Multi-state Evaluation of Winegrape Cultivars and Clones

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
203	1131	1020	30%
203	1131	1060	70%

Progress 09/11/14 to 12/31/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Iowa, Midwest and northern climate grape growers; viticulture research and extension community. Cooperating growers have gained a better understanding of training systems and for performing the various vineyard practices. At field days, participants viewed how the cultivar and selections performed in the trials, and sample wines made from some of the selections. At a Northern Grapes viticulture field day, participants got to see how the three cultivars performed on the different training systems, how the combinations of canopy management practices changed the exposure of grape clusters to sunlight, and what grapevines looked like under different cropping levels. Changes/Problems: The SCRI Northern Grapes Project was funded for two years on the provision that it could be funded for an addition three years with the passage of a new Farm Bill. Due to a severe spring freeze in 2012, studies on crop load management on Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapevines could not be initiated, canopy management practices could not be undertaken on Marquette grapevines, and 2012 was a conversion year for the training system studies. Additional years are needed to fully assess the influence of these vineyard management practices on fruit quality of northern grape cultivars. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Four graduate students and 12 undergraduate students have gained experience and knowledge on vineyard cultural practices and in conducting field research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results from these studies and related studies have were disseminated to communities of interest through 23 printed and web-based progress reports, 7 regional research committee state reports; 2 thesis, and one non-thesis creative component that has been published and translated into 2 foreign languages; 2 abstracts, one extension publication, 7 web-based extension aids and 3 newsletter articles; 17 in-state, 9 out-of-state and one international presentation reaching over 2,900 participants; and 23 field days attended by over 1,700 participants. From the vineyard nutrition survey, cooperating growers were consulted and have undertaken measures to improve the nutritional status of their vineyards. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Work continues on a multi-state winegrape cultivar trial established at two sites (ISU Horticulture Research Station [HRS], Ames; and Tabor Home Vineyards [THV], Baldwin, under “very cold” dormant season, “warm” growing season conditions to evaluating the performance of 10 cultivars and selections [Corot noir, La Crescent, Marquette, Petit Ami™, NY 95.0301-01 (Arandell), MN-1189, MN-1200, MN-1220, MN-1235, MN-1258] with Frontenac and St. Croix serving as controls. Grape cultivar by management system trial established in 2002 at two sites evaluating the performance of 15 cultivars (Maréchal Foch, Frontenac, Cynthiana, St. Croix, Chambourcin, Seyval Blanc La Crosse, Vignoles, Traminette, Edelweiss, Marquis, Vanessa, Reliance, Mars, Jupiter) under three management systems; and a winegrape cultivar trial established in 2003 at four sites evaluating the performance of 20 cultivars [GR-7 (Geneva Red), NY73.136.17 (Noiret) , NY76.0844.24 (Aromella), NY84.0101.04, NY70.0809.10 (Corot noir), La Crescent, Prairie Star, Cayuga White, Chancellor, De Chaunac, Esprit, Landot 4511, Leon Millot, St. Vincent, Vidal Blanc, Frontenac Gris, Brianna, MN-1211 (Marquette), MN-1198, Swenson White) were terminated at the end of the 2010 growing season. As part of the USDA-NIFA SCRI Northern Grapes Project, studies were undertaken in commercial vineyards to determine if cultural and vineyard nutrition practices could improve fruit quality and winemaking potential of Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapes under Iowa growing conditions. These studies include the evaluation single and divide canopy training systems, canopy management practices to improve light distribution, and crop load management. Results and Accomplishments: On a soil with a relatively high organic matter content, grapevines under a straw mulch management system for weed control exhibited greater winter injury and incidence of crown gall than vines under an herbicide strip management system. Mulching delayed the release on nitrogen from the soil organic matter and delayed the fall acclimation of the vines. Early fall freezes were just as devastating as low mid-winter freezes in contributing to cane die-back and poor primary bud survival on moderately hardy grape cultivars. Frontenac, Frontenac gris, St. Croix, Seyval blanc, La Crescent Traminette and St. Vincent grapevines were relatively tolerant to 2,4-D herbicide drift, but were very susceptible to dicamba herbicide drift. Vanessa, Cynthiana, Esprit, Swenson White and Aromella were very susceptible to both 2,4-D and dicamba. Based on vine survival and productivity, Frontenac, St. Croix, La Crosse, Mars, Geneva Red, Edelweiss, Brianna, La Crescent, Esprit, Frontenac gris, Marquette, Maréchal Foch, Leon Millot and Swenson White are adapted throughout Iowa, while Seyval blanc, Traminette, Vignoles, Vidal blanc, Cayuga White, Corot noir, Noiret, Chancellor and Landot 4511 are better suited for southern Iowa. Due to late fruit maturation, Cynthiana, Chambourcin and St. Vincent are not well adapted to Iowa. Because of poor berry set when rain occurs during bloom, Prairie Star is not recommended for Iowa. Because of an early bud-break, Marquette, La Crescent, Maréchal Foch, Edelweiss and Geneva Red are prone to spring frosts. The performance of Marquette grapevines appears to be site specific and related to the soil pH and Mg antagonism of K uptake. A pot culture study found that the inhibition of K uptake is a potential problem on soils with an available K/Mg ratio below 0.30, and adding K alone was sufficient for overcoming the problem. A study evaluating changes in the winter cold hardiness of Frontenac and Seyval blanc grapes, identified 4 proteins having a high association with increased freezing tolerance in grapevines. These proteins could serve in initial screening for cold resistance in grape breeding programs. Based on late cane maturation, extreme susceptibility to growth regulator herbicide drift and low productivity, the newly released Aromella is not well adapted to the Midwest. Based on vine mortality, establishment and very high susceptibility of glyphosate herbicide, the newly released Arandell is not adapted to the upper Midwest. Study evaluating all combinations of non-count shoot thinning, lateral shoot removal in the fruiting zone, and shoot positioning on Frontenac and La Crescent grapevines found that for the time required to perform the practices, lateral shoot removal alone was as effective in improving light exposure in the grapevine canopy as any of the combination treatments in 2012. With a reduced crop and very warm growing conditions, few differences in fruit quality were evident between treatments. The study was repeated in 2013 with Marquette grapevines being included. In 2012, soil samples and petiole and leaf blade samples were collect at bloom, 4 weeks after bloom and at veraison from Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapevines growing in commercial vineyards representing four different soil types commonly found in Iowa. Leaf and petiole sampling was repeated in 2013. Iowa soils were characteristically very high to excessively high in calcium and magnesium and low in boron. In both years, petiole sampling at veraison was more effective in identifying nutrient shortages and excesses than sampling at bloom. Test wines to evaluate the character of the grapes were made from the 2012 crop of six selections being grown at THV and were tasted by participants at two field days. When judged using the UC Davis 20-point wine organoleptic evaluation score sheet, average scores for most of the wines were in the “standard” range.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2007 Citation: Domoto, P. Evaluating Grape Cultivars for a Cold Climate. Univ. of Vermont 2007 Grape Workshop and Vineyard Tour, Burlington, VT, 29 Aug 2007 (70 attendees) http://pss.uvm.edu/grape/Horticulture/ColdHardyGrapeEval.pdf
Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2008 Citation: Smiley, L.A. 2008. A review of cold climate grape cultivars, Masters of Agriculture creative component, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2008 Citation: Smiley, L.A., Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Miller, W.W. 2008. A Review of Cold Climate Grape Cultivars. ISU Extension Viticulture Home Page http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/cultivars/cultivars.html. Polish translation: http://lichtprofi.de/blog/zimne-odmiany-klimat Czech translation: http://www.autoteilexxl.de/edu/?p=318
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2009 Citation: Domoto, P. Testing new cold hardy grape varieties in Iowa, USA. 2nd International Symposium on Northern Viticulture, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, 9 Nov 2009 (200 attendees) http://vitinord2009.vitinord.info/files/AnL13h15_1-Paul%20Domoto_Cold%20Hardy%20Var%20testing.IA.pdf
Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2009 Citation: Goldsmith, Lee H.T. 2009. Freezing tolerance and dehydrin protein expression in Frontenac and Seyval blanc grapevine bark and xylem cane tissue during acclimation, midwinter, and deacclimation. MS Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11039/
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2009 Citation: Goldsmith, Lee H.T., Nonnecke, G.R., Domoto, P.A. and Arora, R. 2009. Frontenac bark and xylem tissue retain greater freezing tolerance than Seyval blanc. Abstract, ASEV-Eastern Section 34th Annual Meeting, Painville, OH, 20-22 July 2009 http://www.ajevonline.org/content/60/4/550A.full.pdf
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2010 Citation: Domoto, P. Preliminary Results of Iowa Multi-site Variety Trials. Minnesota Grape Growers Assoc., Cold Climate Grape Conference, Minneapolis, MN, 12 Feb 2010 (200 attendees)
Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2011 Citation: Hannan, Joseph M. 2011. Potassium-magnesium antagonism in high magnesium vineyard soils. MS Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12096/
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Domoto, P. Viticulture: addressing climate, soils, nutrition, pest management to achieve consistent quality. Northern Grapes Project Symposium, St. Paul, MN, 23 Feb 2012 (200 attendees) http://northerngrapesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Viticulture-Addressing-Climate-Soils-Nutrition-Pest-Management-to-Achieve-Consistent-Quality.pdf
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Domoto, P. An Early Assessment of Frost Injury on Grapes, ISU Wine-Growers News #196, 14 April 2012 http://www.extension.iastate.edu/wine/growersnews/196-april-14-2012#Early
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2007 Citation: Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, D. Portz, L. Smiley, B. Havlovic, N. Howell, K. Pecinovsky, K. VanDee and J. Hannan. 2008. Wine Grape Cultivar Trial Performance in 2007. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2006 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF06-36:39-45; Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF06-12; Muscatine Island R&D Farm, ISRF07-20; Northeast R&D Farm, ISRF06-13; and Southeast R&D Farm, ISRF06-34. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/winegrapecultivar07.pdf.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2005 Citation: Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, B. Havlovic, K. Pecinovsky, and K. VanDee. 2005. 2003 Wine grape cultivar trial. Annual Fruit/Vegetable Progress Report 2004. ISU Ext., FG-601:19-24, and Annual Progress Reports for the ISU Armstrong, Northeast and Southeast R&D Farms. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/grapetrial03.pdf.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2005 Citation: Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, and B. Havlovic. 2005. 2002 Leopold grape cultivar by management system trial. Annual Fruit/Vegetable Progress Report 2004. ISU Ext., FG-601:25-29, and Annual Progress Report for the ISU Armstrong R&D Farm. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/grapeleo04report.pdf.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2006 Citation: Domoto, P., and G. Nonnecke. 2006. 2002 Leopold grape cultivar by management system trial. Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2005, ISRF05-36:46-49, and Annual Progress Report for the ISU Armstrong R&D Farm. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/leopoldgrapecultivar05.pdf.
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2006 Citation: Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, B. Havlovic, K. Pecinovsky, and K. VanDee. 2006. 2003 wine grape cultivar trial. Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2005, ISRF05-36:50-54, and Annual Progress Reports for the ISU Armstrong, Northeast and Southeast R&D Farms. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/winegrapecultivar05.pdf.
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2006 Citation: Domoto, P. "Evaluating Cold Climate Cultivars". Minnesota Grape Growers Assoc. Cold Climate Grape Conference, Rochester, MN, 4 Feb 2006 (300 attendees).

