Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: No further research accomplished since 2010 report due to resignation of principal investigator. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
No further research accomplished since 2010 report due to resignation of principal investigator.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing capacitance based moisture probes for irrigation scheduling in Coastal Plains soils. In addition, the effects of installation methods (Slurry versus Direct) on accuracy of capacitance moisture probes for soil moisture monitoring were determined. Weighing lysimeters were used to determine a cotton crop coefficient for the humid southeastern United States. Field experimentation and modeling (using the FAO AquaCrop model) were also performed to develop baseline crop water use and determine yield-water use relationships for sprinkler-irrigated corn and cotton on a range of sandy Coastal Plain soils. EVENTS: Results were presented at the 2010 Crop Management Seminars and Workshops, Memphis, TN; 2010 State Cotton Meeting, Florence, South Carolina; In-service Training Workshop, Edisto REC, February 4, 2010; The Certified Crop Advisors' Workshop, April 28, 2010; The Certified Crop Advisors' Workshop on Advanced Irrigation Water Management, SC Fertilizer & Agrichemicals Association, Myrtle Beach, SC, Jul 15, 2010; The Certified Crop Advisors' Workshop on Geophysical Applications in Agriculture, Edisto REC, Apr 29, 2010; and other local workshops and field days such as the Edisto REC Fall Field Day. PRODUCTS: A cotton crop coefficient for the humid southeastern United States was developed. Also, equipment for variable-rate application of water for a LEPA irrigation system was developed. This system is ready for commercial deployment and use by growers. Products also include a parameterized AquaCrop model for studying cotton growth and water use for humid area conditions. The model is intended to complement experimentation to evaluate the impact of alternate irrigation management strategies on agricultural water productivity. Construction and installation of a large automatic rainout shelter was completed, with the shelter put to use during the 2010 growing season. DISSEMINATION: Since the benefits of innovative tools and technologies, such as sensor-based irrigation management, are very much site-specific, aggressive demonstration projects were conducted to familiarize stakeholders with the benefits of these technologies. Stakeholders included interested producers, crop consultants, technology providers, county extension agents, equipment dealers, vocational agriculture teachers, landowners, business community (especially Ag-related businesses), environmental groups, and state-level USDA-NRCS personnel. Policymakers included elected officials and staff (local/state), local/regional/state planning groups, and state regulatory agencies. PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: Hamid J. Farahani, Ahmad Khalilian, Charles Privette. PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS: USDA-NRCS; Cotton Incorporated, the SC Cotton Board; Monsanto Company; USDA-EIPM; AquaSpy Inc. TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Three MS level graduate students and two PhD students are involved in this project. A Precision Agriculture course AGM 410 (senior level) and an Advanced Irirgation Water Management course are offered in the Dept. of Biosystems Engineering. TARGET AUDIENCES: Training field days and workshops were offered to farmers, county extension agents, and agricultural-related businesses at geographically diverse locations in South Carolina. An aggressive training program was implemented to create crop consultants, county agents and equipment dealers whose expertise in sensor-based irrigation and precision agriculture systems will benefit growers beyond the geographic and time limitations of this project PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The results showed that full irrigation (100%) significantly increased lint yields compared to dry land cotton and irrigation applied at 33% of evaporative cotton crop demand. The 2010 season was even wetter than the 2009 season with 21 inches of seasonal rainfall. June was the wettest month with 7.4 inches of rainfall. Consequently, irrigation in the open field experiments were limited to only 3-5 inches in the 100% treatment, with no significant differences in plant growth and final yield between 100%, 75%, and 67% irrigation treatments. This is comparable to the results from the wet 2009 season in which the irrigation scheduling called for only 2.5 inches of irrigation