Progress 06/01/05 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: (1) SOYBEAN APHID MANAGEMENT, BIOCONTROL & HOST PLANT RESISTANCE. Soybean growers in the North Central US now have access to soybean aphid-resistant varieties that contain the Rag1 gene. Field tests of the Rag1 gene through this project (Cullen Co-PI) in the North Central US have shown soybeans containing this gene are not always aphid-free and populations have increased to densities above the published economic injury level (EIL) for susceptible soybean. As aphid-resistant cultivars become available and more aphid biotypes spread across the US, the economic threshold (ET) established for susceptible soybean may not be appropriate for managing aphids infesting resistant soybean varieties. In 2010, Cullen participated in a regional experiment protocol aimed at developing an economic threshold for use on Rag1 soybean aphid resistant soybean varieties. The experiment was planted May 25, 2010 at the Arlington Agriculture Research Station, Arlington, WI. The Rag1 line was planted in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments replicated 6 times. Treatments, based on cumulative aphid-day (CAD) insecticide application timing, included 8,000, 16,000 and 32,000 CAD, respectively. Each treatment was planted in split plot arrangement with one aphid-free half and one CAD threshold half (8K, 16K or 32K). Soybean aphid population and corresponding CAD were assessed for each plot June-August on a weekly basis. Soybean aphid densities were very low at the experiment during 2010 and no insecticide treatments were applied to the aphid-day CAD treatment threshold timings, nor to the aphid-free split plots, which remained well below 50 aphids per plot. Yield data were collected from the experiment at harvest, but ET/EIL data were unavailable from this experiment in 2010 due to low aphid pressure and resulting lack of assigned treatment timings (i.e., no yield loss to aphid treatment density relationship). Results were similar in 2010 for other states in this multi-state project. (2) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT-PEST INFORMATION PLATFORM FOR EXTENSION AND EDUCATION (ipmPIPE). Eileen Cullen (PI) served as 2010 Chair (and Executive Committee member) of the ipmPIPE national steering committee responsible for setting program policies. The mission of the ipmPIPE is to realize a dynamic, integrated national system facilitated by information technology that provides centralized, useful tools with reliable information for IPM practitioners. The ipmPIPE was founded on soybean plant protection components for Asian soybean rust and soybean aphid. (3) NORTH CENTRAL IPM CENTER REGIONAL SOYBEAN APHID SUCTION TRAP NETWORK. Cullen coordinated operation of 7 soybean aphid suction traps in Wisconsin and reported data weekly to the network. 2010 data are available at the project website: www.ncipm.org/traps. PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: EILEEN M. CULLEN, Associate Professor/Extension Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept., Project Director. Roles: Project coordination and responsibility, experimental research design and oversight, extension program delivery, graduate student advising, generate, analyze, publish and disseminate results through research/Extension field crops IPM program. TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: ROBIN E. MITTENTHAL, and ELISSA M. CHASEN PhD Graduate Student Research Assistants, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept. Role: Conduct entomology field and laboratory experiments, data analysis, assistance with field plot insect monitoring data collection. PETER YANKE, undergraduate student hourly assistant. Role: Assist with soybean entomology field research insect sampling and data entry, particularly for the Rag1 soybean host plant resistance project, and soybean aphid suction trap network. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include Wisconsin, North Central region, and U.S. soybean growers (conventional, organic transition, certified organic), Extension educators and county agents, IPM researchers at land-grant universities and colleges, and educators and agricultural professionals (non-profit or nongovernmental organization) who serve or interact with a diversity of Wisconsin growers, farms, and agricultural production systems. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
SOYBEAN INSECT IPM KNOWLEDGE: As a result of face-to-face extension meeting presentations in 2010 (see Outputs section), approximately 1,063 soybean producers, crop consultants and other agricultural professionals gained knowledge of established and emerging soybean insect pest management issues, and increased their capacity to respond with integrated pest management practices (field scouting, economic thresholds, insecticide efficacy, biological control) leading to improved profitability. MULTIPLIER EFFECT THROUGH ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Select print publication, website content, and electronic newsletter articles reported here as 31,921 Indirect Teaching Contacts. SUMMARY: 1) Authored 21 articles for the Wisconsin Crop Manager Newsletter (online access). Cullen's articles received 5,406 Pageviews, plus 9,162 Downloads for issues containing articles with soybean insect IPM content for a total of 14,568 Indirect Contacts. 2) UW Extension Publication A3646 entitled Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops sold 2,162 print copies. 3) Field and Forage Crop Entomology website for Cullen's research and extension program www.entomology.wisc.edu/cullenlab/ received 15,191 Pageviews.
