Progress 07/01/05 to 06/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In the upper elevation areas of the Intermountain West, common foot and crown rot limit wheat yield under dryland production conditions. This project at Aberdeen was conducted to determine the extent of foot rot resistance in currently grown cultivars, to allow barley and wheat breeders in the PNW to screen for foot rot resistance in advanced lines, and to investigate resistance mechanisms and disease expression in traditionally bred lines. Lines and cultivars of spring wheat and barley submitted for 2006 through 2010 performance testing in the extension variety trials or for these experiments were tested for resistance or tolerance to dryland foot rot. Plots were measured for yield, test weight, stand and number of whiteheads per plot (a symptom of disease expression). Tolerance (yield in the presence of high disease pressure) of wheat and barley lines was determined in the field, following a split-plot statistical design. In addition, several seed treatment trials have been conducted to test various seed treatments against foot rot disease and soil-borne nematodes. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Juliet M. Marshall, PI. Assistant Professor, Cereal Agronomy and Pathology. Chad Jackson, Senior Scientific Aide Tod Shelman, Technical Aide TARGET AUDIENCES: Cereal Grain Producers, plant breeders, other cereal pathologists PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The effect of inoculation on stand, whitehead formation, yield and test weight was not significant, probably due to the field being highly contaminated with inoculum from five years of trials. Therefore, varieties were averaged over inoculation and ranked according to yield under disease and drought stress. There were significant year, block, year by variety and block by variety effects for stand, test weight, whitehead formation, and yield. Block by variety effects were significant for stand, test weight and yield, indicating significant environmental effects typical of soil-borne disease. As is common in experiments examining the effects of soil-borne diseases and nematodes, the coefficients of variation were relatively high. The highest yielding varieties were Otis (hard white), UI Pettit (soft white), Iona (hard red), and Challis (soft white). Locally adapted varieties were the highest yielding, and the lowest yielding varieties were the durums (Matt, Alzada, and Kronos) and the very susceptible hard white Klasic. Puseas is an Australian line susceptible to Fusarium graminearum and used as the susceptible check in many of our experiments. Plant stands were positively correlated to yield (r=0.58, <0.0001) and test weight (r=0.40, <0.0001), but not to the number of whiteheads formed. The number of whiteheads formed was weakly positively correlated to yield (r=0.17, <0.0001) and test weight (r=0.09, <0.0067). This may indicate that given the same watering regime where stress is applied at heading, higher yielding varieties are under greater water stress resulting in higher disease pressure. Under adequate moisture conditions at emergence, stand was not reduced by inoculation. The application of the foliar insecticide spirotetramat significantly decreased reproduction of several soil-borne nematodes, including cereal cyst nematodes, but did not significantly increase yield in the first year of application. The outcomes are the identification of advanced breeding lines with resistance or tolerance that can be used to improve resistance in current lines. In addition, we can identify the best lines to grow in areas with high disease pressure and water stress. The impacts include improving economic conditions for growers to reduce disease losses, and reduced environmental impacts with less foliar fungicide treatments needed to control disease. Clarification on effectiveness of seed treatments for control of foot rot diseases is critical. Results of the seed treatment trials indicate that in most years, seed treatments are ineffective in controlling foot rot diseases, especially when measured as impact on yield. However, the ability to reduce damaging nematodes populations with a foliar application of an insecticide may be a useful tool in the future, depending upon cost.
Publications
- Marshall, J.M., Jackson, C.A., Shelman, T., and Beck, L. Fungicide seed treatment for spring wheat in Aberdeen and Ashton, 2010. For BCS, Dennis Scott.
- Marshall, J.M., Jackson, C.A., Shelman, T., and Beck, L. Seed treatment for control of crown and foot rot in spring wheat, 2010. For BCS, Dennis Scott.
- Smiley, R.W., Ball, D.A., Marshall, J., Jackson, C., Gallup, G.N., Gourlie, J.A., and Yan, G.P. Evaluation of Movento on spring wheat in an Idaho field infested with root-lesion nematodes, 2010.
- Smiley, R.W., Gourlie, J.A., Ball, D.A., Yan1, G.P., and Marshall Windes, J. Application of Movento to suppress reproduction of cereal cyst nematode in the greenhouse, 2010.