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Iowa, Midwest and northern climate grape growers; viticulture research and extension community. Changes/Problems: The SCRI Northern Grapes Project was funded for two years on the provision that it could be funded for an addition three years with the passage of a new Farm Bill. Due to a severe spring freeze in 2012, studies on crop load management on Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapevines could not be initiated, canopy management practices could not be undertaken on Marquette grapevines, and 2012 was a conversion year for the training system studies. Additional years are needed to fully assess the influence of these vineyard management practices on fruit quality of northern grape cultivars. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One graduate student and 4 undergraduate students employed during the summer gained experience in vineyard management practices, experimental design and collection of research data. At two field days, participants viewed how the cultivar and selections performed in the trials, and sampled wines made from some of the selections. At a Northern Grapes viticulture field day, participants got to see how the three cultivars performed on the different training systems, how the combinations of canopy management practices changed the exposure of grape clusters to sunlight, and what grapevines looked like under different cropping levels. Cooperating growers have gained a better understanding of training systems and for performing the various vineyard practices. At field days, participants viewed how the cultivar and selections performed in the trials. At a Northern Grapes viticulture field day, participants got to see how the three cultivars performed on the different training systems, how the combinations of canopy management practices changed the exposure of grape clusters to sunlight, and what grapevines looked like under different cropping levels. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results from the trials were disseminated to communities of interest through 2 printed and web-based progress reports, one abstract, a regional research committee state report, 2 newsletter articles, 2 invited presentations with 320 participants, a webinar with 123 on-line participants, 3 field days with 173 participants, and contribution to the Northern Grapes Project progress report. From the vineyard nutrition survey, cooperating growers were consulted and have undertaken measures to improve the nutritional status of their vineyards. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue current NE-1020 grape cultivar trials. Attempt to maintain the vineyard training systems plots in hopes that a Farm Bill is passed and the Northern Grapes Project can be funded for its final three years.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Work continues in the multi-state evaluation of 12 cold hardy wine grape cultivars established in 2008 at the ISU Horticulture Research Station (HRS), Ames, and Tabor Home Vineyards (THV), Baldwin under “very cold” dormant season, “warm” growing season conditions. As part of the USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) Northern Grapes Project, studies were initiated to determine if cultural and vineyard nutrition practices could improve fruit quality and winemaking potential of Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapes under Iowa growing conditions. These studies include the evaluation of single and divide canopy training systems, canopy management practices to improve light distribution, and crop load management. Vineyards in eastern, central, southern, and western Iowa representing different soil types were surveyed for nutritional status through soil sampling, and leaf and petiole sampling. Beginning during the 2012 growing season and persisting into the winter, vines were exposed to drought conditions rated “severe” at HRS and “moderate” at THV. Vines were exposed to minimum winter temperatures on 1 February of -22.0 C at THV, and -22.6 C at HRS with a minimum soil temperature of -10.6 C recorded at 10 cm depth on the same date. In the spring, there was considerable cane die-back and pruning weights were low at both sites. Following bud break at HRS, shoot growth was stunted in portions of the plot and excavation of roots showed that many of shallower roots were dead. Post-bloom cluster counts per shoot were lower than normal and could be attributed to summer drought conditions and abortion of clusters associated with the root injury stress. Drought conditions that developed midseason at HRS significantly delayed periderm formation on Petit Ami shoots. With the exception of St. Croix, yields per vine were below normal and could be attributed to lower cluster counts per shoot and rain on three occasions during bloom that reduced berry set. Test wines to evaluate the character of three white (MN1220, Petit Ami, NY95.0300.01) and three red (MN1200, MN1235, MN1258) grapes were made from the 2012 crop being grown at THV and were tasted by participants at two field days. When judged using the UC Davis 20-point wine organoleptic evaluation score sheet, average scores for most of the wines were in the “standard” range. A study evaluating all combinations of non-count shoot thinning, lateral shoot removal in the fruiting zone, and shoot positioning on Frontenac and La Crescent grapevines trained to a high wire cordon found that for the time required to perform the practices, lateral shoot removal alone was as effective in improving light exposure in the grapevine canopy as all the combination treatments in 2012. With a reduced crop and very warm growing conditions, few differences in fruit quality were evident between treatments. The study was repeated in 2013 with Marquette grapevines being included. In 2012, soil samples and petiole and leaf blade samples were collect at bloom, 4 weeks after bloom and at veraison from Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapevines growing in commercial vineyards representing four different soil types commonly found in Iowa. Leaf and petiole sampling was repeated in 2013. The soils were characteristically very high to excessively high in calcium and magnesium and low in boron. In both years, petiole sampling at veraison was more effective in identifying nutrient shortages and excesses than sampling at bloom. Cooperating growers have undertaken measures to improve the nutritional status of their vineyards.

