Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This report summarizes progress on seven projects, focusing on processes influencing prion transport and fate in natural and engineered environments, and two projects focusing on the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials (Pedersen's contribution to the University of Wisconsin Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center). Research on antibiotics was supported by two completed projects was also published. We investigated the migration of pathogenic prion protein (PrPTSE) through soils, attachment of PrPTSE to environmentally relevant surfaces using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, investigated conformational changes PrPTSE undergoes upon adsorption to mineral surfaces, and are developing a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for measurement of prion protein. We are adapting protein misfolding cyclical amplification to detect prions in environmental matrices and using transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein to detect prions in soil. We continue to examine adaptation of chronic wasting disease agent to North American voles and Peromyscus mice. We are investigating the mechanisms by which manganese oxide degrades proteins. We investigated the mechanism of toxicity of photoactvated TiO2 nanoparticles in zebrafish embryos, investigated the effect of natural organic matter coatings on TiO2 toxicity, and studied influence of surface coating on the transformation of silver nanoparticles in model sulfidic environments. PARTICIPANTS: Joel A. Pedersen - project supervision, experimental design, data interpretation, manuscript preparation; Michael Samuel- project oversight; Paul Nealy- oversight of center; Robert Hamers- nanomaterial synthesis and characterization; Judd Aiken, University of Alberta, collaborator on other prion projects - prion bioassays; Debbie McKenzie, University of Alberta collaborator on prion projects - bioassays Robert Somerville, University of Edinburgh collaborator on prion transport studies) - supplied soil samples, manuscript preparation; Dennis Heisey, USGS collaborator - vole bioassay Dick Peterson - developmental toxicity studies in zebrafish embryos; Warren Heideman, collaborator- developmental toxicity studies in zebrafish embryos; Lingjun Li, collaborator - mass spectrometry; Christopher Johnson, USGS collaborator - bioassay for prions Chad Johnson,associate scientist - bioassay of soil-associated prions, adaptation of PMCA to environmental samples; Kurt Jacobson (PhD student) - prion migration in porous media, prion attachment studies; Christen Smith, PhD student - prion attachment to clay minerals, prion detection in environmental media; Robert Sturm, PhD student - mass spectrometry of prion protein; Kartik Kumar, PhD student - stability of prions in the digestive system, conformational changes of prion protein on surfaces; Clarissa Booth, PhD student - aging of prions in soil, effect of humic substances on prion detection; Christina Carlson, PhD student) - adaptation of CWD to North American rodents; Thomas Kuech,PhD student - transformation of silver nanoparticles in sulfidic environments; Paige Wiecinski, PhD student - uptake of functionalized nanomaterials by gastrointestinal cells; Sarah Yang, PhD student - effect of natural organic matter on nanoparticle suspensino stability and toxicity; Ofek Bar-Ilan, PhD student- photoenhanced toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles Kacie Louis, PhD student - nanoparticle synthesis, measurement of reactive oxygen species, molecular modeling; Mercedes Ruiz, PhD student - nanoparticle synthesis, silver nanoparticle transformation; Stephanie Larson, MS student - amino acid transformation by MnO2; Cynthia Rodriguez, MS student - enzymatic degradation of prion protein; Tyler Wadzinski, undergraduate - recovery of prions from soils; Mikaela Weisse, undergraduate - enzymatic degradation of prions; Michael Konrath, undergraduate - developmental toxicity of nanoparticles TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences included scientific community, regulatory agencies (e.g., USEPA, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources), disposal industry and the general public. Information was disseminated through scientific publications; presentations at national and international scientific meetings; invited talks at universities; presentations to regulatory agencies; lectures to industry groups, lifelong learning communities and service organizations; and interviews with print and radio media. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
These projects are expected to significantly advance our knowledge of the environmental and interspecies transmission of prion diseases (with implications for management), and the disposal of prion contaminated wastes. Our findings indicate that in the absence of preferential flow paths or facilitated transport, prion mobility in most soils and subsurface environments should be quite limited. This suggests maintenance of TSE agents near the soil surface where they would be more accessible to grazing animals. Prions at the soil surface would also be more available for entrainment into overland flow and delivery to water bodies. Our work on pathogenic prion protein attachment to well defined soil constituents and conformational changes induced by such attachment is expected to shed light on the influence of soil properties on prion persistence, bioavailability and transport in the environment. We showed that cervid chronic wasting disease efficiently transmits to North American voles and Peromyscus mouse species via the intracerebral route. Our work on detection of prions is expected to shed light on the persistence and distribution of these agents in the environment. The development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to quanitify prion protein is expected to impact not only the environmental field, but prion research in general. Our work on engineered nanomaterials is expected to significantly reduce uncertainty about the environmental health and safety implications of nanotechnology by elucidating fundamental principles governing biological responses to and the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials. The model sulfidic environment developed provides a new method to characterize the transformations of nanoscale materials expected to occur under reductive environmental conditions. Our finding of photo-enhanced toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles suggestst that the phototoxicity of other semiconductor nanoparticles warrants investigation.
