in research; Farmers and industry representatives through technology transfer activities. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience was farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains. Informations was delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Winter canola mean yield was 2953-3349 lb/A and mean yield of spring cultivar was 1329 to 2424 lb/A. Identifying adapted, high-yielding cultivars helps guarantee highest yields and economic returns, which will increase the acreage of canola grown throughout the PNW. Seed yield improved with increasing N; a moderate seeding rate was adequate to maximize yields, and early planting maximized seed yield potential. Winter canola and mustard stands from a Case single disc drill were lower than a Flexicoil drill, but there was no difference in plant stand between straw management treatments. It is best to direct seed spring planted canola and mustard into standing straw without mowing or harrowing, which reduce farm input costs. Winter canola trials in MT showed emergence averaged 76% for early seeding and 60% for late seeding. Temperatures of -10 C and lower did not kill the plants but did slow the growth. Seed yield of selected winter canola cultivars ranged from 3800-5100 lb/A indicating significant potential for irrigated winter canola in western MT because it fits market opportunities associated with the global surge in demand for bio-oils. Variation was great among entries for spring canola emergence rate, biomass accumulation and seed yield, indicating potential genetic differences in adaptation to cold regions of the Northern Great Plains. Several cultivars and breeding lines, showed favorable characteristics such as early emergence, faster biomass accumulation, less frost damage and high yield potential. Development of cold tolerant canola cultivars and technologies will boost the feedstock production for biodiesel in the Northern Great Plains. Developing alternative crops for small cereal grain rotations will provide agronomic and economic diversification. Canola does not respond well to over irrigation and should be stressed to stimulate root development. Supplemental irrigation during the fall is beneficial to canola stand establishment. Availability of locally adapted, high yielding canola cultivars with stack resistance for imazethapyr and glyphosate will allow growers to include canola in crop rotations where large-seed pulse crops are grown and treated with imazethapyr. Weeds will be controlled in these cultivars with glyphosate. Wild oat and redroot pigweed were controlled best with Pacific Gold mustard seed meal amended potting mix. Brassica seed meal used as a bioherbicide may increase the value of seed meal resulting in increased production. Winter canola yields were best when canola was "pushed" at either first brown seed or 1/3 brown seed. Direct harvesting of winter canola produced the lowest yield. In contract, direct harvest of spring rapeseed produced the best yields. Crop canopy height and slower maturity of winter canola may be factors that favor "pushing" winter canola.
Publications
- Chen, C. 2007. Oilseed crops for biodiesel production in Montana. Montana DEQ Oilseeds and Biodiesel Workshop. Livingston, MT, January 9, 2007.
- Chen, C., G. Jackson, J. Heser, and K. Neill. 2006. Seedling cold tolerance and yields of early seeded canola. 2006 U.S. Canola Association National meeting in conjunction with ASA-CSSASSSA International Annual Meetings, November 12-16, Indianapolis, Indiana.
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2006. Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial 2005-2006. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program. Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2007. 2006 Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial Results. .
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2007. 2006 Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial Results. .
- Chen, C., Jackson, G., Neill, K., Wichman, D., Johnson, G. and Johnson D. 2005. Determining the feasibility of early seeding canola in the northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 97:1252-1262.
- Chen, C., G. Jackson, K. Neill, D. Wichman, G. Johnson, and D. Johnson. 2005. Base temperature for germination, planting data and rate, and seedling cold tolerance of Brassica napus . Agron. J. 97:1252-1262.
- Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, and D. Wysocki. 2006. Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial 2006. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
- Hang, A.N. and H.P. Collins. 2006. Water use efficiency and nutrition management of winter canola. Abstract. ASA, CSSA, SSSA 24-6.
- Miller, P., and D. Johnson. 2006. Strategies for high yielding winter canola in the Rocky Mountain region. In Agronomy Abstracts, ASA-CSSA-SSSA Ann. Mtg., Nov 12-16, 2006. Indianapolis, IN.
- Olmstead, J. 2006. Optimum agronomic practices for Brassica juncea in the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Idaho.
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, J.B. Davis. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. American Society of Agronomy 98th Annual Meeting. November 6-10, 2005.
- Olmstead, J., J. Brown, J.B. Davis and D. Wysocki. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Western Society of Crop Science Annual Meeting. June 19-22.