- Marshall, J.M., Jackson, C.A., Shelman, T., and Beck, L. Seed treatments for control of crown and foot rot in winter wheat, 2009-2010. For BASF, Jim Vandecoevering
- Windes, J.M. USDA-ARS SCA Report SCA #58-5348-9-156: University of Idaho, Control of Root Diseases of Wheat and Barley. July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010
- Smiley, R.W., Ball, D.A., Marshall, J., Jackson, C.A., Ellis, L., Daw, D., Gourlie, J.A., and Yan, G.P. Evaluation of Movento on spring wheat in an Idaho field infested with cereal cyst nematode, 2010.
- Marshall, J.M., Jackson, C.A., Shelman, T., and Beck, L. In-furrow fertilizer in winter wheat, 2009-2010. For Novozymes, Gary Hnatowich, Matt Doperalski
- Marshall, J.M., Jackson, C.A., Shelman, T., and Beck, L. Seed treatments for control of crown and foot rot in winter wheat, 2009-2010. FOR BASF, Kelly Luff
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In the upper elevation areas of the Intermountain West, common foot and crown rot limit wheat yield under dryland production conditions. This project at Aberdeen was conducted to determine the extent of foot rot resistance in currently grown cultivars, to allow barley and wheat breeders in the PNW to screen for foot rot resistance in advanced lines, and to investigate resistance mechanisms and disease expression in traditionally bred lines. Lines and cultivars of spring wheat and barley submitted for 2006 through 2008 performance testing in the extension variety trials or for these experiments were tested for resistance or tolerance to dryland foot rot. Plots were measured for yield, test weight, stand and number of whiteheads per plot (a symptom of disease expression). Tolerance (yield in the presence of high disease pressure) of wheat and barley lines was determined in the field, following a split-plot statistical design. In addition, several seed treatment trials have been conducted to test various seed treatments against foot rot disease. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Juliet M. Windes, PI. Assistant Professor, Cereal Agronomy and Pathology. Chad Jackson, Senior Scientific Aide Tod Shelman, Technical Aide Dr. Jill Petrisko, Post-doctoral Fellow TARGET AUDIENCES: Cereal Grain Producers, plant breeders, other cereal pathologists PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The effect of inoculation on stand, whitehead formation, yield and test weight was not significant, probably due to the field being highly contaminated with inoculum from five years of trials. Therefore, varieties were averaged over inoculation and ranked according to yield under disease and drought stress. There were significant year, block, year by variety and block by variety effects for stand, test weight, whitehead formation, and yield. Block by variety effects were significant for stand, test weight and yield, indicating significant environmental effects typical of soil-borne disease. As is common in experiments examining the effects of soil-borne diseases and nematodes, the coefficients of variation were relatively high. The highest yielding varieties were Otis (hard white), UI Pettit (soft white), Iona (hard red), and Challis (soft white). Locally adapted varieties were the highest yielding, and the lowest yielding varieties were the durums (Matt, Alzada, and Kronos) and the very susceptible hard white Klasic. Puseas is an Australian line susceptible to Fusarium graminearum and used as the susceptible check in many of our experiments. Plant stands were positively correlated to yield (r=0.58, <0.0001) and test weight (r=0.40, <0.0001), but not to the number of whiteheads formed. The number of whiteheads formed was weakly positively correlated to yield (r=0.17, <0.0001) and test weight (r=0.09, <0.0067). This may indicate that given the same watering regime where stress is applied at heading, higher yielding varieties are under greater water stress resulting in higher disease pressure. Under adequate moisture conditions at emergence, stand was not reduced by inoculation. The outcomes are the identification of advanced breeding lines with resistance or tolerance that can be used to improve resistance in current lines. In addition, we can identify the best lines to grow in areas with high disease pressure and water stress. The impacts include improving economic conditions for growers to reduce disease losses, and reduced environmental impacts with less foliar fungicide treatments needed to control disease. Clarification on effectiveness of seed treatments for control of foot rot diseases is critical. Results of the seed treatment trials indicate that in most years, seed treatments are ineffective in controlling foot rot diseases, especially when measured as impact on yield.
Publications
- Windes, J.M., Shelman, T. and Jackson, C.A. 2009. Seed treatments for control of crown and foot rot in winter wheat, 2007-2008. Report No. 3:031/PDMR03. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M., Shelman, T., Jackson, C.A., and Beck, L. 2009. Resistance to crown and foot rot in wheat cultivars grown in Idaho. APS Annual Meeting, August 1-5, in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. Phytopathology S99:142.