Publications
- Gao, J.; Pedersen, J.A. (2010) Sorption of sulfonamide antimicrobial agents to humic-clay complexes. J. Environ. Qual. 39:228-235.
- Seyfried, E.E.; Newton, R.J.; Rubert, K.F., IV; Pedersen, J.A.; McMahon, K.D. (2010) Diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in aquaculture facilities with varying use of oxytetracycline. Microb. Ecol. 59:799-807.
- Adkin, A.L.; Matthews, D.; Hope, J.; Maddison, B.C.; Somerville, R.A.; Pedersen, J. (2010) Risk of escape of prions in gaseous emissions from on-farm processing vessels Vet. Rec. 167:28-29.
- Jacobson, K.H.; Lee, S.; Somerville, R.A.; McKenzie, D.; Benson, C.H.; Pedersen, J.A. (2010) Pathogenic prion protein transport through soils. J. Environ. Qual. 39:1145-1152.
- Lowry, G.V.; Holtze, E.M.; Bernhardt, E.S.; Dionysiou, D.D.; Pedersen, J.A.; Wiesner, M.R.; Xing, B. (2010) Environmental occurrence, behavior and ecological effects of engineered nanomaterials. J. Environ. Qual. 39:1867-1874.
- Heisey, D.M.; Mickelsen, N.A.; Schneider, J.R.; Johnson, C.J.; Langenberg, J.A.; Bochsler, P.N.; Keane, D.P.; Barr, D.J. (2010) Chronic wasting disease (CWD) susceptibility of several North American rodents that are sympatric with cervid CWD epidemics. J. Virol. 84:210-215.
- Bar-Ilan, O., Pedersen, J., Peterson, R.E., and Heideman, W.: Photo-activated titatnium dioxide nanoparticles induce toxicity through an oxidative stress mechanism in zebrafish embryos. 49th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo, Salt Lake City, UT, March 7-11, 2010.
- Louis, K.; Bar-Ilan, O.; Heideman, W.; Konrath, M.; Pedersen, J.; Peterson, R.; Yang, S.; Hamers, R. Surface functionalization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Photo-stability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Abstract 757. AVS 57th International Symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 17-22 October 2010.
- Wiecinski, P.N.; Louis, K.M.; Ruiz, M.; Prabakaran, P; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. Influence of surface functionalization on protein adsorption and nanoparticle uptake by intestinal epithelial cells. SETAC North America 31st Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, 7-11 November 2010.
- Hamers, R.J.; Mangham, A.D.; Louis, K.; Wiecinski, P.N.; Yang, S.; Bar-Ilan, O.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W.; Pedersen, J.A. Redox processes at the surfaces of ligand-stabilized engineered nanoparticles: Implications for environmental health and safety. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 239, 11-COLL, 21-25 March 2010, San Francisco, CA. [Invited]
- Seyfried, E.E.; Rubert, K.F., IV; Pedersen, J.A.; McMahon, K.D. Abundance and distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in freshwater aquaculture facilities. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 239, 8-ENVR, 21-25 March 2010, San Francisco, CA.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Metz, K.M.; King Heiden, T.C.; Wiecinski, P.N.; Mangham, A.D.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W.; Hamers, R.J. Transformation of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots under simulated environmental Conditions Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 239, 74-ENVR, 21-25 March 2010, San Francisco, CA. [Invited]
- Jacobson, K.H.; Kumar, K.; Pedersen, J.A. Probing pathogenic prion protein interactions with humic acid and mineral surfaces using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 239, 463-ENVR, 21-25 March 2010, San Francisco, CA.
- Bar-Ilan, O.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E.: Photo-activation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles results in oxidative toxicity in zebrafish embryos. ICEIN 2010: International Conference on the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology. Los Angeles, CA, 11-13 May 2010.
- Sturm, R.; Booth, C.; Smith, C.; Pedersen, J.; Li, L. Protease evaluation for production of methionine-deficient peptides for MRM quantitation of the infectious prion protein. Abstract 3116. 58th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry, 23-27 May 2010, Salt Lake City, UT.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Christl, I.; Schmidt, J.R. Organic cation and zwitterion interaction with dissolved humic acid: Application of the NICA-Donnan model. Gordon Research Conference on Environmental Sciences: Water, Plymouth, NH, 20-25 June 2010.
- Carlson, C.M.; Schneider, J.R.; Heisey, D.M.; Pedersen, J.A.; Johnson, C.J. Transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to North American voles. PRION2010, Salzburg, Austria, 8-11 September 2010.
- Pedersen, J.A. Keynote address: Environmental modifications of engineered nanomaterials. TransCon2010, Ascona, Swizterland, 12-17 September 2010 [invited].
- Pedersen, J.A.; Bar-Ilan, O.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E. Photo-activated TiO2 nanoparticles induce oxidative toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Workshop on Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment: Analysis, Occurrence and Impacts, Koblenz, Germany, 19-20 October 2010 [invited].