water. Crop ET estimates were about 4 inches higher in 2010 (24 inches) than in 2009 (20 inches) with no differences in ETo. Higher ET was associated with higher rainfall in 2010 than in 2009. There was a positive linear correlation between the sensor readings and the actual soil volumetric moisture contents. The correlations were significantly improved when topsoil and subsoil data were regressed separately. The results suggested that separate equations should be used for each soil layer under coastal plain conditions. The Slurry installation method over estimated volumetric soil water contents in sandy soils of the A-horizon due to difference in texture of the slurry material and the surrounding soil. OUTCOME: Competition for limited water resources is one of the most critical issues being faced by irrigated agriculture in the United States. From 2002 to 2007, irrigated acreage in the western states declined significantly, while in the southeastern states, irrigated acreage increased by 70%. As competition for limited water resources increases, water use efficiency for agricultural irrigation becomes more important. The recent drought periods and legal conflicts between states have prompted an interest in improved irrigation scheduling methods and enhanced water use efficiency of cotton cultivars in the southeast. Real-time, accurate, and continuous soil moisture measurements at specific depths are essential for successful irrigation scheduling. The developed crop parameters for the AquaCrop model makes possible the opportunity to simulate and thus study the effect of alternate cotton management practices on yield, water use, and profit. A tested AquaCrop provides the necessary tool to study irrigation optimization under varying timing and intensity of drought stress as it may occur during the growing season and due to climate change and variability. Modeling is important as it is virtually impossible to experiment all possible climate scenarios and alternate management practices in the field. Outreach activities will help change growers' practices through adoption of efficient systems and advanced technology such as soil sensor-based irrigation water management.
Publications
- Miller, G., H. Farahani, and D. Lankford. 2010. Set Points for Watermelon Drip Irrigation Using Capacitance Probes. In Proceedings The Third International Symposium On Soil Water Measurement Using Capacitance, Impedance and Time Domain Transmission, April 7-9, 2010; Murcia, Spain
- Khalilian, A., C. Bellamy, H. Farahani, C. Privette, Y. Han, E. Barnes. 2010. Sensor-Based Irrigation Scheduling in Cotton Production. In Eidson, G. W. and C. B. Sawyer (ed.), Proceedings of the 2010 Water Resources Conference, ISBN: 978-0-615-25592-7.
- Bellamy, C., A. Khalilian, H. Farahani, C. Privette, Y. Han, E. Barnes. 2010. Sensors for Effective Irrigation Scheduling and Improved Water Use Efficiency of Cotton Cultivars. World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering, Quebec City, Canada June 13-17, 2010.
- Farahani, H., C. Fraisse, S. Templeton, R. Davis, and A. Khalilian. 2010. Agroclimate Tools for South Carolina. In: Proceedings The 2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, October 13-14, 2010, Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center, Columbia, SC
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: ACTIVITIES: In 2009, tests were conducted to 1) determine the feasibility of utilizing capacitance based moisture probes (AquaSpy and Sentek EnviroSCAN), in irrigation scheduling by calibration, verification, and soil water management; 2) determine the feasibility of utilizing plant NDVI for cotton irrigation scheduling; 3) determine the water use efficiency of several cotton cultivars; 4) develop a cotton crop coefficient for the humid southeastern United States utilizing data obtained from lysimeters; and 5) develop and test a wireless data acquisition system to transmit field data from lysimeters and an evaporation pan. In other experiments, replicated field plots were established in three fields to determine variability in seasonal crop water use and yield-water use production functions for corn, cotton, peanuts, and watermelon on sandy Coastal Plain soils. A device called atmometer was also tested as an inexpensive, simple tool for irrigation scheduling. EVENTS: Results were presented at the 2009 State Cotton Meeting, Florence, SC; 2009 International Cotton Advisory Committee Meeting, Florence, SC; Crop Advisory Meeting, Dillon, SC; and at other local and regional workshops and field days including the Edisto REC Fall field day as well as the State Watermelon field