- Petrisko, J.E., Windes, J.M., and Sutherland, M.E. 2009. Candidate genes for crown rot resistance identified from transcriptional analysis of Fusarium culmorum infection in the wheat cultivars '2-49' and 'Puseas.' Grains Research and Development Corporation Crown Rot Initiative, April 7-8, 2009, Genelg, SA, Australia.
- Windes, J.M., Jackson, C.A., Shelman, T., Beck, L., and O'Brien, K. 2009. 2008 Small Grains Report, Southcentral and Southeast Idaho Cereals Research and Extension Program. Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. UI Research Bulletin 172. 101 pp.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In the upper elevation areas of the Intermountain West, common foot and crown rot limit wheat yield under dryland production conditions. This project at Aberdeen was conducted to determine the extent of foot rot resistance in currently grown cultivars, to allow barley and wheat breeders in the PNW to screen for foot rot resistance in advanced lines, and to investigate resistance mechanisms and disease expression in traditionally bred lines. Lines and cultivars of spring wheat (55) and barley (61) submitted for 2008 performance testing in the variety trials or for these experiments were tested for resistance or tolerance to dryland foot rot. Plots were measured for yield, test weight, stand and number of whiteheads per plot (a symptom of disease expression). Tolerance (yield in the presence of high disease pressure) of wheat and barley lines was determined in the field, following a split-plot statistical design. Additional dryland trials were conducted at two locations, Swan Valley, and Arbon Valley in cooperation with grain growers. Six Australian hard spring wheat lines and six locally adapted hard spring wheat lines were tested for three years under dryland production conditions that are conducive to Fusarium foot rot disease. In addition, several seed treatment trials have been conducted to test various seed treatments against foot rot disease. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Jill E. Petrisko, Post-doctoral fellow. Chad Jackson, Senior Scientific Aide Tod Shelman, Technical Aide Collaborators: Dr. Tim Paulitz, USDA-ARS Pullman Dr. Dick Smiley, Oregon State University Dr. Kurt Schroeder, USDA-ARS, Pullman TARGET AUDIENCES: Cereal Grain Producers, plant breeders, other cereal pathologists PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
In both the wheat and barley trials, there were significant effects of inoculation on yield, test weight and stand. Varieties were ranked for their performance under disease pressure. Due to significant variability between reps and interaction effects for rep by inoculation, significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated varieties were difficult to detect, even when the control plots out-yielded inoculated plots by as much as 20 bu/A. These high coefficients of variation make it difficult to determine which cultivars are resistant, and is typical for foot rot disease and nematode field trials (Dr. Richard Smiley, OSU, personal communication). There were significant differences between varieties and breeding lines in both trials for yield, test weight and stand. Screening of wheat and barley varieties allowed a relative ranking under high disease pressure. Initial identification of varieties with tolerance to Fusarium foot rot can be made among those varieties where inoculated plots yielded as well or better than control plots. The outcomes are the identification of advanced breeding lines with resistance or tolerance that can be used to improve resistance in current lines. In addition, we can identify the best lines to grow in areas with high disease pressure. The impacts include improving economic conditions for growers to reduce disease losses, and reduced environmental impacts with reduced foliar fungicide treatments to control disease. Clarification on effectiveness of seed treatments for control of foot rot diseases is critical. Results of the seed treatment trials indicate that in most years, seed treatments are ineffective in controlling foot rot diseases, especially when measured as impact on yield. To further explore host resistance, replicated field trials were established in 2006, 2007, and 2008 near Ririe and Arbon Valley, ID, in dryland, no-till, continuous grain production systems to test twelve wheat varieties varying for tolerance to crown and foot rot. Results for 2008 are still being analyzed. Disease ratings were based on a 0-5 scale, with 0 having no distinguishable root and crown lesions, 1 having 1-25% of tissue affected, 2 with 26-50%, 3 with 51-75%, 4 with greater than 75% of tissue affected, soft crown, with dead tillers, and 5 being a dead plant. Plants were rated for disease at Feekes growth stage 1 (3-4 leaves) in Ririe and Feekes GS 2 in Arbon Valley. Data were collected on percent stand, depth of seed, depth of crown formation, and length of hypocotyl. Locations varied significantly for yield (Pr>F was <0.0001), but not for disease rating or seedling characteristics such as depth of crown formation, and length of hypocotyl. Varieties differed for depth of crown formation (P=0.0002), and the disease rating at Swan Valley. The disease rating (combined locations) correlated with yield (r squared=0.30, P= 0.0005) and depth of crown formation (r2=0.20, P=0.02). The susceptible Australian cultivar Puseas had the highest disease rating, while Otis and Lolo, Pacific Northwest varieties, were the most resistant.