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This report summarizes progress on five projects (144-MA46, 144-PE57, 144-17HE, 144-29YF,and 144-QR71/29UB) focusing on processes influencing prion transport and fate in natural and engineered environments, and two projects focusing on the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials (144-18UM and Pedersen's contribution to the University of Wisconsin Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center 144-NC03/28GF). Research on prions partially supported by two completed projects (144-MA46 and 144-ML79) were also published. We investigated the influence of humic substances on pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) sorption to humic acid-clay complexes, the attachment of PrPSc to humic acid-coated silica surfaces using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, conformational changes in PrPSc induced by attachment to clay mineral surfaces, the degradation of PrPSc by the manganese oxide mineral vernadite, transport of pathogenic prion protein through soils and landfill materials and the efficacy of UV-ozone to degrade PrPSc (144-PE57 and -17HE, -MA46 and -ML79). We are developing novel extraction methods to recover PrPSc from soil and compost matrices that minimize conformational alterations (144-PE57, 142-18AW). We are adapting a novel method for prion detection to environmental matrices, including compost and naturally contaminated soils (144-PE57, 142-18AW, 144-29YF), and are examining the intracerebral and oral transmission of chronic wasting disease agent to North American voles and Peromyscus mice (144-QR71/29UB). We developed a biomimetic oxidative system to investigate the environmental "weathering" of quantum dots and silver nanoparticles, used the embryonic zebrafish model to assess the developmental toxicity of intact and environmentally weathered quantum dots, and assessed the gastrointestinal biodurablity of quantum dots (144-NC03 and -18UM). PARTICIPANTS: Joel A. Pedersen (PI), Michael Samuel (PI for 144-29YF), Robert J. Hamers (co-PI), Richard E. Peterson (co-PI), Warren Heideman (co-PI), Craig H. Benson (co-PI), K.G. Karthikeyan (co-PI), Song Jin (collaborator, University of Wisconsin - Madison), P.U.P.A. Gilbert (collaborator, University of Wisconsin - Madison), Judd M. Aiken (collaborator, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), Debbie McKenzie (collaborator, niversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), Dennis M. Heisey (USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI), Christopher J. Johnson (USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI), Chad J. Johnson (associate scientist), Dorothy Nesbit (staff scientist), Tan Guo (research scientist, Rice University, Houston, TX), Kevin M. Metz (postdoctroal researcher), Tisha C. King Heiden (postdoctoral researcher), Seunghak Lee (postdoctoral researcher), Paige N. Wiecinski (PhD student), Sarah Yang (PhD student), Thomas R. Kuech (PhD student), Samuel D. Sibley (PhD student), Christen B. Smith (PhD student), Kurt H. Jacobson (PhD student), Clarissa Booth (PhD student), Kartik Kumar (PhD student), Andrew N. Mangham (PhD student), Ofek Bar-Ilan (PhD student), Kacie Louis (PhD student), Fabio Russo (PhD student), Matthew J. Bierman (PhD student), Curtis Hedman (PhD student), Juan Gao (PhD student), Heidi M. Bialk (PhD student), Chao Liang (PhD student), Ali M. Bramson (undergraduate student). TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences included scientific community, regulatory agencies (e.g., USEPA, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources), disposal industry and the general public. Information was disseminated through scientific publications; presentations at national and international scientific meetings; invited talks at universities; presentations to regulatory agencies; lectures to industry groups, lifelong learning communities and service organizations; and interviews with print and radio media. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
These projects are expected to significantly advance our knowledge of the environmental and interspecies transmission of prion diseases (with implications for management), and the disposal of prion contaminated wastes. The limited migration of prions in some landfill materials suggests that if proper precautions are taken, landfilling may be an acceptable disposal option; however, further studies are warranted. The discovery that the manganese oxide mineral birnessite degrade the pathogenic prion protein may lead to methods to remediate contaminated lands. UV-ozone treatment may prove a useful means to sterilize medical devices that have come in contact with prions. Our work on pathogenic prion protein attachment to well defined soil constituents and conformational changes induced by such attachment is expected to shed light on the influence of soil properties on prion persistence, bioavailability and transport in the environment. We showed that chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk and moose is efficiently transmitted via the intracerebral route to four North American rodents sympatric with CWD outbreaks: meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi), whitefooted mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and deer mice (P. maniculatus). To examine voles' susceptibility to more natural oral routes of infection, we have initiated several oral challenge experiments. Our work on engineered nanomaterials is expected to significantly reduce uncertainty about the environmental health and safety implications of nanotechnology by elucidating fundamental principles governing biological responses to and the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials. The methoxyhydroquinone-Fenton assay provides a new method to characterize the transformations of nanoscale materials expected to occur under oxidative environmental conditions.
Publications
- Russo, F.; Johnson, C.J.; Johnson, C.J.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. (2009) Degradation of the pathogenic prion protein by a manganese mineral found in soils. J. Gen. Virol. 90:275-280.
- Metz, K.M.; Magham, A.N.; Bierman, M.J.; Jin, S.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. (2009) Engineered nanomaterial transformation under oxidative environmental conditions: Development of an in vitro biomimetic assay. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:1598-1604.
