Progress 09/15/05 to 09/14/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs: Objective 1: We completed studies investigating effects of indirect exposure of imidacloprid on three natural enemies Objective 2: We compared the structure of the arthropod community structure of elm trees and boxwoods treated with imidacloprid with untreated ones. Objective 3: We evaluated the effects of imidacloprid on the fitness of three species of spider mites. Objective 4: We determined that effect of imidacloprid on gene expression in tomatoes. DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS: Results were disseminated through publications and to scientists and practitioners at presentations at scientific meetings, conferences and workshops. Scientific presentations include: 1. Impact of a systemic insecticide on the community of arthropods associated with elm trees in the urban forest Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. November 16, 2008. 2. Expression of selected tomato genes involved in plant defense following application of a systemic insecticide imidacloprid, Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. November 18, 2008. This presentation won first place in the student paper competition. Information for Practitioners - 1. Neonicotinoids. Pennsylvania Nursery and Landscape Association. Doylestown, PA. January 3, 2008. 2. Diversity dilemma: why low diversity poses a threat to our landscapes and gardens. Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Conference. Ronkonkoma, NY. January 30, 2008. 3. Diversity dilemma: why low diversity poses a threat to our landscapes and gardens. Washington State University Inland NW Turf, Tree, and Landscape Conference. Coeur d'Alene, ID. February 7, 2008. 4. Diversity dilemma: How we design problems for urban landscapes. Landscape Contractors Association Winter Workshop. Ellicott City, MD. February 12, 2008. 5. Pesticide update. Naval Facilities Command. Norfolk, VA. March 12, 2008. 6. Diversity dilemma. National Plant Board Annual Meeting. Solomons, MD. August 12, 2008. 7. Disasters by design: Why pests outbreak in the urban forest. New York State Arborists Association. Poughkeepsie, NY. September 22, 2008. 8. New materials and approaches for managing insect and mite pests on trees and shrubs. New York State Arborists Association. Poughkeepsie, NY. September 22, 2008. This award provided full or partial support for two graduate students and two undergraduate students. One graduate student has successfully defended his Masters thesis and received a permanent position as the IPM Specialist and Display Horticulturist at the Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens. My doctoral Adrianna Szczepaniec won the First Place Award in the student paper competition at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Reno, NV 2008. Ms. Szczepaniec also won two University of Maryland fellowships on the strength of her research and is now a postdoctoral scientist at Texas A & M TARGET AUDIENCES: PARTICIPANTS: This award provided full or partial support for two graduate students, two technicians, and two undergraduate students. Graduate students defended their dissertation and thesis and moved on to faculty positions or graduate school. Adrianna Szczepaniec, Ph.D., Texas A and M, postdoc; Scott Creary, MS, IPM coordinator, Phipps conservatory; Student Kate Laskowski, Technician, Graduate student, University of Illinois; Stacey Bealmear, Technician, Faculty, Arizona State; Brian Raupp, Undergraduate student, University of Maryland; Mary Vogel, Undergraduate student; University of Maryland; Partners Central Park Conservancy, University of Maryland, Department of Physical Plant, International Society of Arboriculture Collaborators Jan Nyrop,Cornell University. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences reached: Arborists, landscape maintenance, nursery, green industry members Insecticide trends in trees and ornamentals. Lawn and Landscape: Lawn Care Seminar. Falls Church, VA October 2006; Insect update. 14'th Annual Community Forestry Workshop. Westminster, MD. October 2006; Five ways to create pest problems in the urban forest. American Society of Consulting Arborists. Napa, CA. December 2006; Systemic Insecticides - What gives Chesapeake Green. Annapolis, MD. February 9, 2007: Five ways to create pest problems in the urban forest. Association of Virginia gypsy moth managers. Charlottesville, VA, February 26, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Charlotte, NC. May 16, 2007; Diagnosing insect and mite problems. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Charlotte, NC. May 16, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Raleigh, NC. May 17, 2007; Diagnosing insect and mite problems. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Raleigh, NC. May 16, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. Connecticut Tree Protective Association. Farmington, CT. July 19, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. Society of Municipal Arborists. Hollywood, FL. September 14, 2007; Chemical and non-chemical controls of insect pests. Hollywood, FL. September 14, 2007.Neonicotinoids. Pennsylvania Nursery and Landscape Association. Doylestown, PA. January 3, 2008. Diversity dilemma: why low diversity poses a threat to our landscapes and gardens. Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Conference. Ronkonkoma, NY. January 30, 2008. Diversity dilemma: why low diversity poses a threat to our landscapes and gardens. Washington State University Inland NW Turf, Tree, and Landscape Conference. Coeur d'Alene, ID. February 7, 2008. Diversity dilemma: How we design problems for urban landscapes. Landscape Contractors Association Winter Workshop. Ellicott City, MD. February 12, 2008. Pesticide update. Naval Facilities Command. Norfolk, VA. March 12, 2008. 6. Diversity dilemma. National Plant Board Annual Meeting. Solomons, MD. August 12, 2008. Disasters by design: Why pests outbreak in the urban forest. New York State Arborists Association. Poughkeepsie, NY. September 22, 2008. New materials and approaches for managing insect and mite pests on trees and shrubs. New York State Arborists Association. Poughkeepsie, NY. September 22, 2008. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Changes In the final year of the project we will focus on a single insecticide, imidacloprid, rather than two neonicotinoids. There is simply not enough money in the grant to complete all experiments for two compounds. We will focus on two plant species, boxwoods and elms, for similar reasons. To examine molecular mechanisms we have switched from Arabidopsis to tomato. We have much better success culturing mites on this plant.