Publications

Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Tabor, P. and Riesselman, L. 2013. Cold hardy wine grape cultivar trial. Ann. Prog. Rept. 2012 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF12-36:51-52 http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/2012%20Farm%20Reports/Hort/ColdHardyWine.pdf
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rolfes, D., Nonnecke, G. and Domoto, P. 2013. Canopy Management Practices and Light Interception of Northern Grape Cultivars. Ann. Prog. Rept. 2012 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF12-36:53-54. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/2012%20Farm%20Reports/Hort/CanopyManagement.pdf
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rolfes, D., Nonnecke, G. R. and Domoto, P. 2013. The Effects of canopy management strategies on fruit quality of 'Frontenac' and 'La Crescent' grapes in Central Iowa vineyards. Poster abstract, ASEV-EV Conference, 15-18 July, Winston-Salem, NC. http://www.asev-es.org/pdf/2013%20%20Program%20ASEV-ES%20full.pdf
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Domoto, P. Performance of recently released New York grape cultivars in Iowa trials: Aromella. ISU Wine-Growers News #250, Aug. 3, 2013. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/wine/growersnews/250-august-3-2013#Perform
Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Domoto, P. Performance of recently released New York grape cultivars in Iowa trials: Arandell. ISU Wine-Growers News #251, Aug. 27, 2013. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/wine/growersnews/251-august-27-2013#Perform
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Domoto, P. Performance of Marquette, Frontenac, and La Crescent in Northern Grapes Project Viticulture Trials. Viticulture 2013, Northern Grapes Symposium, Rochester, NY, 6 Feb 2013. (120 attendees). http://northerngrapesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Domoto-vit-2013.pdf
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2013 Citation: Domoto, P. Northern Grapes Training Systems and Canopy Management Studies to Improve Fruit Quality. Minnesota Grape Growers Assoc. Cold Climate Conference, St. Paul, MN, 22 Feb 2013. (200 attendees).
Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rosen, C. and Domoto, P. Vineyard Nutrition. Northern Grapes Webinar, 12 Mar 2013. (123 on-line participants) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=easAzwROKrc&list=PLGIR49aM1wm4SWL7XS-_oO9z8vaFttILl