- Bar-Ilan, O.; Louis, K.M.; Yang, S.P.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.J.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W. Photo-activated titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. International Conference on the Environmental Implications and Applications of Nanotechnology. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 9-11 June 2009.
- Wiecinski, P.N.; King Heiden, T.C.; Metz, K.M.; Mangham, A.N.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E.; Pedersen, J.A. Developmental toxicity of oxidatively degraded quantum dots. Goldschmitd2009, Davos, Switzerland; 21-26 June 2009.
- Mangham, A.N.; Louis, K.M.; Bramson, A.M.; Metz, K.M.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.J. Ligand effects on the oxidative stability of CdSe nanoparticles. Goldschmitd2009, Davos, Switzerland; 21-26 June 2009.
- Gao, J.; Guo, T.; Hedman, C.; Pedersen, J.A. MnO2-mediated transformation of the antimicrobial sulfamethazine. Goldschmitd2009, Davos, Switzerland; 21-26 June 2009.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Jacobson, K.H.; Lee, S.; McKenzie, D.; Benson, C.H. Transport of the pathogenic prion protein in porous media. 3rd International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium. Park City, UT; 22-24 July 2009. [invited]
- Bell, C.M.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. Humic acid influences pathogenic prion protein sorption to clay particles. 3rd International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium. Park City, UT; 22-24 July 2009.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Russo, F.; Johnson, C.J.; Johnson, C.J.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M. Degradation of the pathogenic prion protein by a manganese mineral found in soils. PrioNet CWD Risk Management Workshop. Park City, UT; 24-25 July 2009. [invited]
- Wiecinski, P.N.; King Heiden, T.C.; Metz, K.M.; Mangham, A.N.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E.; Pedersen, J.A. Developmental toxicity of oxidatively degraded quantum dots. ICEIN 2009. Howard University, Washington, D.C.; 9-10 September 2009.
- Mangham, A.; Wiecinski, P.; Yang, S.; Louis, K.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W.; Hamers, R.; Pedersen, J.A. Thermal and oxidative stability of ligand-modified nanoparticles: Implications for environmental safety of nanoparticles. ICEIN 2009. Howard University, Washington, D.C.; 9-10 September 2009.
- Bell, C.M.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. Humic acid influences pathogenic prion protein attachment to clay particles. PRION2009, Chalkidiki, Greece; 23-25 September 2009.
- Pedersen, J.A. Keynote address: Interaction of veterinary antibiotics with mineral surfaces and organo-mineral complexes. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, PA; 1-5 November 2009; ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI; 2009. [invited]
- Pedersen, J.A.; Wiecinski, P.N.; Metz, K.M.; King Heiden, T.C.; Mangham, A.N.; Heideman, W.; Peterson. R.E.; Hamers, R.J. Transformation of engineered nanomaterials under simulated environmental conditions. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, PA; 1-5 November 2009; ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI; 2009.
- Yang, S.P.; Louis, K.M.; Bar-Ilan, O.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. Effect of solution conditions on aggregation, suspension stability, and toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. International Conference on the Environmental Implications and Applications of Nanotechnology. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 9-11 June 2009.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Johnson, C.J.; Bell, C.M.; Jacobson, K.H.; Benson, C.H.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.K. Soil and the transmission of prion diseases. Goldschmitd2009, Davos, Switzerland; 21-26 June 2009.
- Mangham, A.N.; Wiecinski, P.N.; Yang, S.; Louis, K; Peterson. R.E.; Heideman, W.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.J. Characterizing environmentally induced changes in nanoparticle surface chemistry. Applied Surface Science Division, AVS 56th International Symposium & Exhibition, San Jose, CA; 8-13 November 2009.
- King Heiden, T.C.; Wiecinski, P.N.; Magham, A.N.; Metz, K.M.; Nesbit, D.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E. (2009) Quantum dot nanotoxicity assessment using the zebrafish embryo. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:1605-1611.
- Jacobson, K.H.; Lee, S.; McKenzie, D.; Benson, C.H.; Pedersen, J.A. (2009) Transport of the pathogenic prion protein through landfill materials. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 2022-2028.
- Liang, C.; Pedersen, J.A.; Balser, T.C. (2009) Aminoglycoside antibiotics may interfere with microbial amino sugar analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1216:5296-5301.
- Wiecinski, P.N.; Metz, K.M.; Mangham, A.N.; Jacobson, K.H.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. (2009) Gastrointestinal biodurability of engineered nanomaterials: Development of an in vitro assay. Nanotoxicol. 3:202-214.
- Johnson, C.J.; Gilbert, P.U.P.A.; McKenzie, D.; Pedersen, J.A.; Aiken, J.M. (2009) Ultraviolet-ozone treatment reduces levels of disease-associated prion protein and prion infectivity. BMC Res. Notes 2:121-125.
- Heisey, D.M.; Mickelsen, N.A.; Schneider, J.R.; Johnson, C.J.; Langenberg, J.A.; Bochsler, P.N.; Keane, D.P.; Barr, D.J. (2009) Chronic wasting disease (CWD) susceptibility of several North American rodents that are sympatric with cervid CWD epidemics. J. Virol. 84:210-215.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Karthikeyan, K.G.; Bialk, H.M. (2009) Sorption of human and veterinary antibiotics to soils. In Natural Organic Matter and Its Significance in the Environment. Wu, F.; Xing, B. (eds); Science Press: Beijing, China; pp. 276-299.