Publications
- Binning, L., E. Cullen, P. Esker, R. Flashinski, B. Jensen, M. Renz and T. Trower. 2010. Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops 2011. University of Wisconsin-Extension, Publication A3646.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: (1) Project Title: Soybean Aphid - Management, Biocontrol, and Host Plant Resistance. Cullen is Co-PI with David Ragsdale (Univ. of MN) and others supported by the North Central Soybean Research Program (NCSRP). In 2009, Cullen participated in a common experiment (Objective 1 of current NCSRP proposal) aimed at developing an economic threshold for use on RagI soybean aphid resistant soybean varieties. The experiment was planted May 22, 2009 in 30-inch rows at the Arlington Agriculture Research Station, Arlington, WI. The RagI line was planted in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments replicated 6 times. Treatments, based on cumulative aphid-day (CAD) treatment thresholds, included 8,000, 16,000 and 32,000 CAD treatment timings, respectively. Each treatment was planted in split plot arrangement with one aphid-free half and one CAD threshold half (8K, 16K or 32K). Aphid-free halves, included to detect yield response to insecticide, were sprayed once during the growing season so that aphids did not exceed 50 aphids/plant. All treatments (aphid-free and CAD) were made with lamda-cyhalothrin insecticide [Warrior II; 1.6 fl oz./a, 20 psi, 22 gal/a]. Soybean aphid whole plant counts began June 18 at soybean growth stage V1, and continued weekly through August 31. Treatment for the aphid-free halves of each treatment replicate occurred on July 31. Very low soybean aphid densities prompted artificial infestation with aphids from a laboratory colony on July 20. By August 25, the average number of aphids per plant across the study was 24 soybean aphids per plant with 557 cumulative aphid-days - an insufficient aphid density to cause yield loss in most of the treatment replicates. One of the treatments, 8,000 cumulative aphid-days (CAD), reached threshold between August 18 and 25, when soybeans were at R5 growth stage. These plots were sprayed on August 26. The 16K and 32K CAD treatments were not treated because these plots did not reach required aphid densities during the 2009 season. Plots were harvested November 2 and yield data collected separately for each half of each treatment replicate, aphid-free half and CAD threshold half. (2) Coordinated 17 on-farm sentinel fields with UW Extension County Agents for the Integrated Pest Management - Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (ipmPIPE) [http://sba.ipmpipe.org]. Recruited, provided leadership, and facilitated county agent weekly soybean aphid scouting for ipmPIPE. Wrote weekly soybean aphid management commentary for Wisconsin on the national ipmPIPE. (3) Presented 12 extension talks (Wisconsin and National) on soybean insect integrated pest management (IPM) to soybean farmers, crop consultants, and other agricultural professionals. Events include the 2009 UW-Extension and WI Soybean Marketing Board Area Soybean Conference offered at 3 locations; UW Madison Pest Management Field Day; UW Madison Organic Agriculture Field Day; Wisconsin Crop Management Conference. (4) Coordinated and operated 7 soybean aphid suction traps in WI and reported data to the USDA CSREES North Central IPM Center's Regional Soybean Aphid Suction Trap Network [www.ncipmc.org/traps/]. PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: EILEEN M. CULLEN, Associate Professor/Extension Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept., Project Director. Roles: Project coordination and responsibility, experimental research design and oversight, extension program delivery, graduate student advising, generate, analyze, publish and disseminate results through research/Extension field crops IPM program. SARAH SCHRAMM, Associate Resaerch Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept. Roles: Field research coordinator, laboratory manager, establish field plot experiments, collect soybean aphid and natural enemy data from field plots, supervise undergradue student hourly labor on day to day basis, enter data, preliminary data analysis, monitor and maintain experiments under supervision of Project Director. TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: ROBIN E. MITTENTHAL, PhD Graduate Student Research Assistant, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept. Role: Conduct entomology field and laboratory experiments, data analysis, assistance with field plot insect monitoring data collection. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include Wisconsin, North Central region, and U.S. soybean growers (conventional, organic transition, certified organic), Extension educators and county agents, IPM researchers at land-grant universities and colleges, and educators and agricultural professionals (non-profit or nongovernmental organization) who serve or interact with a diversity of Wisconsin growers, farms, and agricultural production systems. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
SOYBEAN INSECT RESEARCH FINDINGS: 2009 research findings contributed to strategic goal of project to gain insight on soybean aphid management, and to answer fundamental questions regarding the nature of soybean host plant resistance soon to be deployed (2010) commercially in the U.S. to manage soybean aphid. Specifically, the Arlington WI experiment location provided data on late season soybean aphid treatment beyond the R5 growth stage. These data are needed to refine late season soybean aphid economic threshold on resistant and susceptible soybean varieties alike. Additionally, results from Wisconsin and all North Central region collaborators on the project have revealed that soybean aphid resistant soybean varieties will not remain aphid free throughout the season; however, this NCSRP research has shown that consistently over multiple locations and years, RagI leads to lower aphid populations and reduces impact of soybean aphid on soybeans. These insights and more (including Wisconsin location data) were compiled by Drs. O'Neal and Hodgson, Iowa State University, into a four-page, color fact sheet shared with growers during the fall 2009. Dissemination of our research results directly to soybean growers coincides with agribusiness release of RagI - containing soybean varieties to the North American market. SOYBEAN IPM KNOWLEDGE: As a result of face-to-face extension meeting presentations in 2008 (see Outputs section), 957 soybean producers, crop consultants and other agricultural professionals gained knowledge of established and emerging soybean insect pest management issues, and increased their capacity to respond with integrated pest management practices (field scouting, economic thresholds, insecticide efficacy, biological control) leading to improved profitability. MULTIPLIER EFFECT THROUGH ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Cullen's articles on soybean insect pest management are disseminated through the Wisconsin Crop Manager (WCM) Newsletter http://ipcm.wisc.edu/WCMNews/tabid/53/Default.aspx. WCM provides timely crop and pest management information for growers, Extension agents, agronomists, and crop consultants. With over 600 subscribers, and free online access, this electronic newsletter format continues to provide Wisconsin, regional and national soybean growers and other extension clientele with access to UW Madison entomology field crop research results and soybean aphid IPM resources. The UW-Madison Integrated Pest and Crop Management website results include the following usage statistics for the period March 18 - November 10, 2009: Wisconsin Crop Manager Newsletter accounts for 90% of total IPCM website traffic, 82,921 Total Page views, 51,440 Daily Visitors, 6,000 Regular Visitors (10+ repeat visits), 600 Heavy Users (100+ repeat visits). These numbers demonstrate multiplier impact of the electronic media WCM newsletter format and content.
Publications
- Cullen, E. (2009). Do insect thresholds change with high crop prices pp. 140-146. In Proceedings of the 2009 Wisconsin Crop Management Conference, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
- Boerboom, C., Cullen, E., Esker, P., Flashinski, R., Jensen, B., and Renz, M. (2009). Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops. University of Wisconsin-Extension, Publication A3646.
- Chiozza, M.V., O'Neal, M.E., MacIntosh, G.C., Chandrasena, D. I., Tinsley, N.A., Cianzio, S.R., Costamagna, A.C., Cullen, E.M., DiFonzo, C.D., Potter, B.D., Ragsdale, D.W., Steffy, K., Tilmon, K.J., and Koehler, K.J. (2010). Host-plant resistance for soybean aphid management: A multi-environment study. Crop Science (Accepted pending revision).
