Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During 2009 the major outputs consisted of a database organized from survey data of three parts of the boating industry in California and Baja California: the hullcleaners, marina managers and boatyard owners. Then, the summary statistics and some regression analysis was conducted with that data to assess what influences the three parts of the boating industry for addressing invasive species control on boat hulls through choices of alternative coatings. The California Department of Boating and Waterways and California Department of Pesticides are two state agencies that we have communicated with for reporting our findings through written products. Also, a presentation at the International Marine Bioinvasions Conference in Portland, Oregon was made in August 2009. PARTICIPANTS: Leigh Johnson, UC Sea Grant Extension Agent, San Diego Brad Franklin, Graduate Student, UCR Monobina Mukherjee, Graduate Student, UCR Cesar Alvarez, Staff, UC Sea Grant Extension TARGET AUDIENCES: Government Agencies such as California Department of Boating and Waterways are part of the target audience as they are addressing water quality and invasive species control in the marine environment such as harbors and the boating sector specifically. Also, boaters who travel between California and Baja California who may be pondering different coating options and will want to find out the supply-side costs of different options. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Two students from UC Riverside have been involved in the statistical analysis of the data from the binational survey of the three parts of the boating industry in California and Baja California. Statistical analyses measured fouling control options and costs, frequency of boat use, length of stay at marinas, location, awareness of nontoxic coatings et alia. Qualitative analysis addressed boat traffic patterns among regions and events that drew overnight, visiting boats. The analysis allows for deriving a per foot cost of anti-fouling coating alternatives. It also enables a comparison of hull cleaning businesses in California and Baja California. Boat activity levels, availability of coatings and services, costs, regulations and travel patterns must be considered in co-managing water quality and invasive species with respect to hull fouling control. About half of recreational boats rarely leave their home marinas. These boats pose a lower risk to transport invasive species and contribute more copper to marina waters. Thus, they are better candidates for nontoxic hull coatings. Long-distance racing, cruising and fishing boats pose a higher risk to transport invasive species and contribute less copper to marina waters. Copper antifouling paints and maintenance services are widely available. Thus, such active boats would be better candidates for copper antifouling paints.
Publications
- Johnson, L. L. Fernandez, B. Franklin, M. Mukherjee, C. Alvarez, "Evaluating Costs of Strategies to Control Hull Borne Invasive Species on California Boats while Protecting Water Quality," Report to California Department of Boating and Waterways. 2009.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The progress during 2008 consists of generating funds from other grant proposal efforts through collaboration with Sea Grant Extension researchers to write research proposals that were funded through the competitive CA Dept. of Boating and Waterways. The CA Dept. of Boating and Waterways project does address the Core Issue of Invasive Species and the Target Opportunity of Developing and/or evaluating strategies to mitigate the impact and/or control the spread of invasive species affecting California through the following: a)Evaluate risks for hull transport of invasive species along the California coast according to operational profiles of recreational boats that are kept in saltwater. b)Evaluate control strategies with respect to technical feasibility, economic considerations, and potential water quality impacts. Along with researchers from CA Sea Grant and 2 graduate students here at UCR, we have be able to identify and evaluate costs that must be considered in selecting an invasive species control strategy that will also protect water quality. From data collected from a survey administered among all boating industry participants in CA and Baja California during 2008, we are able to conduct statistical analysis to assess cost effectiveness and a comparison of alternative anti-fouling strategies in controlling marine invasive species for boat traversing the California-Baja California marine environment. PARTICIPANTS: Leigh Johnson, Ca Sea Grant Cooperative Extension Monobina Mukherjee, Graduate Student, Environmental Sciences Dept. UCR Brad Franklin, Graduate Student, Econ. Dept, UCR TARGET AUDIENCES: By administering the survey for data collection in the boating industry, the sectors of the industry (marinas, boatyards, hullcleaners) have been the target audience to be able to base the cost effectiveness analysis of CA and Baja California in the real world setting. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Recreationists, boating businesses and policy makers need access to information on costs of effective hull-fouling control measures to address both issues. To that end various factors were investigated that influence the recreational boating industry in regards to fouling control options. The empirical survey that we developed and administered in 2008 includes the marina, boatyard and hull-cleaning businesses along the coasts, bays and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California and in the Ensenada, La Paz and Cabo San Lucas areas of Baja California and Baja California Sur. The scope of data collection enabled binational comparisons. Through statistical analyses of the survey data involving summary statistical information as well as regressions, particular relationships were measured between the fouling control options and factors such as costs, frequency of boat use, length of stay at marinas, location, awareness of non-toxic coatings et alia. For example, although the range of length of stay in a marina is large, approximately half of long term marina tenants do not take their boats out frequently. These factors present specific issues related to toxic coatings (copper and zinc based) versus nontoxic coatings (epoxy and slick) and to other fouling control measures. Regressions indicate that boats rarely leaving the marina (with a longer length of stay at the marina) and awareness of nontoxic boat bottom coatings decreases usage of copper. The data show that awareness of nontoxic boat bottom coatings is higher than it was one or two years ago. This signals a positive impact of the cooperative extension outreach educating boaters of nontoxic coating options.
Publications
- Fernandez, Linda. 2008, NAFTA Countries Strategies for Addressing Marine Invasive Species through Shipping, Journal of Environmental Management, 89:308-321.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The project has resulted in publications, presentations, and collaborations with academics from other institutions to address wider projects to tap into other grant funds. "The Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species: A Review of the Literature," is written in conjunction with two policymakers from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in the interest of conducting a comprehensive analysis of research that can inform policy for management of invasive species. "Policies for the Game of Global Marine Invasive Species Pollution," was presented at a U.S.EPA conference that was held to examine environmental policy and assist in meeting the requirement that the EPA produce a regulation on ship-based invasive species emissions by September 2008. I also presented research at the Marine Bioinvasions Conference at MIT. I have been working on grant proposals with a Cooperative Extension Agent that has received some boating and waterways funding to address binational biofouling
pollution control strategies between California and Baja California. Also, I have collaborated with a researcher at Columbia University on a grant proposal to address economic incentives for pollution prevention in imports to North America that relates to all agricultural shipments.
PARTICIPANTS: Linda Fernandez, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, UC Riverside Leigh Johnson, UC Cooperative Extension Sabrina Lovell, U.S. EPA Glenn Sherriff, Columbia University
TARGET AUDIENCES: academics and policymakers
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: There has been an expansion of the project to include agricultural invasive species, not just marine invasive species.
Impacts
The project has focused on incentives for both the government and private sector to address marine invasive species through cost effective abatement strategies that have been analyzed with economic models and some data from the west coast of N America. Given that the U S EPA is now mandated to design regulations by September of this year my research is all the more relevant in terms of including an evaluation of options for regulatory policy. The collaborations with others to write grant proposals are in the interest of addressing invasive species pollution vectors that are not currently addressed by policy and need a formal system of incentives arranged through marine boating activities and agricultural shipping to North America. I am glad that entities like CA Dept. of Boating and Waterways and the USDA are beginning to look at at the research proposals as worth funding.
Publications
- S. Lovell, S. Stone and L. Fernandez. 2006. "The Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species: A Review of the Literature," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 35(1):195-208.
- L. Fernandez. 2007. "Policies for the Game of Global Marine Invasive Species Pollution," conference proceedings for Valuation for Environmental Policy: Ecological Benefits Conference, U.S. EPA, april 23-24, 2007, Arlington.
- L. Fernandez. 2007. "Maritime Trade and Migratory Species Management to Protect Biodiversity," Journal of Environmental Management, forthcoming.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
As the original proposal states, The project will include evaluating existing programs in California and examining alternative policies that support a coordinated approach to prevent and control the introduction of marine invasive species to California and its trading partners and to address more vectors than ballast water. The progress I have made on this project is directly aimed at fulfilling this statement. The research and the output in the form of papers and oral presentations has offered objective analysis on policies that have not been addressed for implementing at regional and international scales to solve the transboundary marine invasive species problem. There are a couple of written products from the research, listed in Field #43.