- Bar-Ilan, O.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W. Photo-activated titanium dioxide nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Young Investigator Award Presentation, Midwest Regional Chapter, Society of Toxicology, Lincolnshire, IL, 1 May 2009.
- Jacobson, K.H.; Lee, S.; McKenzie, D.; Benson, C.H.; Pedersen, J.A. Transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils and landfill materials. 1st International Conference on Microbial Transport and Survival in Porous Media, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; 10-13 May 2009.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Mangham, A.N.; Metz, K.M.; Hamers, R.J. Quantum dot transformation under simulated environmental conditions. International Conference on the Environmental Implications and Applications of Nanotechnology. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 9-11 June 2009.
- Wiecinski, P.N.; Metz, K.M.; Mangham, A.N.; Jacobson, K.H.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. In vitro assessment of the gastrointestinal biodurability of engineered nanomaterials. International Conference on the Environmental Implications and Applications of Nanotechnology. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 9-11 June 2009.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Bar-Ilan, O.; Louis, K.; Yang, S.; Hamers, R.J.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W. Photo-activated TiO2 nanoparticles induce toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Interagency Nanotechnology Implications Grantees Workshop EPA, NSF, NIH/NIEHS, NIOSH, and DOE, Las Vegas, NV; 9-10 November 2009.
- Wiecinski, P.N.; King Heiden, T.C.; Metz, K.M.; Mangham, A.N.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E.; Pedersen, J.A. Developmental toxicity of oxidatively degraded quantum dots. SETAC North America Meeting, New Orleans, LA; 19-23 November 2009.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This report summarizes progress on five projects focusing on processes influencing prion transport and fate in soil environments, one project focusing on the use of human and bovine adenovirus (AdV) for fecal source tracking, and two projects focusing on the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials and Pedersen's contribution to the University of Wisconsin Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center. We investigated the influence of humic substances on pathogenic prion protein sorption to humic acid-clay complexes, the degradation of pathogenic prion protein by a manganese oxide mineral, transport of pathogenic prion protein through landfill materials and the survival of pathogenic prion protein during wastewater treatment. We are also adapting a novel method for prion detection to environmental matrices and examining the oral transmission of chronic wasting disease agent to North American voles. We optimized methods for recovering viruses from large-volume water samples and designed primers to discriminate between human and bovine adenovirus for use in fecal source tracking . We applied a biomimetic oxidative system to investigate the environmental "weathering" of quantum dots and silver nanoparticles, used the embryonic zebrafish model to assess the developmental toxicity of intact and environmentally weathered quantum dots, and assessed their gastrointestinal biodurablity of quantum dots. PARTICIPANTS: UW Madison: Judd M. Aiken (Professor, Comparative Biosciences), Debbie McKenzzie (Senior Scientist, Comparative Biosciences), Craig H. Benson (Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering), Katherine D. McMahon (Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering), K.G. Karthikeyan (Associate Professor, Biological Systems Engienering), Richard E. Pedersen (Professor, Pharmacy), Warren Heideman (Professor, Pharmacy) Robert J. Hamers (Professor, Pharmacy), Song Jin (Assistant Professor, Chemistry), Suenghak Lee (postdoc), Chad Johnson (postdoc), Glen Hinckley (postdoc), Kevin Metz (postdoc), Tisha King Heiden (postdoc), Chris Johnson (PhD student), Kennedy Rubert (PhD student), Pige Wiecinski (PhD student), Kurt Jacobson (PhD student), Christen Bell (PhD student), Clrissa Booth (PhD student), Samuel Sibley (PhD student), Andrew Magham (PhD student), Matt Bierman (PhD student), Erin Seyfried (MS student), Ali Bramson (undergraduate student), Dorothy Nesbut (scientist) University of Naples, Italy: Fabio Russo (PhD student) TARGET AUDIENCES: public policy officials, regualtory agencies, academic community, veterinarians, industry PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
These projects are expected to significantly advance our knowledge of the environmental and interspecies transmission of prion diseases (with implications for management), and the disposal of prion contaminated wastes. The limited migration of prions in landfill materials suggests that if proper precautions are taken, landfill disposal may be an acceptable option; however, further studies are warranted. The persistence of pathogenic prion protein through conventional wastewater treatment argues for excluding wastes from prion-infected animals from domestic sewage. The discovery that the manganese oxide mineral birnessite degrade the pathogenic prion protein may lead to methods to remediate contaminated lands. We previously discovered that North American meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are highly susceptible to chronic wasting disease (CWD) via intra-cerebral challenge. To examine voles' susceptibility to more natural oral routes of infection, we have initiated several oral challenge experiments. The AdV project is expected to have significant impact on the determination of sources of fecal pollution to groundwater. Our work on engineered nanomaterials is expected to significantly reduce uncertainty about the environmental health and safety implications of nanotechnology by elucidating fundamental principles governing biological responses to and the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials. The methoxyhydroquinone-Fenton assay provides a new method to characterize the transformations of nanoscale materials expected to occur under oxidative environmental conditions.