- Cullen, E. and Schramm, S. (2009). Two-Spotted Spider Mite Management in Soybean and Corn. University of Wisconsin-Extension, Publication A3890.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: (1) Conducted common North Central region experimental protocol to evaluate soybean aphid-resistant soybean breeding lines in replicated field plots at West Madison Agricultural Research Station. Collaborated with plant breeders and entomologists throughout North Central region to field test unique genetic sources of soybean resistance to soybean aphid, in addition to the previously discovered RagI gene. (2) Coordinated 13 on-farm sentinel fields with UW Extension County Agents for the Integrated Pest Management - Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (ipmPIPE) [http://sba.ipmpipe.org]. Recruited, provided leadership, and facilitated county agent weekly soybean aphid scouting for ipmPIPE. Wrote weekly soybean aphid management commentary for Wisconsin on the national ipmPIPE. (3) Served as North Central and Eastern region soybean ahpid ipmPIPE regional coordinator. Organized, communicated protocol details, and acted as liaison between my land grant extension entomologist colleagues in 14 states and 3 Canadian provinces and the national ipmPIPE steering committee. (4)Presented 11 extension talks (Wisconsin, Regional, and International (Ontario, CANADA) on soybean insect integrated pest management (IPM) to soybean farmers, crop consultants, and other agricultural professionals. Noteable events include the 2008 UW-Extension and WI Soybean Marketing Board Area Soybean Conference offered at 3 locations; UW Madison Pest Management Field Day; UW Madison Organic Agriculture Field Day; Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime and Pest Management Conference; the 2008 Upper Midwest Organic Farming Conference; and the Eastern Ontario Crop Conference, University of Guelph. (5)Coordinated and operated 7 soybean aphid suction traps in WI and reported data to the USDA CSREES North Central IPM Center's Regional Soybean Aphid Suction Trap Network [www.ncipmc.org/traps/]. (6)Conducted field experiments and mentored entomology PhD graduate student research on soybean aphid management in certified organic systems. (7) Developed a soybean insect pest IPM field diagnostic educational video, available on the Univ. of WI Cooperative Extension YouTube Channel. This video demonstrates field scouting methods and reviews economic thresholds in insecticide treatment guidelines for Japanese beetle and soybean aphid in soybeans [www.youtube.com/watchv=-QxVHxSMs0s]. (8)Developed a UW Madison Entomology Field and Forage Crops webpage to disseminate research-based insect IPM information, pest management recommendations, and educational resources (extension publications, newsletters, webinars, slide sets, and research experiment results). Approximately one half of site content addresses soybean insect IPM, [www.entomology.wisc.edu/cullenlab/]. PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: EILEEN M. CULLEN, Assistant Professor/Extension Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept., Project Director. Roles: Project coordination and responsibility, experimental research design and oversight, extension program delivery, graduate student advising, generate, analyze, publish and disseminate results through research/Extension field crops IPM program. SARAH SCHRAMM, Associate Resaerch Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept. Roles: Field research coordinator, laboratory manager, establish field plot experiments, collect soybean aphid and natural enemy data from field plots, supervise undergradue student hourly labor on day to day basis, enter data, preliminary data analysis, monitor and maintain experiments under supervision of Project Director. TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: ROBIN E. MITTENTHAL, PhD Graduate Student Research Assistant, University of Wisconsin-Madison Entomology Dept. Role: Conduct entomology field and laboratory experiments, data analysis, assistance with field plot insect monitoring data collection. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include Wisconsin, North Central region, and U.S. soybean growers (conventional, organic transition, certified organic), Extension educators and county agents, IPM researchers at land-grant universities and colleges, and educators and agricultural professionals (non-profit or nongovernmental organization) who serve or interact with a diversity of Wisconsin growers, farms, and agricultural production systems. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
SOYBEAN INSECT RESEARCH FINDINGS: For the second consecutive year, E. Cullen detected a potential soybean aphid biotype capable of overcoming soybean host plant resistance (RagI gene) during 2008 soybean breeding line field tests at the West Madison Agricultural Research Station. Soybean aphids were collected and sent to plant breeding colleagues (C. Hill, G. Hartman) at Univ. of IL for laboratory screening of soybean aphid isolates from the West Madison population on multiple aphid-resistant soybean lines. Preliminary results from Univ. of IL confirmed presence of a soybean aphid biotype to the RagI gene in southern Wisconsin (West Madison, WI). SOYBEAN IPM KNOWLEDGE: As a result of face-to-face extension meeting presentations in 2008 (see Outputs section), 1,007 soybean producers, crop consultants and other agricultural professionals gained knowledge of established and emerging soybean insect pest management issues, and increased their capacity to respond with integrated pest management practices (field scouting, economic thresholds, insecticide efficacy, biological control) leading to improved profitability. IMPROVED MULTIPLIER EFFECT THROUGH ELECTRONIC MEDIA: My articles on soybean insect pest management are disseminated through the Wisconsin Crop Manager (WCM) Newsletter. WCM provides timely crop and pest management information for growers, Extension agents, agronomists, and crop consultants. With 561 subscribers, and free online access, this web-based newsletter format has increased Wisconsin, regional and national extension clientele access to UW Madison entomology field crop research results and IPM resources. The UW-Madison Integrated Pest and Crop Management program web server report for January - December 2008 recorded 85,000 visitors and 720,000 page views. These numbers demonstrate multiplier impact of the electronic media WCM newsletter format and content.