day. PRODUCTS: Data include seasonal crop water use and irrigation amounts and water use efficiency. Soil moisture sensor calibration graphs were produced for the sandy Coastal Plain soil. A wireless data acquisition system to transmit field data from lysimeters and an evaporation pan were develop. This system is ready for commercial deployment and use by growers. A rainout shelter was found to be necessary for effective implementation of field research on yield response to drought stress. Consequently, the first large-scale and automatic rainout shelter at Clemson was designed and partially built in 2009. DISSEMINATION: Since the benefits of innovative tools and technologies, such as sensor-based variable-rate irrigation, are very much site-specific, aggressive demonstration projects were conducted to familiarize stakeholders with the benefits of these technologies. Stakeholders included interested producers, county extension agents, vocational agriculture teachers, landowners, general citizenry, business community (especially Ag-related businesses), environmental groups, and state-level USDA-NRCS personnel. Policymakers included elected officials and staff (local/state), local/regional/state planning groups, and state regulatory agencies. PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: Ahmad Khalilian (PI), Hamid J. Farahani, Will Henderson, Young Han, Tom Owino, Gilbert Miller, Jay Chapin, Charles Privette. PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS: Cotton Incorporated, the SC cotton Board; Irrigation companies; and local farmers. TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: two graduate students (MS level and PhD) are involved in this project. An Irrigation course AGM 410 (senior level) and an advanced irrigation water management course (BE871) is now offered in the Biosystems Engr. Dept. at Clemson University. Training field days and workshops were offered to farmers, county extension agents, and agricultural-related businesses at geographically diverse locations in South Carolina. An aggressive training program was implemented to create crop consultants, county agents and equipment dealers whose expertise in irrigation technology and precision agriculture systems will benefit growers beyond the geographic and time limitations of this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: There were no major changes to this project.
Impacts
RESULTS: It was found that positive linear calibrations can be used to describe the relationship between the soil volumetric moisture content (VMC) and sensor readings for both probes. The multi-sensor capacitance probes can be used to accurately measure volumetric soil moisture contents, if installed and calibrated properly. In several experiments, irrigation scheduling based on maintaining a minimum of 50% depletion of soil water called for only 6.3 cm of irrigation water in cotton, 2.5 cm in corn, 9 cm in watermelon, and 10.7 cm in peanuts. Seasonal crop water use for these crops was between 40 and 50 cm of water. Because of excess rainfall, dryland yield was similar to the irrigated conditions for most crops, except for peanuts because of dry August. Watermelon yield based on irrigating at 15% and 50% depletion levels were similar due to excess rainfall. There were good correlations between INSEY (as measured by the plant NDVI) and the VMC of the soil. Results showed that when separated by irrigation regime, the relationship between INSEY and VMC follows good linear correlations. This was due to the health of the plant and its dependency on soil moisture. There were strong correlations between irrigation depths applied and seed cotton yields. Highest water use efficiency values were 0.788 kg seed cotton /m3 water applied (0.66 kg/m3; based on ET) in 2009. OUTCOME: Sensor-based variable-rate irrigation (VRI) system has the potential to improve water use efficiency, energy use efficiency, and crop yields while reducing irrigation-induced runoff and subsequent adverse impacts on ground and surface water quality. Results collectively suggest that irrigation in humid regions must be planned in conjunction with rainfall and that monitoring of soil water is an effective scheduling method that not only helps to account for soil water availability to avoid crop stress but also to monitor the effectiveness of rainfall in replenishing soil water to avoid over irrigation. Increasing water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance in cotton is highly valuable to U.S. and world agriculture. Screening cotton varieties for water use efficiency would help growers to maintain or increase crop production with less water.