Publications
- Sibley, S.D.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Interaction of the macrolide antimicrobial clarithromycin with disolved humic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42: 422-428. Hinckley, G.T.; Johnson, C.J.; Jacobson, K.H.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; McMahon, K.D.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Persistence of pathogenic prion protein during simulated wastewater treatment processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42: 5254-5259.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Karthikeyan, K.G.; Bialk, H.M. (2008) Sorption of human and veterinary antibiotics to soils. In Natural Organic Matter and Its Significance in the Environment. Wu, F.; Xing, B. (eds); Science Press: Beijing, China; pp. 276-299.
- Peterson, R.E.; King Heiden, T.C.; Mangham, A.N.; Wiecinski, P.; Metz, K.M.; Nesbit, D.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W. (2008) Developmental toxicity of quantum dots in zebrafish: Influence of surface chemistry. Society of Toxicology, Seattle, WA, 16-20 March 2008.
- Metz, K.M.; Wiecinski, P.N.; Hamers, R.J.; Petereson, R.E.; Heideman, W.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Transformation and toxicity of engineered metal and metal chalcogenide nanoparticles under simulated environmental conditions. 2008 Materials Research Society Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 27 March 2008.
- Bramson, A.M.; Metz, K.M.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Stability of metal nanoparticles under simulated environmental conditions. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 235, 1131-CHED, 6-10 April 2008, New Orleans, LA.
- Metz, K.M.; Wiecinski, P.N.; King Heiden, T.C.; Bierman, M.J.; Mangham, A.N.; Jin, S.; Hamers, R.J.; Peterson, R.E.; Heideman, W.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Transformation and toxicity of engineered metal chalcogenide nanoparticles under simulated environmental conditions. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 235, 073-ENVR, 6-10 April 2008, New Orleans, LA.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Bell, C.M.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M. (2008) Attachment of pathogenic prion protein to soil components. 699-40. National Science Foundation Poster Session In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI; 5-9 October 2008.
- Bell, C.M.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Role of humic acid in the attachment of prions to clay particles. PRION2008, Madrid, Spain; 8-10 October 2008.
- Jacobson, K.H.; Lee, S.; McKenzie, D.; Benson, C.H.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Transport of the pathogenic prion protein through landfill materials. PRION2008, Madrid, Spain; 8-10 October 2008.
- Wiecinski, P.N.; Metz, K.M.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) In vitro assay for assessing the gastrointestinal biodurability of engineered nanomaterials. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 235, 255-ENVR, 6-10 April 2008, New Orleans, LA.
- Sibley, S.D.; Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Recovery of sorbed bacteriophages and adenovirus from nano-aluminum oxide fiber filters. Q456. 2008 General Meeting, American Society for Microbiology, Boston, MA, 1-5 June 2008.
- Pedersen, J.A. (2008) Soil and the environmental transmission of prion diseases. 61-1. In Annual meeting abstracts [CD-ROM]. Joint Meeting of GSA, SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI; Houston, TX; 5-9 October 2008.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This report summarizes progress on two projects (144-MA46 and 144-PE57) focusing on processes influencing prion transport and fate in soil environments, one project (144-PD96) investigating tetracycline antibiotics and resistance genes in aquaculture environments, one project (144-QJ60) focusing on the use of human and bovine adenovirus (AdV) for fecal source tracking, a project (144-QQ96) providing partial support for a workshop on the disposal of biothreat agent-contaminated materials, and Pedersen's contribution to the University of Wisconsin Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (144-NC03). We investigated oral transmission of prion disease by clay- and soil-bound prions, the effect of solution chemistry on sorption of the pathogenic prion protein (PrPTSE) to quartz sand, the influence of humic substances on PrPTSE sorption to clay minerals, and the degradation of PrPTSE by a manganese oxide mineral (144-MA46 and -PE57). We examined the occurrence of oxytetracycline
and 10 tetracycline resistance genes at aquatulture facilities with and without recent antibiotic use (144-PD96). We optimized methods for recovering viruses from large-volume water samples (144-QJ60). We used the embryonic zebrafish model to assess the developmental toxicity of waterborne CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs) coated with a variety of organic molecules, assessed their gastrointestinal biodurablity, and developed an assay to examine the stability of engineered nanomaterials under oxidative environmental conditions (144-NC03).