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Work continues in the multi-state evaluation of cold hardy wine grape cultivars established in 2008 at the ISU Horticulture Research Station (HRS), Ames, and Tabor Home Vineyards (THV), Baldwin, under "very cold" dormant season, "warm" growing season conditions. Cultivars and selections being evaluated include: Corot noir, La Crescent, Marquette, Petit Ami, MN1189, MN1200, MN1220, MN1235, MN1258 and NY95.0301.01. As part of the USDA-SCRI Northern Grapes project studies were initiated to determine if cultural and vineyard nutrition practices can improve fruit quality and winemaking potential of Marquette, Frontenac, and La Crescent grapes under Iowa growing conditions. These studies include the evaluation of single and divide canopy training systems, canopy management practices to improve light distribution, and crop load management. Vineyards in eastern, central, southern, and western Iowa representing different soil types were surveyed for nutritional status through soil sampling, and leaf and petiole sampling. Results from the cultivar trials were disseminated to communities of interest through a printed and web-based progress report, regional research committee state report, newsletter article, presentation, and field day. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Domoto, P.A., PI; Nonnecke, G.R., PI; Reitmeier, C.A., Co-PI; Wilson, L.A., Co-PI; Howell, N.P., Research farm superintendent; Riesselman, L.B., Ag specialist. Partner Organizations: Iowa Wine Growers Association; Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute. Collaborators and contacts: Tabor, P., Tabor Home Vineyards & Winery, Baldwin, IA; Larson, J. & D., Snus Hill Winery, Madrid, IA; James, B., Hickory Creek Vineyard, Adel, IA; Olson, S., Penoach Vineyard & Winery, Adel, IA; Wersen, B., Tassel Ridge Winery, Leighton, IA; Cushman, D.W., Park Farm Winery, Bangston, IA; Caldwell, C., Black Squirrel Vineyard, Council Bluffs, IA; Ah Sam, R., Blackwing Vineyards, Glenwood, IA. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target Audiences: Iowa and Midwest grape growers; Viticulture research and extension community. Efforts: 1 general audience research progress reports; 1 regional research committee state report; 1 newsletter article; 1 presentation; 1 field day. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Studies to evaluate the influence of all combinations of shoot thinning, lateral shoot removal and shoot positioning on the quality Marquette grapes, and the influence of crop load on the quality of Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapes had to be delayed a year because of freeze injury that occurred during the period of shoot emergence.

Impacts
Although the 2011-12 winter was considered mild, potentially stressful freeze occurred on 21 Jan (-22 C) at HRS, while at THV was -19 C on 14, 15 and 20 Jan. No additional vine mortality occurred at either site and primary bud injury was minimal at HRS. Based upon cumulative vine mortality, pruning weights and length of established cordon, vines are performing better at HRS than at THV. Following an unusually warm March and very early bud break, the vines were exposed to -6.4 C at HRS and -2.8 C at THV on 11 Apr. At HRS, bud development ranged from first swell to third leaf with Marquette, MN-1235 and La Crescent being the most advanced. Marquette and NY95.0301-01 vines had the highest mortality of primary shoots while MN-1258 and Frontenac had the lowest mortality. At THV, injury was not as severe, although Marquette vines had the highest mortality of primary shoots. At HRS, a combination of low yields and unusually warm growing conditions contributed to favorable harvest indices for northern hybrid cultivars. Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette vines in commercial vineyards were converted from a single curtain bi-lateral cordon to Geneva double curtain, mid-wire cordon with catch wires and Scott-Henry training systems to begin evaluating in 2013. Study to evaluate the influence of all combinations of shoot thinning, lateral shoot removal and shoot positioning on grape quality and cost benefit was conducted on Frontenac and La Crescent vines in commercial vineyards. Because of severe injury from the 11 Apr freeze the study could not be conducted on Marquette vines, and the study to evaluate the influence of crop load on quality of Frontenac, La Crescent and Marquette grapes had to be delayed a year. Drought conditions that persisted through the growing season appear to have affected nutrient uptake by the vines. With the rapidly expanding wine grape industry in Iowa, cultivar testing is needed to identify cultivars best adapted to the various regional growing conditions, and to identify those cultivars that are best suited for making wine. Training systems and cultural practices that improve the wine making potential of cold hardy northern hybrid based upon V. riparia need to be identified. These planting have allowed growers of observe cultivar characteristics for growth, vigor and pest tolerance. With vineyard establishment costs of over $6,000 per acre, grape growers cannot risk investing in non-adapted cultivars or improper training system. For high quality grapes, growers need to follow the most cost-efficient cultural practice and nutritional programs.

Publications

Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Tabor, P., and Portz, D. 2012. Cold hardy wine grape cultivar trial. Ann. Prog. Rept.-2011 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF11-36:32-33. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/11reports/Horticulture/ColdHardyCulti var.pdf.

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies fall under the objectives of a cooperative multi-state project undertaken to evaluate the viticulture characteristics and wine quality potential of clones of economically significant grape cultivars throughout the USA, and characterize the viticultural and wine quality potential of emerging cultivars based on regional needs. Work continues on a multi-state winegrape cultivar trial established at two sites (ISU Horticulture Research Station [HRS], Ames; and Tabor Home Vineyards [THV], Baldwin to evaluating the performance of 10 cultivars and selections (Corot noir, La Crescent, Marquette, Petit Amie, NY 95.0301-01, MN-1189, MN-1200, MN-1220, MN-1235, MN-1258) with Frontenac and St. Croix serving as controls. Grape cultivar trials established in 2002 at two sites evaluating the performance of 15 cultivars (Marechal Foch, Frontenac, Cynthiana, St.Croix, Chambourcin, Seyval Blanc La Crosse, Vignole, Traminette, Edelweiss, Marquis, Vanessa, Reliance, Mars, Jupiter); and a winegrape cultivar trial established in 2003 at four sites evaluating the performance of 20 cultivars (GR-7, NY73.136.17, NY76.0844.24, NY84.0101.04, NY70.0809.10, La Crescent, Prairie Star, Cayuga White, Chancellor, De Chaunac, Esprit, Landot 4511, Leon Millot, St. Vincent, Vidal Blanc, Frontenac Gris, Briana, MN-1211, MN-1198, Swenson White) were terminated at the end of the 2010 growing season. A study was undertaken to determine if the variable performance of Marquette grapevines was associated with the nutritional status of the soil. Results were disseminated to communities of interest through 3 printed and web-based progress reports with the intent to prepare refereed articles, one regional research committee state report, one newsletter article, one educational program, 1 workshop, 2 field days, and one thesis MS thesis. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Domoto, P.A., PI; Nonnecke, G.R., PI; Reitmeier, C.A., Co-PI; Wilson, L.A., Co-PI; Howell, N.P., Research farm superintendent; Portz, D.N., Ag specialist; Havlovic, B.J., Research farm superintendent; Riesselman, L.B., Ag specialist; VanDee, K.L., Research farm superintendent; Hannan, J.M., Ag specialist/graduate student; Pecinovsky, K.T., Research farm superintendent. Partner Organizations: Iowa Dept. of Agriculture and Land Stewardship; Iowa Grape and Wine Commission; Iowa Wine Growers Association; Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute. Collaborators and contacts: Tabor, P., Tabor Home Vineyards and Winery, Baldwin, IA. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target Audiences: Iowa and Midwest grape growers; Viticulture research and extension community. Efforts: 3 general audience research progress reports; 1 regional research committee state report; 1 MS Thesis; 1 newsletter article; 1 educational extension program; 2 field days; 1 workshop. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Termination of grape cultivar trials established in 2002 at two sites evaluating the performance of 15 cultivars (10 wine and 5 seedless table); and wine grape cultivar trials established in 2003 at four sites evaluating the performance of 20 cultivars at the end of the 2010 growing season.