Publications
- Han, Y. J., A. Khalilian, T. O. Owino, H. J. Farahani, and S. Moore. 2009. Development of Clemson Lateral Variable-Rate Irrigation System. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 68(1)108-113. Bellamy, C., A. Khalilian, H. Farahani, C. Privette, and W. Henderson. 2009. Sensor Based Soil Water & Crop Monitoring in Cotton Production. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: ACTIVITIES: Tests were conducted in 2008 to compare performance of different capacitance moisture probes manufactured and installed by Sentek and AquaSpy Inc. In addition, a further aim of the trial was to test the accuracy of the "Slurry Installation" method used by these companies, side-by-side with Standard (Direct) Installation technique. Volumetric Water Content (VWC) results recorded every 30 minutes from these probes are to be compared across different treatments and with Neutron probe measurements, to determine the most suitable equipment for automated irrigation scheduling. The sensor depths chosen were: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 cm. Replicated tests were conducted to determine the water use efficiency of four cotton cultivars (DP 147 RF; DP 555 BG/RR; DP 0924 B2RF; and DP 0935 B2RF) under six irrigation regimes (0, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% of the full cotton water requirements) on three soil types. A site-specific, variable-rate LEPA irrigation system was developed for this purpose. The feasibility of utilizing plant NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for irrigation scheduling in cotton production was also investigated. Tests were conducted during 2008 to determine soil moisture content and sensing depth utilizing NASA's GPS-based sensor technology, and to determine surface ponding depth (depth of runoff) for both pervious soils (field) and impervious cover (asphalt) using GPS sensing. EVENTS: Results were presented at the 2008 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Charleston, SC; 2008 Beltwide Cotton Conferences; and local workshops and field days such as the Edisto REC Fall Field day. PRODUCTS: Equipment for variable-rate application of water for a LEPA irrigation system was developed. DISSEMINATION: Two papers were published in the Proceedings, 2008 South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Training field days and workshops were offered to farmers, county extension agents, and agricultural-related businesses. PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: Ahmad Khalilian (PI), Will Henderson, Young Han, Hamid J. Farahani, Tome Owino, Charles Privette. PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS: USDA-NRCS; Cotton Incorporated, the SC cotton Board; Irrigation companies; and local farmers. TARGET AUDIENCES: TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: One MS level graduate student is involved in this project. Training field days and workshops were offered to farmers, county extension agents, and agricultural-related businesses. Demonstration projects were conducted to familiarize stakeholders with the benefits of these technologies. Stakeholders included interested producers, county extension agents, Ag-related businesses, environmental groups, and state-level USDA-NRCS personnel. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: There were no major changes to this project
Impacts
RESULTS: The results showed that, if installed and calibrated properly, multi-sensor capacitance probes can be used to accurately measure volumetric soil water contents. Our results favor the Direct installation method. These sensors can be used for real-time site-specific irrigation scheduling. The Slurry installation method over estimated volumetric soil water contents in sandy soils of the Coastal Plains. There were strong correlations between irrigation depths applied and the seed cotton yields. There were significant differences in water use efficiency among the four cotton varieties with the DP 0924 B2RF having the highest WUE. There were good correlations between INSEY (as measured by plant NDVI) and volumetric soil water contents. Our results in 2008 showed that the space-based technology has a great potential for determining hydrologic properties of watersheds (such as soil moisture contents) in the pursuit of eliminating the source of pollution. There were strong correlations between the GPS reflectivity measurements and soil moisture contents. The GPS reflectivity increased as the soil moisture contents increased. The coefficient of correlation (R2) increased when the data for the zone 4 (heavier soil type) was eliminated. OUTCOME: Increasing water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance in cotton is highly valuable to U.S. and world agriculture. Screening cotton varieties for water use efficiency would help growers to maintain or increase crop production with less water. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) system has the potential to improve water use efficiency, energy use efficiency, and crop yields while reducing irrigation-induced runoff and subsequent adverse impacts on ground and surface water quality. Real-time, accurate, and continuous soil moisture measurements at specific depths are essential for success of VRI and automated irrigation systems. The GPS sensor technology has great potential to provide site-specific information which will enable us to determine more precisely the runoff from a given watershed, locate critical areas that contribute to non-point source (NPS) pollution, and develop better watershed management practices.
