Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focused in three main areas: Biological activity of plant secondary products, improvement of native grasses for use in biofuels production, and evaluation of native fruit for use on the region's reservations and wine industry. 1) In collaboration with OSU and the U. of Akron, we have developed a model for identifying the bioactive components from plants. Studies focused on black raspberries (BR) as chemopreventive agents for aero-digestive cancers via a metabolomics-based approach using NMR and statistical modeling. NMR analysis and cell bioassays of 75 BR extracts have been completed and statistical models have been developed. We have conducted analyses of specific pigment and non-pigment antioxidants, as affected by ripeness, and have studied the activity of enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway that control flavonoid antioxidant synthesis. One manuscript is pending and a second is in preparation. Identifications of potentially valuable antibiotics and pesticides have been made, resulting in 2 MS theses, 1 published paper and 2 manuscripts in preparation. The data have provided identifications of potentially useful extracts to control E. coli induced porcine diarrhea that are being evaluated. 2) Biofuels research on switchgrass and prairie cordgrass has been conducted in collaboration with faculty from the SDSU Center of Excellence for Drought Tolerance Biotechnology. We have generated preliminary data on the mechanisms of salt tolerance in prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) using 12 selections provided by Dr. Jose Gonzalez. The data are being used in current grant applications. A study of the variations in seed dormancy in switchgrass and the mechanism regulating dormancy was completed and the manuscript is in review. 3) Collaborations with faculty from the SDSU Horticulture Department, the OSU, NDSU, Sisseton-Wahpeton College, and Fort Berthold College on production and fruit quality in North American native plant species and related plant introductions have been conducted, resulting in the production of a PhD dissertation, 5 published articles and 4 manuscripts that are still in preparation. We have identified novel antioxidants in potentially valuable fruit crops for planting on the region's Reservations and for use in the SD wine industry. Investigations of juneberry (Amelanchier spp.), buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea), autumnberry (Eleaegnus umbellata), cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), and native elderberry (Sambucus spp.) have been conducted. Analyses of phenolic constituents, vitamin C, sugars, titratable acid content and essential mineral content have been completed. Field plots at Fort Berthold, the Hansen Research Farm, and at 2 regional wineries have been planted. Harvest data and analysis of fruit quality for juneberries from Fort Berthold will be completed this spring. Additional studies of the other plantings are anticipated in the next 3 years, as plants reach maturity. Data will be made available to growers on the SDSU Native Plant Website http://biomicro.sdstate.edu/nativeplants. PARTICIPANTS: I have collaborated with several researches in the efforts to complete this project. At SDSU: Dr. Mike Hildreth, Dr. Radhey Kaushik, Kristen Rietsema, Brie Murphy, (Biology and Microbiology), Dr. Fathi Halaweish (Chemistry and Biochemistry), Dr. Rhoda Burrows, Dr. Anne Fennell (Horticulture), Dr. Arvid Boe, Dr. Jose Gonzales Dr David Clay. (Plant Science), and Dr. David Francis (Veterinary Science). Karla Witt (Sisseton-Wahpeton College). Dr. Kerry Hartman (Fort Berthold Community College). Dr. Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (Horticulture - NDSU), Dr. Ray Miller, Dr. Joseph Scheerens and Dr. Artemio Z. Tulio Jr. (Horticulture - OARDC, Wooster Ohio). Dr. Gary Stoner (Internal Medicine - OSU School of Medicine ). Dr. Steven Schwartz, Dr. Ken Riedl, and Dr. Monica Guisti (Food Science - OSU) Dr. Faith Wyzgoski (Chemistry - OSU, Mansfield) Dr. Joshua A. Bomser (Human Nutrition - OSU). Dr. Peter Rinaldi (Chemistry - U of Akron). Dr. Mustafa Ozgen (Horticulture - Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tasliciftlik, Tokat, Turkey). TARGET AUDIENCES: Plant chemists, health researchers, plant scientists, tribal colleges, fruit producers, vintners, home gardeners, and graduate and undergraduate students are target audiences for information generated by this research. Access to data through the SDSU website and the SDSU Horticultural Extension Service has helped to present this work to the state's Master Gardeners and to the general public through presentations at regional Lawn and Garden shows. The results of our efforts were reported at regional and national meetings of the American Chemical Society, the Botanical Society of America, the American Society for Horticultural Science, and the South Dakota Academy of Sciences. Portions of this work have also been used to develop teaching programs at 1994 Land Gant Colleges in ND and SD, and have been used to develop plantings of native plants on the region's reservations. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The successful demonstration of our metabolomics-based approach to modeling has the potential to accelerate the identification of important plant secondary products. Specifically, this work may provide a mechanism to delineate the synergism between bioactive compounds that may aid oncology scientists as they elucidate human physiological mechanisms by which plant antioxidants and chemopreventives work in animal systems. Aero-digestive cancers account for a significant percentage of all diagnosed cancers; colon cancer alone is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in the US. The development of food-based approaches to reduce the incidence, extent and severity of cancer and other degenerative diseases of aging will have positive effects for US citizens. Genetic, cultural and environmental factors substantially influence levels of pigments and other antioxidant constituents in ripening fruits. A thorough examination of these factors and their effects on developing fruit, at the physiological level, will lead to effective modifications in growing and harvesting parameters to better enable producers to consistently deliver fruit with optimum phytonutrient levels for use in the manufacture of clinical products or for the fresh and processed fruit markets. Development of plant-based antibiotics for treatment of porcine diarrhea has the potential to help the region's pork producers minimize animal loss and use the region's natural resources in production of swine. This approach will help with controlling resistant bacterial strains by introducing new classes of compounds that are not used in commercially available antibiotics. Development of biofuels for SD is a primary goal of the University. Selection of appropriate cultivars of grasses and development of salt-tolerant materials will allow SD producers to utilize marginal lands for the production of biomass, while stabilizing the soils with perennial, mixed species cultures that can provide habitat for wildlife. Involving undergraduate and graduate students in this research enhances the student's education and provides trained personnel for SD employers. The results of these efforts will be new crops and value added products for SD farmers that will increase the state's gross income. Development of a wide range of collaborations with 1862 and 1994 Land Grant Colleges has not only strengthened our research, but helped to train faculty and foster research at Tribal Colleges. This research includes selection of native fruits for use on American Indian reservations and for the SD wine industry has the potential to provide new sources of income and products for the state. Many of the traditional fruits used by American Indians were lost to their use with the damming of the Missouri River and flooding of the bottomlands. Identification of plants and cultural practices that allow establishment of these plants back on the reservations will aid the local diets and provide an opportunity to produce products for sale to and by the wineries.
Publications
- Wyzgoski, Faith; Paudel, Liladhar; Rinaldi, Peter; Reese, R.; Ozgen, Mustafa; Tulio, Artemio; Miller, A.; Scheerens, Joe; Hardy, J. (2010) Modeling relationships among active components in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) fruit extracts using high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (pending).
- Schmoll, Seth; Reese, R Neil (2009) Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Viburnum lentago fruit. Proc. SD Acad. Sci. 88:177.
- Meza, Alma; Reese, R Neil (2009) Sequencing the predominant root storage protein from Pediomelum esculentum. Proc. SD Acad. Sci. 88:189.
- Pomplun, William; Reese R Neil (2009)Evaluation of native plant seeds: Germination, dormancy and seed quality. Proc. SD Acad. Sci. 88:178.
- Murphy, Brie; Reese R Neil (2009) Dormancy mechanisms in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) seed. Proc. SD Acad. Sci. 88:179.