Publications
- Petrisko, J.E. and Windes, J.M. 2008. Differences in plant defense gene expression during Fusarium crown rot infection in susceptible and partially-resistant wheat seedlings. Proceedings of the Annual meeting of Pacific Division of the American Phytopathological Society, Jackson Hole, WY, June 24-27.
- Windes, J.M., Jackson, C.A. and Beck, L. 2008. Fungicide and insecticide treatments for control of dryland foot rot and barley mealy bug in 2007. Report No. 2:CF019. DOI:10.1094/PDMR02. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M., Jackson, C.A. and Shelman, T. 2008. Fungicide treatments for control of stripe rust in spring wheat in 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report No. 2:CF018. DOI:10.1094/PDMR02. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M., Jackson, C.A. and Shelman, T. 2008. Fungicide treatments and timing of application for control of stripe rust in spring wheat in 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports (online). Report No. 2:CF017. DOI:10.1094/PDMR02. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Petrisko, J.E. and Windes, J.M. 2008. Defense genes and pathways in Fusarium crown rot susceptible and partially-resistant Australian wheat seedlings responding to Fusarium culmorum infection. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Minneapolis, MN.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This is a continuing project at Aberdeen to determine the extent of foot rot resistance in currently grown cultivars, to allow barley and wheat breeders in the PNW to screen for foot rot resistance in advanced lines, and to investigate resistance mechanisms and disease expression in traditionally bred and transgenically derived lines. Thirty-one transgenic barley and thirteen transgenic wheat lines were tested. Lines and cultivars of spring wheat (39) and barley (61) submitted for 2007 performance testing in the variety trials or for these experiments were tested for resistance or tolerance to dryland foot rot. Plots were measured for yield, test weight, stand and number of whiteheads per plot, a symptom of disease expression. Permits were obtained from APHIS to allow planting of selected transgenic lines for testing in the field. Tolerance (yield in the presence of high disease pressure) of transgenic wheat and barley lines was determined in the field, following a
split-plot statistical design.
PARTICIPANTS: The project personnel involved with this project include Tod Shelman, scientific aide, Chad Jackson, Senior Scientific Aide, Linda Beck, Technical Aide, and Martha Carillo and Ester Serna, both temporary help, and Dr. Jill Pertisko, Postdoctoral Fellow. Cooperation was obtained from USDA-ARS geneticist, Dr. Phil Bregitzer.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Information developed from this project is valuable to growers interested in selecting varieties appropriate in dryland situations where disease pressure is high. Target audiences also include breeders with interest using the test as a screening tool in developing varieties for dryland production.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The only modification was in the experimental design, which was changed to a spilt-plot with paired plots, one inoculated, the other not inoculated. This was an attempt to reduce the variablity associated with experiments having soil-borne disease oprganisms.
Impacts
Screening of wheat and barley varieties allowed a relative ranking under high disease pressure. Varieties and lines with higher yields and stands can be selected by breeders to make crosses in the development of resistant varieties. In previous experiments, large variation between replications led us to modify the experiment to a split-plot design, reducing envrionmental variability. In both the wheat and barley trials, there were significant effects of inoculation on yield, test weight and stand. Even so, due to significant variability between reps and interaction effects for rep by inoculation, significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated varieties were difficult to detect, even when the control plots out-yielded inoculated plots by as much as 20 bu/A. There were significant differences between varieties and breeding lines in both trials for yield, test weight and stand. Initial identification of varieties with tolerance to Fusarium foot rot can be
made among those varieties where inoculated plots yielded as well or better than control plots. The outcomes are the identification of advanced breeding lines with resistance or tolerance that can be used to improve resistance in current lines. In addition, we can identify the best lines to grow in areas with high disease pressure. The impacts include improved economic conditions for growers to reduce disease losses, and reduced environmental impacts with reduced fungicide treatments to control disease.