Impacts
Vines in the two trials have been exposed to several low temperature events that have affected vine survival and establishment. At HRS, a 9 May 2010 freeze that occurred when emerging shoots were at the 10 to 20 cm stage of development killed most shoots to the base. During the growing season, one-year-old canes that formed the trunks exhibited injury that ranged from vertical cracks in the bark and phloem that healed to girdling and death of the trunks before or during the 2010-11 winter. The greatest injury was evident on NY95.0301.01, MN1189 and Corot noir. Following the 2010-11 winter with a minimum recorded temperature of -32 C, a high incidence of vine mortality occurred at THV with the greatest loss associated with NY 95.0301.01 and Corot noir. Based upon pruning weights and length of established cordon, vines are performing better at HRS than at THV. Vines at HRS were allowed to carry a partial crop in 2011. Average cluster weight on MN 1200 was very low. NY95.0301-01 vines were very sensitive to glyphosate when applied in the spring shortly after sucker emergence. Based on studies evaluating 30 wine grape and 5 seedless table grape cultivars and selections at four ISU research farms representing different climate and soil conditions, cultivars most suited for Iowa growing conditions included La Crosse, Frontenac, St. Croix, Brianna, La Crescent, Frontenac gris, Marquette, Swenson White, Esprit, and Mars table grape. A pot culture study was undertaken by a graduate student to assess the effects of Mg antagonism on K uptake and soil pH on the growth and nutrient uptake by Marquette and St. Croix grape vines. Based upon this study, it appears that inhibition of K uptake is a potential problem on soils with an available K/Mg ratio below 0.30, and adding K alone was sufficient for overcoming the problem. With the rapidly expanding wine grape industry in Iowa, cultivar testing is needed to identify cultivars best adapted to the various regional growing conditions, tolerant to growth regulator herbicides, and to identify those cultivars that are best suited for making wine. These plantings have allowed growers to observe cultivar characteristics for growth, vigor and pest tolerance. With vineyard establishment costs of over $6,000 per acre, grape growers cannot risk investing in non-adapted or growth regulator herbicide susceptible cultivars.

Publications

Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G, Portz, D., Riesselman, L., Havlovic, B. and Howell, N. 2011. 2002 Grape Cultivar Trial Performance. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2010 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF10-36:33-36; and Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF10-12 http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/10reports/Hort Station/GrapeCultivar.pdf.
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Hannan, J., Portz, D., Riesselman, L., Havlovic, B., Howell, N., Pecinovsky, K., and VanDee, K. 2011. 2003 Wine Grape Cultivar Trial Performance. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2010 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF10-36:37-42; Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF10-12; Muscatine Island R&D Farm, ISRF10-20; Northeast R&D Farm, ISRF10-13; and Southeast R&D Farm, ISRF10-34. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/10reports/Hort Station/WineGrapeCultivar.pdf.
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Tabor, P., Hannan, J. and Portz, D. 2011. 2008 NE 1020 cold hardy wine grape cultivar trial performance in 2010. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2010 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF10-36:43-44. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/10reports/Hort Station/2008ColdHardyWineGrape.pdf.
Thesis: Hannan, J. M. 2011. Potassium-magnesium antagonism in high magnesium vineyard soils. MS Thesis. Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: These studies fall under the objectives of a cooperative multi-state project undertaken to evaluate the viticulture characteristics and wine quality potential of clones of economically significant grape cultivars throughout the USA, and characterize the viticultural and wine quality potential of emerging cultivars based on regional needs. Work continues on a grape cultivar trial established in 2002 at two sites evaluating the performance of 15 cultivars (Marechal Foch, Frontenac, Cynthiana, St.Croix, Chambourcin, Seyval Blanc La Crosse, Vignole, Traminette, Edelweiss, Marquis, Vanessa, Reliance, Mars, Jupiter); a winegrape cultivar trial established in 2003 at four sites evaluating the performance of 20 cultivars (GR-7, NY73.136.17, NY76.0844.24, NY84.0101.04, NY70.0809.10, La Crescent, Prairie Star, Cayuga White, Chancellor, De Chaunac, Esprit, Landot 4511, Leon Millot, St. Vincent, Vidal Blanc, Frontenac Gris, Briana, MN-1211, MN-1198, Swenson White). And a multi-state winegrape cultivar trial established at two sites to evaluating the performance of 10 cultivars and selections (Corot noir, La Crescent, Marquette, Petit Amie, NY 95.0301-01, MN-1189, MN-1200, MN-1220, MN-1235, MN-1258) with Frontenac and St. Croix serving as controls. Results were disseminated to communities of interest through 7 printed and web-based progress reports with the intent to prepare refereed articles, 2 newsletter articles, weekly tracking of grape maturity posted on the ISU Viticulture Home Page http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/research.html#trackingma turity, 6 educational programs, 2 workshops and 2 field days reaching over 1,000 participants, and one thesis MS thesis. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Domoto, P.A., PI; Nonnecke, G.R., PI; Reitmeier, C.A., Co-PI; Wilson, L.A., Co-PI; Arora, R., Horticulture; Howell, N.P., Research farm superintendent; Portz, D.N., Ag specialist; Havlovic, B.J., Research farm superintendent; Riesselman, L.B., Ag specialist; VanDee, K.L., Research farm superintendent; Hannan, J.M., Ag specialist/graduate student; Pecinovsky, K.T., Research farm superintendent; Goldsmith, L., graduate student; Vos, R., graduate student; Donnor, S., assistant scientist; Carpenter, B, undergraduate student; Seeley, C., undergraduate student. Partner Organizations: Iowa Dept. of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa Grape and Wine Commission, Iowa Wine Growers Association, Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute. Collaborators and contacts: Tabor, P., Tabor Home Vineyards and Winery, Baldwin, IA. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences: Iowa and Midwest grape growers, Viticulture research and extension community. Efforts: 5 general audience research progress reports; 1 regional research committee state report; 2 newsletter articles; 5 educational extension programs; 1 invited out-of-state presentation; 2 field days; 2 workshops PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Grape cultivars being evaluated at five sites across Iowa representing different climatic conditions were exposed to a hard freeze on 10 October, winter freezes on 10 December and 2 January with minimum winter temperatures ranging from -27.8 C to -29.4 C. An unusually high incidence of bud injury and cane die-back was attributed to the October and December freezes. A 9 May frost affected vines at two sites. Yields were low at each of the sites due to bud injury and spring frost at two sites. Differences in date of bud break and tolerance to a spring frost was evident at one site. MN-1189 broke bud later than other Minnesota selections and cultivars. MN-1200, Marquette, MN-1237, and La Crescent exhibit some tolerance to spring frost. Vines at one site received minimal sprays, and anthracnose and black rot were evident. Marquette and MN-1220 exhibited susceptibility to anthracnose, while Frontenac, MN-1200 and MN-1235 exhibited susceptibility to black rot. With the rapidly expanding winegrape industry in Iowa, cultivar testing is needed to identify cultivars best adapted to the various regional growing conditions, tolerant to growth regulator herbicides, and to identify those cultivars that are best suited for making wine. These planting allow growers of observe cultivar characteristics for growth, vigor and pest tolerance. With vineyard establishment costs of over $6,000 per acre, grape growers cannot risk investing in non-adapted or growth regulator herbicide susceptible cultivars.