Impacts
At a series of local, regional, and national meetings I have alerted more than 1000 scientists, extension specialists, and members of the green industries that the use of neonicotinoid insecticides may result in increased levels of mites on trees and shrubs. I have explained reasons leading to mite outbreaks and suggested ways to avoid these outbreaks or manage them should they occur. Scientists and researchers now have a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying outbreaks that follow the application of neonicotinoids. Practitioners understand that imidacloprid can result in outbreaks of mites and modify practices to avoid these outbreaks.
Publications
- Szczepaniec, A. and M. J. Raupp. 2007. Residual Toxicity of Imidacloprid to Hawthorn Lace Bug, Corythuca cydoniae, Feeding on Cotoneasters in Landscapes and Containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 25:43-47.
- Raupp, M.J. A. Szczepaniec, and A. Buckelew Cumming. 2007. Prophylactic pesticide applications and low species diversity: Do they create pest outbreaks in the urban forest Pp. 59-61. Proceedings of the 18th USDA Interagency research forum on invasive species. Annapolis, MD
- Creary S. 2009. Indirect Effects of Imidacloprid on Two Predators of Spider Mite on Elms and Boxwoods. MS thesis. Univ. MdD. 60 pp.
- Szczepaniec A. 2009. Mechanisms underlying outbreaks of spider mites following applications of imidacloprid. PhD thesis. Univ. MD. 163 pp
- Raupp, M.J., P.M. Shrewsbury, and D.H. Herms. 2010. Ecology of herbivorous arthropods in urban landscapes. Annual Review of Entomology. 55:19-38.
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Progress 09/15/07 to 09/14/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: OUTPUTS: Objective 1: We completed studies investigating effects of indirect exposure of imidacloprid on three natural enemies Objective 2: We compared the structure of the arthropod community structure of elm trees and boxwoods treated with imidacloprid with untreated ones. Objective 3: We evaluated the effects of imidacloprid on the fitness of three species of spider mites. Objective 4: We determined that effect of imidacloprid on gene expression in tomatoes. DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS: Results were disseminated through publications and to scientists and practitioners at presentations at scientific meetings, conferences and workshops. Scientific presentations include: 1. Impact of a systemic insecticide on the community of arthropods associated with elm trees in the urban forest Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec, Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. November 16, 2008. 2. Expression of selected tomato genes involved in plant defense following application of a systemic insecticide imidacloprid, Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Reno, NV. November 18, 2008. This presentation won first place in the student paper competition. Information for Practitioners - 1. Neonicotinoids. Pennsylvania Nursery and Landscape Association. Doylestown, PA. January 3, 2008. 2. Diversity dilemma: why low diversity poses a threat to our landscapes and gardens. Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Conference. Ronkonkoma, NY. January 30, 2008. 3. Diversity dilemma: why low diversity poses a threat to our landscapes and gardens. Washington State University Inland NW Turf, Tree, and Landscape Conference. Coeur d'Alene, ID. February 7, 2008. 4. Diversity dilemma: How we design problems for urban landscapes. Landscape Contractors Association Winter Workshop. Ellicott City, MD. February 12, 2008. 5. Pesticide update. Naval Facilities Command. Norfolk, VA. March 12, 2008. 6. Diversity dilemma. National Plant Board Annual Meeting. Solomons, MD. August 12, 2008. 7. Disasters by design: Why pests outbreak in the urban forest. New York State Arborists Association. Poughkeepsie, NY. September 22, 2008. 8. New materials and approaches for managing insect and mite pests on trees and shrubs. New York State Arborists Association. Poughkeepsie, NY. September 22, 2008. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS: This award provided full or partial support for two graduate students and two undergraduate students. One graduate student has successfully defended his Masters thesis and received a permanent position as the IPM Specialist and Display Horticulturist at the Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens. My doctoral candidate will defend her dissertation in April. This research culminated in Adrianna Szczepaniec winning the First Place Award in the student paper competition at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Reno, NV 2008. Ms. Szczepaniec also won two University of Maryland fellowships on the strength of her research and has been offered a post-doctoral appointment at Texas A & M University upon completion of her degree. PARTNERS: Central Park Conservancy, University of Maryland, Department of Physical Plant, International Society of Arboriculture. COLLABORATORS: Ron Ochoa, John Davidson, Dan Gruner, Ray St. Leger, Leslie Pick, Jim Culver, Pedro Barbosa. TARGET AUDIENCES: At a series of local, regional, and national meetings I have alerted more than 1000 scientists, extension specialists, and members of the green industries that the use of neonicotinoid insecticides may result in increased levels of mites on trees and shrubs. I have explained reasons leading to mite outbreaks and suggested ways to avoid these outbreaks or manage them should they occur. Scientists and researchers now have a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying outbreaks that follow the application of neonicotinoids. Practitioners understand that imidacloprid can result in outbreaks of mites and modify practices to avoid these outbreaks. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
OUTCOMES Objective 1: We determined that exposure to imidacloprid via prey from the foliage of elm trees and boxwood shrubs affects the feeding rate and survival of the spider mite destroyer, Stethorus punctillum, and green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris, but not minute pirate bug, Orius insidiosus. This finding provides the first clear proof that indirect exposure to imidacloprid through an outbreaking secondary pest can kill predators. Objective 2: Using Principal Response Analyses we compared the community structure of elm trees and boxwoods treated with imidacloprid with untreated ones. The arthropod community on imidacloprid treated elms and boxwoods was significantly different from the community on untreated plants. Changes in the abundance of key predators could not explain the increase of spider mites. Chrysopid larvae, coccinellids and phytoseid were collected from imidacloprid treated and untreated elms at both locations, but their abundance patterns did not contribute to the general response curve. Imidacloprid had a significant negative effect on populations of eriococcid scales. This is the first report of the effects of imidacloprid on the structure of an arthropod community on a woody plant. Objective 3: We demonstrated significantly greater fecundity of boxwood spider mites, two spotted spider mites, and T. schoeni when fed foliage from boxwoods, tomatoes, and elms, respectively, treated with imidacloprid. Our assays indicate that enhanced plant nutrition rather than hormoligosis is responsible for observed increases in fecundity. This is the first demonstration of hormoligosis being linked to a documented secondary pest outbreak. Objective 4: Using reverse transcriptase PCR, we determined that imidacloprid reduces expression of 2 genes important in defensive pathways in tomato. This is the first time a neonicotinoid has been implicated in altering the expression of defense genes in a plant. IMPACTS At a series of local, regional, and national meetings I have alerted more than 1000 scientists, extension specialists, and members of the green industries that the use of neonicotinoid insecticides may result in increased levels of mites on trees and shrubs. I have explained reasons leading to mite outbreaks and suggested ways to avoid these outbreaks or manage them should they occur. Scientists and researchers now have a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying outbreaks that follow the application of neonicotinoids. Practitioners understand that imidacloprid can result in outbreaks of mites and modify practices to avoid these outbreaks. One graduate student has successfully defended his Masters thesis and received a permanent position at Phipps Conservatory. My doctoral candidate will defend her dissertation in April. This research culminated in Adrianna Szczepaniec winning the First Place Award in the student paper competition at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Reno, NV 2008. Ms. Szczepaniec has won two University of Maryland fellowships on the strength of her research and has been offered a post-doctoral appointment at Texas A & M University upon completion of her degree.