Publications
- Khalilian, A., Y.J. Han and H.J. Farahani, 2008, Site-specific irrigation management, Proceedings, 2008 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, October 14-15, 2008, Charleston, SC
- Farahani, H. J., A. Khalilian and B.W. Smith, 2008, Irrigation water management in South Carolina, trends and needs, Proceedings, 2008 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, October 14-15, 2008, Charleston, SC
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: ACTIVITIES: Tests were continued in 2007 to determine the optimum irrigation scheduling method for cotton utilizing site-specific irrigation management. The Clemson VR lateral irrigation system was used to compare five different irrigation scheduling methods. The soil electrical conductivity (EC) data was used to divide the test field into five management zones. The following treatments were applied at random to the plots of each zone: irrigation scheduling based on 1) soil moisture sensors; 2) pan evaporation data and a crop coefficient; 3) tensiometers; 4) reference evapotranspiration model (Jensen-Haise); and 5) no irrigation. The effects of various irrigation scheduling methods on water use, crop response, and yield were determined. EVENTS: Results were presented at the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; 2007 precision agriculture workshop, New Orleans, LA; 2007 Sunbelt Expo, Moultrie, GA; Field crop production and management workshop, Santee, SC; Precision Systems in
Agriculture workshop, Screven County, GA; and local field days such as the Edisto REC Fall Field day. PRODUCTS: Equipment for variable-rate application of irrigation water was developed. The systems is ready for commercial deployment and use by growers. DISSEMINATION: In order to move the innovative variable-rate irrigation technology into practical use among growers, six variable-rate irrigation systems were installed on SC farmers' center pivots in Orangeburg, Barnwell, Darlington, Bamberg, Calhoun, and Hampton counties. The farmers and their farm managers and workers were trained to generate application maps, yield maps, and operate VRI equipment.
PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUALS: Ahmad Khalilian, Will Henderson, Young Han, Tom Owino Ag & Bio Engineering Department, Clemson University. PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS: USDA-NRCS; Cotton Incorporated; the SC cotton Board; Monsanto Company; & the University of Georgia. TRAINING OR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Training field days and workshops were offered to farmers, county extension agents, and agricultural-related businesses.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Since the benefits of innovative tools and technologies, such as variable-rate irrigation, are very much site-specific, aggressive demonstration projects were conducted to familiarize stakeholders with the benefits of these technologies. Stakeholders included interested producers, county extension agents, vocational agriculture teachers, landowners, general citizenry, business community (especially Ag-related businesses), environmental groups, and state-level USDA-NRCS personnel. Policymakers included elected officials and staff (local/state), local/regional/state planning groups, and state regulatory agencies.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: There were no major changes to this project
Impacts
RESULTS: The soil moisture-based treatments significantly increased seed cotton yields compare to the ET-based treatments. Moisture-based treatments applied significantly more water than ET-based treatment. The irrigation depth applied was a significant factor affecting the seed cotton yields. Soil moisture sensors can be used successfully for site-specific irrigation scheduling in production fields. However, since the ET-based models provide irrigation depths independent of the soil variations, they are not suitable for site-specific irrigation management. OUTCOME: High production costs and low cotton prices make it more important for our growers to reduce crop inputs and maximize yields. Crops in the Southern United States are generally produced in fields which are known to have a high degree of variability in soil type and other major factors which affect crop production. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) technology is a relatively new concept in agriculture which
applies irrigation water to match the needs of individual management zones within a field. Innovative irrigation practices that use the latest technology for irrigation scheduling, will result in high water use efficiency and higher crop yields.