- Olmstead, J., Brown, J. and Davis, J.B. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Abstract, Amer. Soc. Agron. Proc.
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Progress 09/15/05 to 09/15/06
Outputs
The objectives for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Region Canola Research Program are to establish research and education priorities with the goal of improving the efficiency and sustainability of canola production in the PNW; develop a regional research-based program for canola through funding obtained from the USDA CSREES Special Research Grant project on PNW Region Canola Research; and maintain Technical and Industrial Advisory Committees following the organizational structure from the National Administrative Council. Technical and Industrial Advisory Committees developed research priorities are integrated crop management, rotational benefits of long-term nature, and integrated pest management. Canola should be seeded in late March to early April, attain 3.1-6.2 plants/square foot, be able to emerge in cool soils, and tolerate frequent frost damages in early spring in central and north central MT. Seed yield at Creston, MT in 2005 of superior European and Kansas State
University selected winter canola cultivars ranged from 3800-5100 lb/A, test weights exceeded 56-57 lb/bushel, and oil percentages exceeded 42-43%. All of these indicators show significant potential for winter canola in western MT. Thirty-seven entries of canola cultivars and breeding lines were planted at the Central Agricultural Research Center and the Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center of Montana State University in spring 2006 to determine cultivar performance. In ID, mean winter canola seed yield and oil content ranged from 2093-5399 lb/A and 39-41.9%, respectively. For spring canola, 75% of the lines yielded greater than 1500 lb/A. Wild oat and redroot pigweed were controlled with canola and mustard seed meal amended potting compost. Six advanced glyphoaste- or imazamox-resistant breeding lines have been developed. Visible injury, plant stand and height, days to flowering, and seed yield of imazamox-resistant Gem canola and Clearwater rapeseed were not affected by
imazamox application. Canola and mustard stands from a Case single disc drill were lower than a Flexicoil drill, but there was no difference between plant stand and straw management. The effects N and seeding rates were determined on two canola-quality Oriental mustard cultivars and the condiment Oriental mustard cultivars Pacific Gold and Kodiak. Pacific Gold had a greater N response compared to Kodiak, Arid or Dahinda. Increasing the N rate 1 lb/A caused a 7.9 lb/A increase in Pacific Gold seed yield and 5.9, 5.7, and 6.4 lb/A in Kodiak, Dahinda and Arid, respectively. Increased N rates resulted in later flowering and taller plants. A growth chamber study was conducted on 17 cultivars and breeding lines. The minimum temperature for canola to germinate ranged from 0.7-3.4 C. The minimum heat unit required for canola to reach 50% emergence was 42-81 growing degree-days. The best-adapted cultivars and the impact of irrigation for canola production in the Willamette Valley of OR are
being determined in field studies. Studies were initiated in WA to determine the relationship between irrigation and N application on yield and quality of winter canola.
Impacts
Research is needed to address canola production in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region and includes the need to grow winter canola using conservation tillage practices in an annual cropping system; regionally adapted varieties; and information on canola crop management systems. Through this research, canola growers can inspect field trials in their region and review performance data to help them determine the most suitable cultivars for their farms. Identifying adapted, high-yielding cultivars will help guarantee highest yields and increase the acreage of canola grown in the PNW. Limited profitability of canola in the PNW is a primary barrier to increased acreage. Increased profitability is achieved by increasing seed yield, reducing cost of production, and increasing value of the harvested products. Demonstrating herbicidal properties in Brassica seed meal as a soil amendment will increase the value of canola seed. Optimum seeding rates and straw management are
necessary for successful establishment of canola. Farm profitability and community stability will increase as new knowledge decreases crop failure and increases productivity of canola with lower inputs. Availability of herbicide-resistance cultivars will allow greater flexibility to include Brassica crops in rotation with small grain cereals. New information on canola irrigation and nitrogen management will increase planted acres of this valuable rotational crop in the region.
Publications
- Chen, C., Jackson, G., Neill, K., Wichman, D., Johnson, G. and Johnson D. 2005. Determining the feasibility of early seeding canola in the northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 97:1252-1262.
- Olmstead, J., Brown, J. and Davis, J.B. 2005. Determine optimum agronomic practices to maximize productivity of Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the Pacific Northwest. Abstract, Amer. Soc. Agron. Proc.
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