Publications
- PUBLICATIONS (not previously reported): 2006/09 TO 2008/09 Raupp, M.J. A. Szczepaniec, and A. Buckelew Cumming. 2007. Prophylactic pesticide applications and low species diversity: Do they create pest outbreaks in the urban forest Pp. 59-61. Proceedings of the 18th USDA Interagency research forum on invasive species. Annapolis, MD
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Progress 09/15/06 to 09/14/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: PROGRESS: 2005/09 TO 2006/09 Fiscal year 2 - 09/15/2006 to 09/14/2007 Objective 1: We have determined that exposure to imidacloprid via prey from the foliage of boxwood affects the performance and survival of the spider mite destroyer, Stethorus punctillum, and green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris, but not minute pirate bug, Orius insidiosus. Experiments to determine effects of imidacloprid on performance of predatory mites are currently underway. As resources permit, we will repeat assays on the performance of predators using foliage from elms treated with imidacloprid and leaves from untreated trees. Objective 2: The effects of systemic applications of neonicotinoid insecticides on the abundance of natural enemies and structure of natural enemy communities associated with boxwoods and elms demonstrate that natural enemy populations increase and track increasing populations of prey in both elms and boxwoods treated with imidacloprid. This response was apparent in multiple
years that arthropod communities were sampled. This appears to be a numerical response most strongly exhibited by predatory mites. Objective 3: We demonstrated significantly greater fecundity of boxwood spider mites, two spotted spider mites, and T. schoeni when fed foliage from boxwoods, tomatoes, and elms, respectively, treated with imidacloprid. Our assays indicate that enhanced plant nutrition rather than hormoligosis is responsible for observed increases in fecundity. Objective 4: Using reverse transcriptase PCR, we have determined that imidacloprid alters expression of at least 2 genes important in defensive pathways in tomato.
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals This award provided full or partial support for two graduate students, two technicians, and two undergraduate students. Graduate students will defend their dissertation and thesis this autumn and technicians have moved on to faculty positions or graduate school. Adrianna Szczepaniec, Candidate Ph.D. Scott Creary, MS Student Kate Laskowski, Technician, Graduate student, University of Illinois Stacey Bealmear, Technician, Faculty, Arizona State Brian Raupp, Undergraduate student Mary Vogel, Undergraduate student Partners Central Park Conservancy University of Maryland, Department of Physical Plant International Society of Arboriculture Collaborators Jan Nyrop, Cornell University Frank Byrne, UC Riverside
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences Scientists and researchers - professional meetings Effects of two systemic neonicotinoid insecticides on the composition of natural enemy communities in boxwood and elm. Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN. December 2006; Effects of two systemic neonicotinoid insecticides on the composition of natural enemy communities on boxwood and elm. Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec. NRI Research Update.Ventura, CA, February 2007; Prophylactic pesticide applications and low species diversity: do they conspire to create pest outbreaks in the urban forest? 18th Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species. Annapolis, MD. January 11, 2007; Residual toxicity of imidacloprid treated cotoneasters to hawthorn lace bugs: a field and greenhouse study. Presented with Adrianna Szczepaniec. Entomological Society of America, Eastern Branch, Harrisburg, PA, March 2007. Practitioners - Arborists,
landscape maintenance, nursery, green industry members Insecticide trends in trees and ornamentals. Lawn and Landscape: Lawn Care Seminar. Falls Church, VA October 2006; Insect update. 14'th Annual Community Forestry Workshop. Westminster, MD. October 2006; Five ways to create pest problems in the urban forest. American Society of Consulting Arborists. Napa, CA. December 2006; Systemic Insecticides - What gives? Chesapeake Green. Annapolis, MD. February 9, 2007: Five ways to create pest problems in the urban forest. Association of Virginia gypsy moth managers. Charlottesville, VA, February 26, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Charlotte, NC. May 16, 2007; Diagnosing insect and mite problems. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Charlotte, NC. May 16, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Raleigh, NC. May 17, 2007;
Diagnosing insect and mite problems. National Urban and Community Forestry Advisory Council. Raleigh, NC. May 16, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. Connecticut Tree Protective Association. Farmington, CT. July 19, 2007; Five ways to create problems in the urban forest. Society of Municipal Arborists. Hollywood, FL. September 14, 2007; Chemical and non-chemical controls of insect pests. Hollywood, FL. September 14, 2007.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Changes In the final year of the project we will focus on a single insecticide, imidacloprid, rather than two neonicotinoids. There is simply not enough money in the grant to complete all experiments for two compounds. We will focus on two plant species, boxwoods and elms, for similar reasons. To examine molecular mechanisms we have switched from Arabidopsis to tomato. We have much better success culturing mites on this plant.