Publications
- Windes, J.M., Petrisko, J.E., Shelman, T. and Jackson, C.A. 2007. Resistance to Fusarium crown and foot rot in wheat cultivars grown in Idaho as compared to Australian cultivars varying for tolerance to crown rot. Phytopathology 97:(7)S124.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
This is a new project at Aberdeen to determine the extent of foot rot resistance in currently grown cultivars, to allow barley and wheat breeders in the PNW to screen for foot rot resistance in advanced lines, and to investigate resistance mechanisms and disease expression in traditionally bred and transgenically derived lines. Lines and cultivars of spring wheat and barley submitted for 2006 performance testing in the extension cereal variety trials were tested for tolerance to dryland foot rot. Plots inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and non-inoculated plots were measured for yield, stand, average number of tillers per variety, and number of whiteheads. Permits were obtained from APHIS to allow planting of selected transgenic lines for testing in the same field following the same statistical design as the variety / advanced line screening. Varieties and lines with higher levels of tolerance have been identified, will be recommended to growers in areas where
foot rot is a problem, and transgenic lines showing higher levels of tolerance will be further tested in growth chamber studies. Harvested transgenic lines have been carefully processed and stored according to APHIS regulations. All other grain was destroyed by autoclaving following by burning. In addition, PCR techniques have been utilized to characterize tolerance to F. culmorum of Australian wheat varieties with known resistance to F. graminearum by measuring amounts of DNA in seedling tissue of inoculated wheat plants. Microarray analyses of infected and non-infected tolerant wheat cultivars were compared to susceptible infected and non-infected plants. Over 600 genes were observed to be significantly up-regulated in the tolerant cultivars, 33 of which have known gene function.
Impacts
Next to water availability, the greatest limiting factor in dryland grain production is foot and crown disease. Screening to identify varietal resistance is critical to improving yield stability for grain growers in southern and southeast Idaho. The economic impact of identifying resistance to foot rot fungi will be felt directly by the grower via increased grain production. Increasing the economic benefit to the grower benefits the economic and social well-being of rural communities. The economic impact of identifying genes related to tolerance and / or resistance will speed the development of tolerant cultivars for producers.
Publications
- Windes, J.M., Shelman, T. and Jackson, C.A. 2006. Resistance to crown and foot rot in wheat and barley cultivars grown in Idaho. In Meeting Abstracts of the Joint Meeting of APS, CPS, MSA, Vol 96:S123. APS Quebec City, Aug, 2006.
- Windes, J.M., Jackson, C.A. and Shelman, T. 2006. Seed treatments for control of loose smut and root and foot rots in winter barley in Bingham County, ID, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online). Report 61:ST015. DOI:10.1094/FN61. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M., Shelman, T. and Jackson, C.A. 2006. Seed treatments for control of loose smut and crown and foot rots in spring wheat in Fremont County, ID, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online). Report 61:ST016. DOI:10.1094/FN61. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M., Jackson, C.A. and Shelman, T. 2006. Seed treatments for control of loose smut and foot and crown rots in spring barley in Fremont County, ID, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online). Report No. 61:ST017. DOI:10.1094/FN61. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M., Shelman, T. and Jackson, C.A. 2006. Seed treatments for control of loose smut in spring wheat in Fremont County, ID, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online). Report 61:ST018. DOI:10.1094/FN61. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN.
- Windes, J.M. and Petrisko, J.E. 2006. Quantification of Fusarium culmorum in crown rot resistant and susceptible wheat varieties using a tri5 gene-based real-time PCR assay. In Meeting Abstracts of the Joint Meeting of APS, CPS, MSA, Vol 96:S92. APS Quebec City, Aug, 2006.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
This is a new project at Aberdeen to determine the extent of foot rot resistance in currently grown cultivars, to allow barley and wheat breeders in the PNW to screen for foot rot resistance in advanced lines, and to investigate resistance mechanisms and disease expression in traditionally bred and transgenically derived lines. Lines and cultivars of spring wheat and barley submitted for 2006 performance testing in the variety trials will be tested for resistance or tolerance to dryland foot rot. Plots will be measured for yield, average number of tillers per variety, and a disease severity index (based on extent of infection and plant health) will be calculated according to previously developed estimates from work by Smiley, et al. 2005. Permits will be obtained from APHIS to allow planting of selected transgenic lines for testing in the field. Resistance of transgenic wheat and barley lines will be determined in the field, following the same statistical design as
the variety / advanced line screening. Seed for the non-inoculated plots will be treated with Dividend Extreme at recommended rates. An additional control of non-inoculated and non-fungicide treated parents will be planted.
Impacts
Next to water availability, the greatest limiting factor in dryland grain production is foot and crown disease. Screening to identify varietal resistance is critical to improving yield stability for grain growers in southern and southeast Idaho.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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