PARTICIPANTS: UW Madison: Judd M. Aiken (Professor, Comparative Biosciences), Debbie McKenzzie (Senior Scientist, Comparative Biosciences), Craig H. Benson (Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering), Katherine D. McMahon (Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering), Rick J Chappel (Professor, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics), Richard E. Pedersen (Professor, Pharmacy), Warren heideman (Professor, Pharmacy) Robert J. Hamers (Professor, Pharmacy), Xin Ma (Postdoc) Kevin Metz (postdoc), Tisha King Heiden (postdoc), Chris Johnson (PhD student), Kennedy Rubert (PhD student), Pige Wiecinski (PhD student) Dorothy Nesbut (scientist), Andrew Magham (PhD student), Erin Seyfried (MS student)
TARGET AUDIENCES: public policy officials, regualtory agencies, academic community, veterinarians, industry
Impacts
These projects are expected to significantly impact our knowledge of the environmental transmission of prion diseases (with implications for management), and the disposal of prion contaminated wastes. Enhanced transmissibility of soil-bound prions may explain the environmental spread of some TSEs despite the presumably low levels shed into the environment. Association of prions with inorganic microparticles represents a novel means by which their oral transmission is enhanced relative to unbound agent. Our findings on tetracycline resistnace genes represent a significant advance in our understanding of how aquaculture influences environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. The discovery that aquaculture facilities without a recent history of antibiotic had higher resistance gene detection frequencies in effluent than in influent, and that unmedicated fish feed may be the source of resistance genes, may impact the facility operators' choice of what type of fish
feed to purchase. The AdV project is expected to have significant impact on the determination of sources of fecal pollution to groundwater. Our work on engineered nanomaterials is expected to significantly reduce uncertainty about the environmental health and safety implications of nanotechnology by elucidating fundamental principles governing biological responses to and the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials. The hydroquinone-Fenton assay provides a new method to characterize the transformations of nanoscale materials expected to occur under oxidative environmental conditions.
Publications
- Johnson, C.J.; Pedersen, J.A.; Chappell, R.J.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M. 2007. Oral transmissibility of prion disease is enhanced by binding to soil particles. PLoS Pathogens 3(7), 874-881 (e93).
- Ma, X.; Benson, C.H.; McKenzie, D; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. 2007. Adsorption of pathogenic prion protein to quartz sand. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 2324-2330.
- Ma, X.; McKenzie, D; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. 2007. Adsorption of pathogenic prion protein to quartz sand. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 233, 224-COLL, Part 1, 25-29 April 2007.
- King Heiden, T.; Mangham, A.; Wiecinski, P.; Metz, K.; Nesbit, D.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E. 2007. Developmental toxicity of quantum dots in zebrafish embryos. SOT Midwest Chapter, Milwuakee, WI, 18 May 2007.
- Metz, K.M.; Mangham, A.N.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. 2007. Stability of water-soluble quantum dots under simulated environmental conditions. Abstracts Papers Amer. Chem. Soc., 234, 083-ENVR, Part 2, 19-23 August 2007.
- Johnson, C.J.; Pedersen, J.A.; Chappell, R.J.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J. 2007. Oral transmission of prion disease is enhanced by binding to soil particles. P04.71. PRION2007, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 26-28 September 2007.
- Pedersen, J.A.; Johnson, C.J.; Ma, X.; Russo, F.; Benson, C.H.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M. 2007. Fate of prions in sediments and soils. 80th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, WEFTEC.07, San Diego, CA, 13-17 October 2007.
- King Heiden, T.C.; Mangham, A.; Wiecinski, P.; Metz, K.M.; Nesbit, D.; Pedersen, J.A.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E. 2007. Surface chemistry of quantum dots affects their developmental toxicity in zebrafish. SETAC North America 28th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, 11-15 November 2007.
- Rubert, K.F., IV; Seyfried, E.E.; Pedersen, J.A.; McMahon, K.D. 2007. Relationship between oxytetracycline concentrations and tetracycline resistance gene diversity and abundance in aquaculture facilities. SETAC North America 28th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, 11-15 November 2007.
- McMahon, K.D.; Pedersen, J.A. 2007. Sources of antibiotic resistance to aquatic environments. 80th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference, WEFTEC.07, San Diego, CA, 13-17 October 2007
- Metz, K.M.; Hamers, R.J.; Pedersen, J.A. 2007. An in vitro biomimetic assay for assessing the stability of engineered nanomaterials under oxidative environmental conditions. SETAC North America 28th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, 11-15 November 2007.
- Wiecinski, P.; Metz, K.M.; Hamers, R.J.; Heideman, W.; Peterson, R.E.; Pedersen, J.A. 2007. In vitro assay for assessing the gastrointestinal stability of engineered nanomaterials. SETAC North America 28th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, 11-15 November 2007.