Publications
- Kraiss, H., and Cullen, E. (2008). Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Pest Management Science, 64: 660-668.
- Kraiss, H., and Cullen, E. (2008). Efficacy and non-target effects of reduced-risk insecticides on Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its biological control agent, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 101: 391-398.
- Cullen, E. (2008). Current and developing soybean aphid scouting protocols. Page 197 to 200 in Proc. Wisconsin Fertilizer, Aglime, and Pest Management Conference. Madison WI.
- Mittenthal, R., Cullen, E., and Shelley, K. (2008). Relationship of organic fertility management, plant nutrition, and insect response. Page 33 to 34 in Proc. 2008 Midwest Organic Research Symposium. LaCrosse WI.
- Cullen, E. (2008). Soybean aphid thresholds and potato leafhopper thresholds: Revisiting IPM decision support for soybean aphid and alfalfa in a high value field crop commodity rotation. Page 127 to 133 in Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University. Ames, IA.
- Cullen, E. (2008). Soybean aphid in the ipmPIPE. Wisconsin Soy Sentinel 5(1):4.
- Cullen, E. (2008). Soybean aphid update for late August 2008. Wisconsin Crop Manager 15(24):129-130.
- Cullen, E. (2008). Soybean aphid increasing and variable-scout fields now. Wisconsin Crop Manager 15(20):119-120.
- Cullen, E. (2008). Soybean aphid update. Wisconsin Crop Manager 15(16):97-98.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: (1) Conducted integrated insect and virus management experiment at West Madison Agricultural Research Station. Collaborative experiment between Entomology and Plant Pathology evaluated commercial soybean variety susceptibility to soybean aphid, aphid-transmitted viruses, and yield response to insecticides. (2) Evaluated soybean aphid resistant soybean breeding lines in replicated field plots at West Madison Agricultural Research Station. Analyzed soybean aphid colonization behavior and population densities across 17 lines; with susceptible and host plant resistant cultivars (non-transgenic traditional plant breeding methods). Collaborated with plant breeders and entomologists throughout North Central region to field test unique genetic sources of soybean resistance to soybean aphid, in addition to the previously discovered RagI gene. (3) Coordinated 17 on-farm locations and UW Extension County Agents throughout Wisconsin for the USDA CSREES Integrated Pest Management - Pest
Information Platform for Extension and Education (ipmPIPE) (http://www.sbrusa.net). Accomplished weekly soybean aphid monitoring at 17 sentinel field sites between late vegetative and full pod (R5) soybean growth stages. Entered field data and wrote Extension specialist commentary and recommendations on the national ipmPIPE website every 7-14 days, June through September. (4) Co-authored USDA CSREES Regional IPM Center Extension publication "Soybean Aphid and Look-alike Species", a pocket tri-fold with color images of the soybean aphid, and other similar looking insects found on soybean leaves. Disseminated publication, featuring information on proper identification of insect pests as key to implementing effective IPM programs, to 700 growers and consultants at the UW Extension Pest Management Update Meetings at 8 locations throughout WI; and a mailing to all WI Soybean Marketing Board farmer members, and UW Extension Agricultural Agents in 72 WI counties. (5) Delivered 8 extension
talks, field days and grower meetings (organic and conventional) where the topic of soybean aphid biological control was discussed. A photographic library of soybean aphid natural enemies for use in extension programming and materials has been developed. A biological control website "Soybean Aphid Biological Control" (http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/sabc) was developed to serve as repository of our project's effort. (6) Coordinated and operated 7 suction traps throughout WI and reported data to the USDA CSREES North Central IPM Center's Regional Soybean Aphid Suction Trap Network (http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/). (7) Conducted soybean aphid sampling experiment using a common protocol shared among multiple cooperating North Central states. Contributed 21 WI data sets validating a soybean node-based sample method to accurately estimate whole plant soybean aphid density. (Lead PI D. Ragsdale: University of Minnesota). (8) Mentored graduate student (H. Kraiss, M.Sc. Entomology). Kraiss' oral
paper presentation on soybean insect pest management in organic soybeans at the Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, December 2007, awarded ESA President's Prize, First Place.