Publications

Goldsmith, L., Nonnecke, G.R., Domoto, P. and Arora, R. 2010. Freezing Tolerance in Frontenac and Seyval Blanc Grapevines. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2009 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF09-36:40-41. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/freezingyolerance09. pdf
Seeley, C., Nonnecke, G. and Portz, D. 2010. Effects of leaf removal on grapevine growth and fruit quality of Marechal Foch, La Crosse and Vignoles. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2009 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF09-36:50-51. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/09reports/Horticulture/EffectRemovalo fRunners.pdf
Carpenter, B., Vos, R., Nonnecke, G., Donnor, S. and Portz, D. 2010. Time of harvest and wine quality of Esprit wine grapes. Ann. Prog. Rept.-2009 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF09-36:53. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/09reports/Horticulture/TimeofHarvest. pdf
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Hannan, J., Portz, D., Riesselman, L., Havlovic, B., Howell, H., Pecinovsky, K. and VanDee, K. 2010. Wine Grape Cultivar Trial Performance in 2009. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2009 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF09-36:44-49; Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF09-12; Muscatine Island R&D Farm, ISRF09-20; Northeast R&D Farm, ISRF09-13; and Southeast R&D Farm, ISRF09-34. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/winegrapecultivar09. pdf
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Portz, D., Riesselman, L., Havlovic, B. and Howell, N. 2010. 2002 Grape Cultivar Trial Performance in 2009. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2009 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF09-36:58-61; and Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF09-12. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/grapecultivar09.pdf

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: These studies fall under the objectives of a cooperative multi-state project undertaken to evaluate the viticulture characteristics and wine quality potential of clones of economically significant grape cultivars throughout the USA, and characterize the viticultural and wine quality potential of emerging cultivars based on regional needs. The evaluation of wine grape cultivars under Iowa Climatic conditions continues through a cultivar by management system trial establishing in 2002 at two sites evaluating 15 cultivars, and a 2003 trial evaluating 20 cultivars and advanced selections established at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions. A multi-state coordinated wine grape cultivar trial evaluating trial was established at two sites in Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions to evaluate the performance of 12 new cultivars and selections was established in 2008. Results were disseminated to communities of interest through 5 printed and web-based progress reports with the intent to prepare refereed articles, 6 educational programs and 2 field days reaching over 700 participants, and one thesis MS thesis. PARTICIPANTS: Domoto, P.A., PI; Nonnecke, G.R., PI; Reitmeier, C.A., Co-PI; Wilson, L.A., Co-PI; Howell, N.P., Research farm superintendent; Portz, D.N., Ag specialist/graduate student; Havlovic, B.J., Research farm superintendent; Riesselman, L.B., Ag specialist; VanDee, K.L., Research farm superintendent; Hannan, J.M., Ag specialist/graduate student; Pecinovsky, K.T., Research farm superintendent; Goldsmith, L., graduate student; Wasko, L., graduate student. Partner Organizations: Iowa Dept. of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa Grape and Wine Commission, Iowa Wine Growers Association, Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute Collaborators and contacts: Tabor, P., Tabor Home Vineyards and Winery, Baldwin, IA. TARGET AUDIENCES: Iowa and Midwest grape growers; Viticulture research and extension community Efforts: 5 general audience research progress reports; 1 regional research committee state report; 2 newsletter articles; 5 educational extension programs; 1 invited international symposium presentation; 2 field days; One MS thesis. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Grape cultivars being evaluated at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic conditions were exposed to minimum winter temperatures ranging from -28.8 C to -33.9 C that cause bud injury and killed vines down to the ground. Cold hardy cultivars Brianna, Edelweiss, Frontenac, Frontenac gris, La Crescent, La Crosse, Marquette, Prairie Star, St. Croix and Swenson White suffered the least bud and trunk injury. All cultivars with the exception of Prairie Star produced the highest yields. Low winter temperatures and a cooler than normal growing season provide further evidence that Cynthiana, St. Vincent, Chambourcin, Seyval blanc, Vignole, Traminette, Marquis, Vanessa, Jupiter, Noiret, Corot noir, Cayuga white, Landot noir and Vidal blanc grapes are not adapted to northern regions of Iowa. A study evaluating changes in the winter cold hardiness of Frontanac and Seyval blanc grapes, identified 4 proteins having a high association with increased freezing tolerance in grapevines. These proteins could serve in initial screening for cold resistance in grape breeding programs.