- Pedersen, J.A. 2007. Sorption, mobility and abiotic degradation of prions in soil. International Workshop on Prions in Soil: Persistence, Infectivity, Detection Methods, Bioavailability, Consequences. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, Berlin, Germany, 19-20 November 2007.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
This report summarizes progress on three projects (144-MA46, 144-PE57 and 144-PR46). Projects 144-MA46 and 144-PE57 focus on understanding processes affecting prion transport and fate in soil environments. Prions are the infectious agents in "mad cow" disease, cervid chronic wasting disease and sheep scrapie. We investigated the effect of solution chemistry on PrPSc adsorption to soil constituents. The electrokinetic properties of both PrPSc and the quartz sand were determined under relevant solution conditions, as was PrPSc aggregate size. Prion protein interaction with quartz surfaces was strongly pH-dependent with maximal sorption occurring near the apparent isoelectric point of the PrPSc aggregates. While trends with pH and ionic strength in PrPSc attachment to quartz surfaces predicted by Born-DLVO theory are consistent with our experimental results, non-DLVO forces appear to contribute to adsorption at pH > 7. We also demonstrated that prions associated with
clay minerals and whole soils exhibit enhanced infectivity. We initiated experiments examining prion survival in soils. A specific aim of project 144-PE57 is to develop a sensitive, quantitative method for prion protein quantification. We used analytical scale LC-ESI-MS/MS based on the AQUA method of peptide quantification to select and optimize multiple reaction monitoring channels for tryptic digests of cytochrome-C and a prion protein peptide synthesized based on the theoretical amino acid sequence. The analytical method was then scaled down by interfacing a micro-scale LC with the MS/MS detector to enable detection in the pg/mL range. We are now optimizing this technique for tryptic digests of native PrPSc. Project 144-PR46 focuses on the use of human and bovine adenovirus (AdV) for fecal source tracking. Work on this project began in August 2006. The objectives of this project are to (1) improve methods for quantifying AdVs in environmental samples, and (2) assess the efficacy of
enteric AdVs as source-specific tracers of fecal contamination. To accomplish these objectives we are optimizing viral recovery methods from water without concomitant concentration of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-inhibiting compounds, developing and implementing recovery and internal standards for sample processing and analysis to better assess the quality of PCR-based quantification of AdV, determining the prevalence and concentrations of AdVs of human and livestock origin in source materials and in impacted water to validate this method of fecal source tracking, and evaluating AdV as fecal indicators/source trackers compared to traditional fecal indicators as well as with F+ RNA coliphages, another proposed viral indicators. During the first five project months, we have been evaluating filters using BAdV-1, an organism that we will seek in our environmental samples. We have begun testing of the Fresenius Optiflux F200NR filter with indicator microorganisms (enterococci and
male-specific coliphage), and are evaluating Millipore centrifugal ultrafilters for secondary concentration of samples.
Impacts
These projects are expected to have significant impact our knowledge of the transmission of chronic wasting disease (with implications for management), the disposal of prion-contaminated wastes, measurement of prions in the environment, and determination of the sources of fecal pollution of groundwater.
Publications
- Johnson, C.J.; Phillips, K.E.; Schramm, P.T.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. 2006. Prions adhere to soil minerals and remain infectious. PLoS Pathogens 2(4), 296-302.
- Schramm, P.T.; Johnson, C.J.; McKenzie, D.; Aiken, J.M.; Pedersen, J.A. 2006. Potential role of soil in the transmission of prion disease. Medical Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 64, 135-152.
- Pedersen, J.A.; McMahon, K.D.; Benson, C.H. 2006. Prions: Novel pathogens of environmental concern? J. Environ. Eng. 132, 967-969.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
This report summarizes progress of six projects: 1. 144-MA46 DOD: Soil as a Reservoir for CWD - We have demonstrated that (1) infectious prion proteins sorb to soils and soil minerals; (2) sorption to the clay mineral montmorillonite is extremely avid; (3) desorption from montmorillonite results in the cleavage of the N-terminal portion of the protein; and (4) sorbed prions remain infectious. 2. 144-MM17 Sea Grant: Tetracycline Antibiotics and Resistance Genese in Aquaculture Environments - We optimized the extraction of oxytetracycline (OT) from hatchery waters and sediments; identified control and treatment hatcheries; sampled control and treatment hatcheries before, during and after OT administration; and have analyzed the samples for OT and tetracycline resistance genes. 3. 144-MP88 USGS: Fate of Representative Antibiotics - We have investigate the sorption of macrolide and sulfonamide antimicrobials to dissolved organic matter; and quantified the sorption of
sulfonamide antimicrobials to clay minerals and humic-clay complexes. 4. 133-GD15 National Cattlemen's Beef Association - We determined the sorption of infectious prion proteins to various plastics; determined the effects of ionic strength, pH and flow velocity on the transport of prions in saturated quartz sand; and compared our experimental results with theory. 5. 133-GG64 IHMM - We examined the transport of infectious prion proteins through quartz sand and two soils. 6. 133-GT41 - International Agriculture: Environmental Science and Management Training in Kazakhstan - This funding was for an exploritory trip to Astana ahead of preparing a proposal for developing a degree program at a top Kazakhstan university. Although we believe we were the best qualified candidate, another university was selected.
Impacts
These projects are expected to have significant impact our knowledge of the transmission of chronic wasting disease (with implications for management), the disposal of prion-contaminated wastes, the transport and fate of antimicrobial agents in the environment and the promotion of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture facilities.
Publications
- Gao, J.; Pedersen, J.A. 2005. Adsorption of sulfonamide antimicrobial agents to clay minerals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9509 - 9516. doi: 10.1021/es050644c.
- Rose, P.E.; Pedersen, J.A. 2005. Fate of oxytetracycline in streams receiving aquaculture discharges: Model simulations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24(1), 40-50.
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