PARTICIPANTS: EILEEN CULLEN,Ph.D., Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist: Project Investigator involved in all aspects of project (field and laboratory experiments),hiring and responsibility for personnel, directing database management, analyzing data, and disseminating results through Extension activities and peer-reviewed research publications. SARAH SCHRAMM,B.Sc., Associate Research Specialist: Implements field, greenhouse and laboratory studies as defined by Project Director. Responsible for greenhouse and laboratory insect cultures including growth chamber operations, insect rearing,and insect behavioral bioassays. Compiles, proof-reads, and conducts descriptive statistical analyses on project databases. Assists Project Director and graduate research assistants in coordinating all aspects of research program (field/lab/greenhouse) to accomplish short and long term goals. Interfaces with project partners in the UW Extension system, providing reports and coordinating data
collection. Maintains inventory of lab and field supplies. Supervises and provides direction to LTE and student hourly workers regarding project protocols, deadlines and technical training as needed. HEATHER FELTON, B.Sc., Limited Term Employee: Seasonal field and laboratory team member June-October 2007,to conduct weekly insect sampling and trapping in soybean fields, data collection and processing (both insect specimens and quantitative field data), and assist with harvest and post-harvest data collection. BRYAN WENDT, Student Hourly: Summer field worker on soybean insect sampling. JOSEPH MANTHEY, Student Hourly: Summer field worker on soybean insect sampling. CONNIE VO: Student Hourly: Summer field worker on soybean insect sampling. CRAIG GRAU,Ph.D., Professor and Extension Specialist, UW Madison Plant Pathology Department: Co-PI and collaborator on soybean insect-virus and soybean host plant resistance objectives. DAN MAHR, Ph.D., Professor and Extension Specialis, UW Madison
Entomology Department: Co-PI and collaborator on soybean aphid biological control objective.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean farmers (Wisconsin and North Central Region); UW Extension County Agricultural Agents; Certified Crop Consultants; Agronomists and Agribusiness Professionals; Wisconsin Soybean Marketing Board (soybean check-off); North Central Soybean Research Program (soybean check-off)
Impacts
(1) Crop consultants, Extension educators, and farmers throughout the North Central region BECAME AWARE of new integrated soybean aphid-soybean virus management information through the online Integrated Crop Management Newsletter hosted by Iowa State University (http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/3-26/soybeanaphid.html). Increased knowledge of soybean aphid and soybean virus management decision-making was facilitated by the March 6, 2007 online article titled "Recent study brings "good news" about the soybean aphid". (2) Extension specialist faculty at University of Wisconsin Madison LEARNED of a potential soybean aphid biotype capable of overcoming soybean host plant resistance (Rag1 gene) during the course of soybean breeding line field tests at West Madison Agricultural Research station. Further investigation will be incorporated into our field and greenhouse experimental design for 2008 to confirm the phenomenon observed in 2007; and begin to determine
mechanisms by which a putative soybean aphid biotype is able to overcome host plant resistance; as well as its impact on soybean insect IPM programs that incorporate cultural (host plant resistance), biological and chemical control tactics. (3) Thousands of soybean farmers, consultants, Extension educators and other agricultural professionals GAINED KNOWLEDGE of soybean aphid IPM field scouting, economic threshold based treatment decision-making, and best management practices by ADOPTING USE OF the Integrated Pest Management - Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (ipmPIPE) web site (http://www.sbrusa.net). This outcome is evidenced by web site usage statistics for January - September 2007, a perdiod during which 1.7 million hits that represent 87,021 visits occurred.