Publications
- Khalilian, A., Will Henderson, Young Han, Tom Owino, and Burhan Niyazi. 2007. Scheduling site-specific irrigation for cotton production using a linear move system. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceeding.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Tests were conducted in 2006 to determine the optimum irrigation scheduling method for cotton utilizing site-specific irrigation management. A variable rate linear-move sprinkler irrigation system was used to compare five different irrigation scheduling methods. The soil electrical conductivity (EC) data was used to divide the test field into five management zones. The following treatments were applied at random to the plots of each zone: irrigation scheduling based on 1) soil moisture sensors; 2) pan evaporation data and a crop coefficient; 3) tensiometers; 4) reference evapotranspiration model (Jensen-Haise); and 5) no irrigation. The soil moisture-based treatments (tensiometer and TDT sensors) significantly increased seed cotton yields compare to the ET-based treatments (pan & NOAA). All irrigated plots yielded significantly higher then the non-irrigated plots. Moisture-based treatments applied significantly more water than ET-based treatment. The irrigation depth
applied was a significant factor affecting the seed cotton yields. It was found that soil moisture sensors and tensiometers can be used successfully for site-specific irrigation scheduling in production fields. However, since the evaporation pan and ET models provide irrigation depths independent of the soil variations, it is not suitable for site-specific irrigation management. In order to move this innovative technology into practical use among growers, in 2006, three VRI systems were installed on farmers' center pivots in SC.
Impacts
Crops in the Southern United States are generally produced in fields which are known to have a high degree of variability in soil type and other major factors which affect crop production. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) technology is a relatively new concept in agriculture which applies irrigation water to match the needs of individual management zones within a field. It can lead to substantial water conservation while increasing crop yields. High production costs and low cotton prices make it more important for our growers to maximize yields. There is no published information on optimum irrigation scheduling method in cotton production for site-specific irrigation management. Nor is there a standard procedure to schedule irrigation based on the field's spatial variability. Innovative irrigation practices that use the latest technology for irrigation scheduling, will result in high water use efficiency and higher crop yields.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
A variable-rate irrigation (VRI) system was developed for site-specific application of water by modifying a 250-ft existing lateral irrigation system. This system can control each individual sprinkler or a group of sprinklers. All sprinklers are equipped with air-actuated water control valves. The air-actuated valves in each group are controlled by a solenoid valve and pressurized air is supplied using an air compressor and a reservoir tank. A solid-state relay board controlled by a laptop computer cycles the sprinklers (on or off) to adjust the rate of irrigation water in each section and also varies the speed of the lateral system. A map-based computer program controls the amount of water applied in each section based on irrigation requirements. A GPS receiver is used to determine the position of the lateral irrigation system in the field. Variable-rate speed control system allows the lateral irrigation system to move quickly over wet spots and slow down over dry
spots. A control and data acquisition (CDA) system acquires information from various sensors and controls the rate of water application in each section accordingly. This system is able to monitor and apply water based on the actual soil moisture content, pan evaporation data, or the U.S. Climate Reference Network (CRN) data. Information from the moisture sensors, evaporation pan and CRN is acquired using wireless technology. The irrigation pump was retro-fitted with a variable speed drive in order to maintain constant line pressure. The variable speed drive slows the speed of the motor when line pressure increases, causing the system to produce a stable pressure throughout the system, even when 20 out of 25 nozzles are closed on the lateral system. It was found that energy savings of up to 52% can be achieved with the variable rate irrigation system. The nozzle pulsing technique to adjust irrigation rate worked very well. The average water application rate error was less than 2%.
There was a strong correlation between soil electrical conductivity (EC) and soil water holding capacity. Therefore, the EC measurements could be used for irrigation scheduling decisions.
Impacts
Crops in the Southern United States are generally produced in fields which are known to have a high degree of variability in soil type and other major factors which affect crop production. Therefore, conventional uniform-rate overhead irrigation systems tend to over-apply or under-apply water to the crop. VRI is an innovative technology that enables an overhead irrigation system to match field variability with an appropriately variable irrigation application, differentially applying irrigation water to match the needs of individual management zones within a field. It can lead to substantial water conservation while increasing crop yields.
Publications
- Khalilian, A., Young Han, Sam Moore, Tom Owino, and Burhan Niyazi. 2005. Variable-rate lateral irrigation system. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceeding.
- Moore, S, Young Han, A. Khalilian, Tom Owino, and Burhan Niyazi. 2005. Instrumentation for variable-rate lateral irrigation system. ASAE Technical Paper No. 05-2184, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Project began October 1, 2004. No accomplishments to date.
Impacts
No accomplishments to date.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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