Impacts
IMPACT: 2006/09 TO 2007/09 At a series of local, regional, and national meetings I have alerted more than 1200 scientists, extension specialists, and members of the green industries that the use of neonicotinoid insecticides may result in increased levels of mites on trees and shrubs. I have explained reasons leading to mite outbreaks and suggested ways to avoid these outbreaks or manage them should they occur. Scientists and researchers now have a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying outbreaks that follow the application of neonicotinoids. Practitioners understand that imidacloprid can result in outbreaks of mites and modify practices to avoid these outbreaks. Graduate and undergraduate students have received valuable training in experimental design, execution, analysis, and the presentation of research findings at professional meetings.
Publications
- Szczepaniec, A. and M. J. Raupp. 2007. Residual Toxicity of Imidacloprid to Hawthorn Lace Bug, Corythuca cydoniae, Feeding on Cotoneasters in Landscapes and Containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 25:43-47.
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Progress 09/15/05 to 09/14/06
Outputs
Fiscal year 1 - 09/15/2005 to 09/14/2006 Objective 1: We are evaluating the survival and performance of predatory mites that have been exposed or not exposed to imidacloprid on containerized boxwoods and hollies and field grown and American elms. Bioassays are currently underway. Objective 2: We are evaluate the effects of systemic applications of neonicotinoid insecticides on the abundance of natural enemies and structure of natural enemy communities associated with boxwoods and elms that have been treated with neonicotinoid insecticides. Materials were applied at labeled rates with conventional equipment to elms in Central Park, NY and College Park, Maryland and boxwoods in College Park, MD. All of these plants are components of managed landscapes. Under all field conditions populations of mites were significantly greater on plants treated with imidacloprid than on untreated ones. Preliminary results indicate that natural enemies were more abundant on plants treated
with imidacloprid. Objective 3: We are in the process of determining if exposure to imidacloprid directly affects spider mite fecundity and longevity and result in hormoligosis. Containerized boxwoods, hollies, and American elms were randomly assigned to one of two treatments - treated with imidacloprid or untreated. Using excised leaves from untreated plants boxwood spider mite and T. schoeni are reared on untreated foliage and female spider mites of each species are randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) topical application of insecticide, untreated plant as food, 2) topical application of insecticide, insecticide treated plant as food, 3) topical application of water (control), untreated plant as food, 4) topical application of water, insecticide treated plant as food. Fecundity and mortality are monitored daily. Objective 4: We are determining if applications of neonicotinoid insecticides alter the quality of plants as a food source for herbivores. Leaf tissue for
phytochemical analyses have been collected from treated and untreated plants used in objectives 1 and 2. Dried leaf samples will be used to estimate leaf nitrogen content and C:N ratios. We have determined that Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, does not sustain spider mites as well as tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Therefore, we will use tomato mutants to explore parallels between imidacloprid-induced changes in plant biochemical pathways and those found in mutant tomatoes as they pertain to changes in susceptibility to spider mites. Progress on other important component research relevant to the completion of the project includes the development of bioassays using sentinel herbivores to demonstrate the presence of imidacloprid in elm (Japanese beetles and potato leafhoppers), cotoneaster (hawthorn lace bug), and boxwoods (boxwood psyllid).
Impacts
Impact At a series of local, regional, and national meetings I have alerted more than 500 members of the green industries that the use of neonicotinoid insecticides may result in increased levels of mites on trees and shrubs. I have explained reasons leading to mite outbreaks and suggested ways to avoid these outbreaks or manage them should they occur. Titles, venues, locations, and dates of these meetings are as follows: Practical plant health care. Tree Care Industry Annual Meeting. Columbus, OH. November 2005. Biological control of insect pests. Tree Care Industry Annual Meeting. Columbus, OH. November 2005. Update on invasive insects pests. Presented at the West Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association Meeting. Charleston, WV, January 2006. Update on new insecticides to control elongate hemlock scale. Maryland Arborists Association. Ellicott City, MD. January, 2006.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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