Publications
- Pedersen, P., Grau, C., Cullen, E., Koval, N., and Hill, J. (2007). Potential for Integrated Management of Soybean Virus Disease, Plant Disease, 91: 1255-1259.
- Ragsdale, D. W., McCornack, B.P., Venette, R.C., Potter, B.D., MacRae, I.V., Hodgson, E.W., O'Neal, M.E., Johnson, K.D., O'Neil, R.J., Difonzo, C.D., Hunt, T.E., Glogoza, P.A., and Cullen, E.M. (2007). Economic threshold for soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 1258-1267.
- Hodgson, E.W., McCornack, B.P., Koch, K.A., Ragsdale, D.W., Johnson, K.D., ONeal, M.E., Cullen, E.M., Kraiss, H.J., DiFonzo, C.D., and Behnken, L.M. (2007). Field validation of Speed Scouting for soybean aphid, Crop Management, doi:10.1094 CM-2007-0511-01-RS.
- Boerboom, C.M., Cullen, E.M., Flashinski, R.A., Grau, C.R., Jensen, B.M., and Renz, M.J. (2007). Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops. University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Publication A3646.
- Herbert, A., Malone, S., Cullen, E., and Ratcliffe, S. (2007). Identification of soybean aphid and look-alike species, pocket tri-fold brochure. USDA CSREES North Central IPM Center, Urbana, Illinois.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
OBJECTIVE 1. Fourteen soybean cultivars were evaluated in the field for tolerance/resistance to soybean aphid and aphid-transmitted soybean viruses in collaboration with Craig Grau, UW Madison Plant Pathology. Eleven of these lines, including susceptible controls, were provided by soybean breeders through a collaborative multi-state effort funded by the North Central Soybean Research Program (NCSRP) led by David Ragsdale, University of Minnesota Entomology Department. An additional 3 lines included commercially available varieties from Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. promoted as aphid tolerant. Whole plant soybean aphid counts were taken from plots June 28, July 14 and August 9. Virus ratings were performed in all plots September 5. Mature plots were harvested October 10, and seed collected from harvested plots for seed coat mottling assessment and seed coat virus assay. The same 14 soybean breeding lines were evaluated in the greenhouse and soybean aphid ratings
taken. Data from year one will be analyzed March 2007. Host plant resistance field trials will be continued in 2007 and 2008 through this NCSRP collaboration. OBJECTIVE 2: Wisconsin cooperators operated 7 suction traps June through October 2006. Weekly trap catch data were collected September - October as a potential method to forecast soybean aphid migration levels from buckthorn to soybeans the subsequent summer. Wisconsin fall flight captures (September and October combined) ranged between 5 and 68 soybean aphids per trap. 213 soybean aphids were captured from all 7 suction traps over the two month autumn period. WI data were utilized in the North Central IPM Center regional soybean aphid suction trap network http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/ . OBJECTIVE 3: In this study, we determined the efficacy of four National Organic Program-compliant insecticides against soybean aphid and non-target effects on Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, a key biological control agent of soybean aphid.
Treatments included pyrethins [PyGanic EC 1.4 (3.51 l/ha)], azadirachtin [Neemix 4.5 EC .51 l/ha], insecticidal soap [M-Pede 2 percent volume:volume], and a narrow range mineral oil, [Omni Supreme 18.71 l/ha]. Treatments, including a water control, were applied in a laboratory bioassay at the highest labeled field rate for aphids in soybeans or legume crops. Aphid adults and nymphs were monitored for mortality to determine efficacy. H. axyridis first and third instar larvae, pupae and adults were monitored for mortality to determine non-target effects. Pyrethrins, insecticidal soap, and mineral oil caused significant mortality in the laboratory to nymph and adult aphid life stages. Interestingly, these same treatments had differential effects on H. axyridis by life stage. Preliminary field trials in 2006 showed no significant difference in soybean aphid efficacy or non-target effects on H. axyridis. Field trials will continue on cooperating organic grower farms in 2007. Results of
this project were presented at the graduate student paper competition at the 2006 Entomological Society of America meeting, and received first place. Two manuscripts are in preparation.