Publications

Wasko, L. and Nonnecke, G. 2009. Alternative weed management strategies influence weed control and grapevine yield in an established vineyard. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2008 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:45-46. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/alternativeweedmgmt0 8.pdf
Goldsmith, L.H.T. 2009. Freezing tolerance and dehydrin protein expression in Frontenac and Seyval blanc grapevine bark and xylem cane tissues during acclimation, midwinter, and deacclimation. MS Thesis. Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Hannan, J., Portz, D., Riesselman, L., Smiley, L., Havlovic, B., Howell, N., Pecinovsky, K., and VanDee, K. 2009. Wine Grape Cultivar Trial Performance in 2008. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2008 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:30-35; Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF08-12; Muscatine Island R&D Farm, ISRF08-20; Northeast R&D Farm, ISRF08-13; and Southeast R&D Farm, ISRF08-34. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/winegrapecultivar08. pdf .
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Portz, D., Riesselman, L., Havlovic, B. and Howell, N. 2009. Grape Cultivar by Management System Trial Performance in 2008. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2008 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:36-39; and Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF08-12 http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/winegrapecultivar08. pdf.
Goldsmith, L., Nonnecke, G., Domoto, P. and Arora, R. 2009. Protein expression in cold acclimating and freezing tolerant grape cane tissue. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2008 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:43-44. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/proteinexpression08. pdf
Trepp, M., Nonnecke, G., Domoto, P. and Portz, D. 2009. Maturation of recently released cold hardy wine grape cultivars in Iowa: Corot noir, Frontenac gris, La Crescent, Marquette and Noiret. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2008 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF08-36:40-42. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/maturationcoldhardyw inegrape08.pdf

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: These studies fall under the objectives of a cooperative multi-state project undertaken to evaluate the viticulture characteristics and wine quality potential of clones of economically significant grape cultivars throughout the USA, and characterize the viticultural and wine quality potential of emerging cultivars based on regional needs. The evaluation of wine grape cultivars under Iowa climatic conditions continues through a cultivar by management system trial established in 2002 at two sites evaluating 15 cultivars, and a 2003 trial evaluating 20 cultivars and advanced selections established at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions. A multi-state coordinated wine grape cultivar trial evaluating trial was established at two sites in Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions to evaluate the performance of 12 new cultivars and selections was established in 2008. Results were disseminated to communities of interest through 2 printed and web-based progress reports with the intent to prepare refereed articles, 4 educational programs and 5field days reaching over 600 participants, and one non-thesis MS creative component that was made available on the web and as a CD. PARTICIPANTS: Domoto, P.A., PI; Nonnecke, G.R., PI; Reitmeier, C.A., Co-PI; Wilson, L.A., Co-PI; Howell, N.P., Research farm superintendent; Portz, D.N., Ag specialist & graduate student; Havlovic, B.J., Research farm superintendent; Riesselman, L.B., Ag specialist; VanDee, K.L., Research farm superintendent; Hannan, J.M., Ag specialist & graduate student; Pecinovsky, K.T., Research farm superintendent; Smiley, L.A., graduate student & farm tech; Goldsmith, L., graduate student. Partner Organizations: Iowa Dept. of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa Grape and Wine Commission, Iowa Wine Growers Association, Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute. Collaborators and contacts: Tabor, P., Tabor Home Vineyards and Winery, Baldwin, IA. TARGET AUDIENCES: Iowa and Midwest grape growers, Viticulture research and extension community Efforts: 2 general audience research progress reports, 1 regional research committee state report, 3 newsletter articles, 4 educational extension programs, 5 field days, One non-thesis MS creative component made available on the web and as an extension CD publication. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Grape cultivars being evaluated at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic conditions were exposed to minimum winter temperatures ranging from -24.4 C to -30.5 C. Severity of bud injury within cultivars was closely related to minimum temperature buds were exposed to and the frequency of exposures to temperatures below -23.3 C. Between cultivars, the severity of injury was closely associated with the minimum temperature and relative cold hardiness classification of the cultivar. These results emphasize the importance of selecting cultivars that are adapted to the different climatic regions of Iowa. Based upon productivity, La Crosse, Frontenac, St. Croix, Brianna, Prairie Star, GR-7, La Crescent, Esprit and Mars appear suited for all regions of Iowa, while Corot noir, Noiret and Cayuga White are only suited for southern regions. The 2008 growing season was delayed and cooler than normal. Under these conditions, crop load was a significant factor contributing to delays in harvest between sites. Based upon the accumulation of heat units, it may be necessary to re-adjust the crop load following veraison.

Publications

Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Portz, D., Smiley, L., Havlovic, B., Howell, N., Pecinovsky, K., VanDee, K., Hannan, J. 2008. Wine Grape Cultivar Trial Performance in 2007. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2006 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF06-36:39-45; Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF06-12; Muscatine Island R&D Farm, ISRF07-20; Northeast R&D Farm, ISRF06-13; and Southeast R&D Farm, ISRF06-34. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/winegrapecultivar07. pdf.
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Portz, D., Havlovic, B, Howell, N. 2008. Grape Cultivar by Management System Trial Performance in 2007. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2007 for Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF07-36:35-38; and Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF06-12 http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/research/pdf/leopoldgrapecultivar 07.pdf.
Smiley, L.A., Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Miller, W.W. 2008. A Review of Cold Climate Grape Cultivars. ISU Extension Viticulture Home Page http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/cultivars/cultivars.html.
Smiley, L.A., Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Miller, W.W. 2008. A Review of Cold Climate Grape Cultivars. ISU Extension, EDC 0383.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
These studies fall under the objectives of a cooperative multi-state project undertaken to evaluate the viticulture characteristics and wine quality potential of clones of economically significant grape cultivars throughout the USA, and characterize the viticultural and wine quality potential of emerging cultivars based on regional needs. The evaluation of wine grape cultivars under Iowa Climatic conditions continues through a cultivar by management system trial establishing in 2002 at two sites evaluating 15 cultivars, and a 2003 trial evaluating 20 cultivars and advanced selections established at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions. Results are being disseminated to communities of interest through printed and web-based progress reports with the intent to prepare refereed articles, educational programs and field days reaching over 800 participants.