Impacts
During the latest progress report period, the analysis focused on new policies that could be implemented to address the legal order for the EPA to establish regulations by 2008 under the Clean Water Act. My past analysis had relied on liability limits, which are problematic in terms not accomplishing prevention, but rather encouraging long legal battles after damage is done. So, instead I investigated the potential for regulating under the NPDES program of the Clean Water Act and the various forms that would encourage compliance. Based on this research, I offered comments on the draft of the State of California's Aquatic Invasive Species Management Plan (DCAISMP) in August of 2006 and was invited to present at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Conference, Valuation for Environmental Policy: Ecological Benefits in 2007. My participation in the Marine Bioinvasions Conference at MIT has also been a basis for communicating policy-relevant results.
Publications
- S. Lovell, S. Stone and L Fernandez 2006. The Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species: A Review of the Literature, Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 35(1):195-208.
- L. Fernandez 2007. Policies for the Game of Global Marine Invasive Species Pollution, paper for Valuation for Environmental Policy: Ecological Benefits Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 23-24, 2007, Arlington, VA.
- L Fernandez 2007. Economics of Marine Invasive Species Policy and Management, paper for Marine Bioinvasions 2007 conference at MIT. ICES Journal of Marine Science
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Research progress consists of finishing models for analysis that have resulted in publications and policy advising for invasive species management at international, national and regional scales. These models represent a sequential progression of adding complexity of the invasive species problem. Starting with a publicly owned port manager's management decision and proceeding with the shipper's perspective, then the last model combines both ports and shippers together. The context of this research is transferable to a larger multi-country setting. The research includes evaluation of an array of policies including deposit-refunds, environmental bonds, insurance, regulations for addressing the North-South corridor for the Pacific Coast of North America-including Mexico, the U.S. and Canada. This area serves as an example for other places in terms of addressing maritime shipping, aquarium trade and aquaculture in a North-South direction of spread of invasive species
vectors between countries. It adds to the discussion on an international scale that has tended to focus on only one vector (ballast water) moving in one direction (east-west). This study also adds some estimation of costs and benefits of preventing and controlling invasive species with some known economic techniques for valuation.
Impacts
Based on this research, I was invited to participate in the Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species Workshop at the U.S. EPA in July 2005 in order to help guide this agency's efforts in addressing aquatic invasive species. Additionally, the USDA requested my participation in an Invasive Species Workshop in October 2005. The economic analysis and paper produce several findings from the papers contribute to applied policy. The analysis of shipper's incentives offers the first example of applying an evolutionary game to helping forecast the compliance potential for meeting a new international standard for emissions from ships. By assessing this potential for shippers to gain from coordinated compliance on an environmental standard, there is a link to tell how new biosecurity requirements announced in 2004 may be met by shippers. The analysis of ports and shippers together helps investigate fine-tuning policies to induce preventative abatement for reducing the threat
of invasive species through ballast water and biofouling on ship hulls. The policies implemented at regional ports for financing pollution abatement and at the international scale of shipping registration and flagging work for liability to abate invasive species pollution work in conjunction to foster the right incentives for shippers.
Publications
- Fernandez, L. Marine Shipping Trade and Invasive Species Management Strategies. International Game Theory Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2006.
- Lovell, Sabrina, Linda Fernandez and Susan Stone. "The Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species: A Review of the Literature," revised and resubmitted to Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, April 2006.
- Fernandez, L., S. Murray, J. Zertuche. 2005. Status, Environmental Threats, and Policy Considerations for Invasive Seaweeds for the Pacific Coast of North America. Report for the Commission for Environmental Cooperation. Project 251.3161, 2005.
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