Impacts
Wisconsin grain producers and agricultural professionals will gain knowledge of emerging soybean insect pest management issues, and increase their capacity to respond with integrated pest management practices. Conventional and organic grain crop/forage legume farmers will contribute significantly to research design, increasing relevance of research efforts to profitability and sustainability of their farming enterprises.
Publications
- Ragsdale, D.W., McCornack, B.P, Venette, R.C.,Potter, B.D., MacRae, I.V., Hodgson, E.W., ONeal M. E., Johnson, K.D., ONeil, R.J., Difonzo, C. D., Hunt, T.E., Glogoza, P.A. and Cullen, E.M. 2007. Economic threshold for soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. (accepted Feb 2007, in press).
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
OBJECTIVE 1. Wisconsin data were collected and submitted to project lead (University of Minnesota, Dr. David Ragsdale) for Year 3 of the North Central Soybean Research Program project titled Management of Soybean Aphid in the North Central States. This work was conducted at the UW Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI as part of a regional objective to establish economic thresholds for soybean aphid using a common experimental protocol. Wisconsin data on aphid population were collected weekly from the experimental plots. Once treatment thresholds were reached (250 aphids per plant threshold, Speed Scouting threshold, an untreated control and an aphid-free plot) a foliar pyrethroid insecticide was applied. In 2005, experimental plots at the UW Arlington Agricultural Research Station experienced low to moderate aphid densities and only some of the treatment thresholds were attained. These data should provide useful information on what constitutes a sub-economic
population density. In Wisconsin, aphids arrived beginning the first week of June and sampling began June 6th, continuing through late August when soybean aphid numbers declined significantly. Insecticide application was made to Treatment 2, the aphid-free plots, twice during the growing season and to Treatment 3, 50-100 aphids per plant, and Treatment 6, speed-scouting protocol. Plots were harvested and yield data collected October 2005, and complete data set submitted to MN to contribute to regional data set. OBJECTIVE 2. Five soybean aphid suction traps were installed in Wisconsin June 2005 in Walworth (southeast WI); Columbia (southern WI); Lancaster (southwest WI); Waushara (central WI) and Eau Claire (northwest WI) Counties. Suction trap data were collected weekly, June through October, and sent to the Illinois Natural History Survey for identification and posting to a regional web site. Two additional sites (north central and east central WI) were secured for 2006. The 7 trap
Wisconsin suction trap network is complete. Fall 2005 trap capture data will be compared with 2006 soybean aphid population levels in Wisconsin to validate the predictive potential of this tool. OBJECTIVE 3. In February 2006, 7 National Organic Program compliant or National List allowed insecticides were evaluated against soybean aphid under laboratory conditions using a Potter Spray Tower. The insecticides were applied at the highest labeled field rate for aphids in soybeans or legume crops to adult soybean aphid females feeding on soybean leaflets in petri dish treatment units. Treatments included pyrethrum, PyGanic EC 1.4; azadirachtin, Neemix 4.5 EC; insecticidal soap, M-Pede; rosemary oil, Ecotrol; PyGanic EC 1.4 mixed with emulsifiable soybean oil, Golden Pest Spray Oil, as a spray adjuvant; and two narrow range horticultural mineral oils, Omni Supreme and Sunspray Ultra-fine Oil. Aphids were monitored 8, 24, and 48 hours after treatment for mortality and sublethal effects.
Field studies integrating OMRI approved materials with biological control were initiated in 2005 with cooperating growers on certified organic farms, and will be repeated in 2006.
Impacts
Near term impacts include modified, consistent recommendations on soybean aphid scouting, thresholds, and insecticide applications for the 2006 field season; a prediction for 2006 aphid populations based on regional suction trap data; a consensus slide set for use in extension education; and a revision and reprinting of an aphid bulletin in cooperation with NCSRP. A website allows growers and consultants to access regional suction trap data http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/. Project results under Objective 3 (organic soybean production systems) will be presented at the 2006 North Central Branch Entomological Society of America meeting.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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