Impacts
Mid-January and early April freezes injured buds at each of the planting sites and affected fruit yields. Mid-January freeze injury was closely related to cultivar hardiness rankings while the April freeze injury was closely related to earliness of bud break. Grapevines at three of the sites were exposed to growth regulator herbicide drift early in the season and express symptoms similar to dicamba injury. Injury was severe on La Crescent, Frontenac, Frontenac Gris, Seyval Blanc and La Crosse which had exhibited good tolerance to mid- to late-summer exposure to phenoxy herbicides. Other cultivars exhibiting high susceptibility of growth regulator herbicides included Marechal Foch, Cynthiana, Vanessa, Leon Millot, NY76, Swenson White, and Esprit. With the rapidly expanding wine grape industry in Iowa, cultivar testing is needed to identify cultivars best adapted to the regional growing conditions, tolerant to growth regulator herbicides, and to identify those cultivars that are best suited for making wine. With vineyard establishment costs of over $5,600 per acre, grape growers can not risk investing in non adapted or growth regulator susceptible cultivars.

Publications

Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Portz, D., Smiley, L., Havlovic,B., Howell, N., Pecinovsky, K., VanDee, K. and. Hannan, J. 2007. Wine Grape Cultivar Trial Performance in 2006. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2006 ISU Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF06-36:30-35; ISU Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF06-12; ISU Muscatine Island R&D Farm, ISRF06-20; ISU Northeast R&D Farm, ISRF06-13; and ISU Southeast R&D Farm, ISRF06-34. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/reports06.php.
Domoto, P., Nonnecke, G., Portz, D. and Havlovic, B. 2007. Grape Cultivar by Management System Trial Performance in 2006. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2006 ISU Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF06-36:36-39; and ISU Armstrong R&D Farm, ISRF06-12. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/reports06.php.
Wasko, L., Nonnecke, G. and Domoto, P. 2007. Influence of Vineyard Management Practices and Cultivar on Grape Berry Properties. Ann. Prog. Rept. - 2006 ISU Hort. Res. Sta., ISRF06-36:40-43. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/farms/reports06.php.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
The evaluation of wine grape cultivars adapted to Iowa continues in two state initiated studies. A cultivar by management system trial established in 2002 at two sites evaluating 15 cultivars, and a trial evaluating 20 cultivars and advanced selections established at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions. In the 2002 study, vines at the central Iowa site have been exposed to lower winter temperatures than at the western Iowa site. Traminette, Chambroucin, Seyval Blanc, Marquis and Jupiter which are considered moderately hardy, are performing better at the western Iowa site. At both sites, Frontenac, La Crosse, St. Croix and Mars have been the most productive. In the 2003 trial, differences in vine development and productivity existed between sites. The western Iowa site was exposed to the mildest winter temperatures and had the most well developed and productive vines.

Impacts
With the increased interest and visibility of grape and wine production during the last five years in Iowa, there is a need to get information to clients. With such a young industry in Iowa, the educational, technical and social networks for producers and processors needs to become established. Grapes are a high maintenance and high-value crop. In Iowa, a ton of quality grapes can be sold to a winery for more than $1,000 per ton, however, the wine from that same ton of grapes may be valued at nearly $7,000. Establishing and operating a successful vineyard requires a substantial capital investment as well as sound management decisions from the initial planning stages through the sale or use of the harvested crop. In 2005, with support from the Leopold Center, three downloadable, interactive workbooks were built using Microsoft Office Excel 2003 based upon the high trellis, single curtain, bi-lateral cordon; vertical shoot positioning (VSP); and the Geneva double curtain training systems. Each workbook contains options for vine spacing, row length, post spacing, end-post anchoring, alternative cultural practices and allow users to change the cost of various materials, labor, crop yield and crop value. Since going online in October 2005, the workbooks have been downloaded 3,371 times. In so many hands, the workbooks are serving their purpose as educational tools and are allowing potential growers to develop sounder business plans. In 2006, there were an estimated 325 vineyards in Iowa.

Publications

Domoto, P., and G. Nonnecke. 2006. 2002 Leopold grape cultivar by management system trial. Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Prog. Rept. 2006, ISRF05-36:46-49, and Annual Progress Report for the ISU Armstrong R&D Farm.
Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, B. Havlovic, K. Pecinovsky, and K. VanDee. 2006. 2003 wine grape cultivar trial. Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Prog. Rept. 2006, ISRF05-36:50-54, and Annual Progress Reports for the ISU Armstrong, Northeast and Southeast R&D Farms.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
The evaluation of wine grape cultivars adapted to Iowa continues in two state initiated studies. A cultivar by management system trial establishing in 2002 at two sites evaluating 15 cultivars, and a cultivar trial evaluating 20 cultivars and advanced selections established at four sites across Iowa representing different climatic and soil conditions. In the 2002 study, low winter temperature and spring frost at bud break reduced primary bud counts and fruit yield per vine at the central Iowa site but not at the western Iowa site. At the central Iowa site, significant trunk injury and crown gall occurred on Chambourcin, Vignole, Traminette and Seyval Blanc vines. In the 2003 trial, vines at the central and northeast Iowa sites which recorded the lowest winter temperatures exhibited the greatest trunk injury. Among cultivars established in 2003, NY84.0101.04 and Vidal Blanc exhibited the greatest injury.

Impacts
With the rapidly expanding wine grape industry in Iowa, cultivar testing is needed to identify cultivars best adapted to the regional growing conditions and identify those cultivars that are best suited for making wine under those conditions. With vineyard establishment costs of over $5,600 per acre, grape growers can not risk investing in non adapted cultivars.

Publications

Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, and B. Havlovic. 2005. 2002 Leopold grape cultivar by management system trial. Annual Fruit/Vegetable Progress Report 2004. ISU Ext., FG-601:25-29, and Annual Progress Report for the ISU Armstrong R&D Farm.
Domoto, Paul, and Craig Tordsen. 2005. Vineyard Feasibility Workbooks. ISU Ext. Ag MRC. http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.ht m. Estimated Vineyard Establishment with a High Trellis and Production Cost per Acre. Estimated Vineyard Establishment with a Geneva Double Curtain and Production Cost per Acre. Estimated Vineyard Establishment with a Vertical Shoot Position and Production Cost per Acre.
Domoto, P., G. Nonnecke, B. Havlovic, K. Pecinovsky, and K. VanDee. 2005. 2003 Wine grape cultivar trial. Annual Fruit/Vegetable Progress Report 2004. ISU Ext., FG-601:19-24, and Annual Progress Reports for the ISU Armstrong, Northeast and Southeast R&D Farms.