- Rietsma, Kristen; Reese R Neil (2009) Inhibition of Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in pigs using extracts from South Dakotan native plants. Proc. SD Acad. Sci. 88:175.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research has been focused in three main areas: Plant secondary products and their effects on biological systems, improvement of native grasses for use in biofuels production, and evaluation of native fruit for use on the region's reservations and for our incipient wine industry. 1) With collaborators at the OSU and the U. of Akron, we continue to develop procedures for identifying the bioactive components of black raspberries (BR) as chemopreventive agents for aero-digestive cancers via a metabolomics-based approach using NMR and statistical modeling. We worked with Infometrics, Inc. (Bothell, WA) to adapt their Pirouette software to accommodate our unique approach. NMR analysis and cell bioassays of 75 BR extracts have been completed and statistical models are being developed. We will also conduct analyses of specific pigment and non-pigment antioxidants, as affected by ripeness, and will study the activity of enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway that control flavonoid antioxidant synthesis. Identification of potentially valuable antibiotics has continued from last year and resulted in production of an MS thesis - Rietsema, KL (2008). The antibiotic capacity and cytotoxicity of South Dakota Native Plants, SDSU, Brookings, SD. 2) Biofuels research has been conducted in collaboration with faculty from the SDSU 2010 Research Center of Excellence for Drought Tolerance Biotechnology. We are examining the range and mechanisms of salt tolerance in prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), using 12 selections provided by Dr. Jose Gonzalez. This research is partially funded by a Griffith Undergraduate Award to Seth Schmoll. We completed a study of the variations in seed dormancy and the mechanism regulating dormancy, which produced an MS thesis - Brietta D. Murphy (2008). Dormancy mechanisms of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) seeds, SDSU, Brookings, SD. 3) We are collaborating with OSU, examining native and introduced fruits to determine their nutritional and commercial potential. To identify novel antioxidant-rich fruits, we are conducting investigations of buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea), autumnberry (Eleaegnus umbellata), cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) and native elderberry (Sambucus spp.). Extracts have been prepared for analyses of phenolic constituents, Vit. C, and their effect on the activity of ACE-1 and COX I and II enzymes. Juneberry (Amelanchier spp.) research has continued in collaboration with, SDSU Horticulture, NDSU and Fort Berthold College faculty. Plots were obtained on the NE Hansen Research Farm in Brookings, SD. We purchased 5 cultivars, Northline, Parkhill, Honeywood, Smoky and Theissen, from the St. Lawrence Nurseries. Bird netting and fencing were installed to protect the plants from animals. Soil samples from the research plot were taken and evaluated. Initial measurements were made and the data will be made available to growers on the SDSU Native Plant Website http://biomicro.sdstate.edu/nativeplants. This work produced a PhD dissertation - Kerry Hartman, (2008) Reestablishing the Juneberry on the Fort Berthold Reservation: Cultural, Horticultural, and Educational Connections, SDSU, Brookings, SD. PARTICIPANTS: I have collaborated with several researches in the efforts to complete this project. At SDSU: Dr. Mike Hildreth, Dr. Radhey Kaushik, Kristen Rietsema, Brie Murphy, (Biology and Microbiology), Dr. Fathi Halaweish (Chemistry and Biochemistry), Dr. Rhoda Burrows, Dr. Anne Fennell (Horticulture), Dr. Arvid Boe, Dr. Jose Gonzales Dr David Clay. (Plant Science), and Dr. David Francis (Veterinary Science). Karla Witt (Sisseton-Wahpeton College). Kerry Hartman (Fort Berthold Community College). Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (Horticulture - NDSU), Dr. Ray Miller, Dr. Joseph Scheerens and Dr. Artemio Z. Tulio Jr. (Horticulture - OARDC, Wooster Ohio). Dr. Gary Stoner (Internal Medicine - OSU School of Medicine ). Dr. Steven Schwartz, Dr. Ken Riedl, and Dr. Monica Guisti (Food Science - OSU) Dr. Faith Wyzgoski (Chemistry - OSU, Mansfield) Dr. Joshua A. Bomser (Human Nutrition - OSU). Dr. Peter Rinaldi (Chemistry - U of Akron). Dr. Mustafa Ozgen (Horticulture - Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tasliciftlik, Tokat, Turkey). TARGET AUDIENCES: Plant chemists, health researchers, plant scientists, tribal colleges, fruit producers, vintners, home gardeners, and graduate and undergraduate students are target audiences for information generated by this research. Access to data through the SDSU website and the SDSU Horticultural Extension Service has helped to present this work to the state's Master Gardeners and to the general public through presentations at regional Lawn and Garden shows. The results of our efforts were reported at regional and national meetings of the American Chemical Society, the Botanical Society of America, the American Society for Horticultural Science, and the South Dakota Academy of Sciences. Portions of this work have also been used to develop teaching programs at 1994 Land Grant Colleges in ND and SD, and have been used to develop plantings of native plants on the region's reservations. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The successful demonstration of our metabolomics-based approach to modeling has the potential to accelerate the identification of important plant secondary products. Specifically, this work may delineate the interactivity of BR bioactive compounds may aid oncology scientists as they elucidate human physiological mechanisms by which BR provide chemoprotection. Aero-digestive cancers account for a significant percentage of all diagnosed cancers; colon cancer alone is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in the US. The development of food-based approaches to reduce the incidence, extent and severity of cancer and other degenerative diseases of aging will have positive effects for US citizens. Genetic, cultural and environmental factors substantially influence levels of pigments and other antioxidant constituents in ripening fruits. A thorough examination of these factors and their effects on developing fruit, at the physiological level, will lead to effective modifications in growing and harvesting parameters to better enable producers to consistently deliver fruit with optimum phytonutrient levels for use in the manufacture of clinical products or for the fresh and processed fruit markets. Development of biofuels for SD is a primary goal of the University. Selection of appropriate cultivars of grasses and development of salt-tolerant materials will allow SD producers to utilize marginal lands for the production of biomass, while stabilizing the soils with perennial, mixed species cultures that can provide habitat for wildlife. Involving undergraduates in this research enhances the student's education and provides trained personnel for SD employers. As part of the ongoing efforts of SDSU to work with the regional 1994 Land Grant Colleges to strengthen their faculty and programs, two of my recent graduate students, Karl Witt, MS, Biological Sciences, SDSU, 2008 and Kerry Hartman, PhD, Biological Sciences, SDSU, 2008 are serving as faculty and science directors at Sisseton-Wahpeton and Fort Berthold Colleges, respectively. Selection of native fruits for use on American Indian reservations and for the SD wine industry has the potential to provide new sources of income and products for the state. Many of the traditional fruits used by American Indians were lost to their use with the damming of the Missouri River and flooding of the bottom lands. Identification of plants and cultural practices that allow establishment of these plants back on the reservations will aid the local diets and provide an opportunity to produce products for sale to the wineries.
Publications
- Wyzgoski, F.J. K.F. Nebergall, J.R. Post, J.J. Hardesty, M.L. Fraizer, J. Reed, J.C. Scheerens, A.M. Chanon and R.N. Reese. 2008. Fruits and Nutrition: Undergraduate Research Experiences Developing Experimental Protocols. Abstracts, 40th Central Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, OH, United States, June 10-14, 2008, CRM-484. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C CODEN: 69KTIG Conference; Meeting Abstract. AN 2008:681339 CAPLUS
- Wyzgoski, F.J., A.Z. Tulio, Jr., R.N. Reese, P.L. Rinaldi, R. Fu, J.C. Scheerens, A.R. Miller, M. M. Giusti and N. Pangestu. 2008. Analysis of anthocyanin fractions by high field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Abstracts of Papers, 236th ACS National Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, United States, August 17-21, 2008, AGFD-249. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C CODEN: 69KXQ2 Conference; Meeting Abstract; Computer Optical Disk AN 2008:948970 CAPLUS.
- Wyzgoski, F.J., A.Z. Tulio, Jr., J.C. Scheerens and R.N. Reese. 2008. Undergraduate research experiences in freshman chemistry: implementing studies of fruits and nutrition in group research projects and the general chemistry curriculum. Abstracts of Papers, 236th ACS National Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, United States, August 17-21, 2008, CHED-414. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C CODEN: 69KXQ2 Conference; Meeting Abstract; Computer Optical Disk AN 2008:950949 CAPLUS
- Stahnke, M. Hayes, K. Meyer, K. Witt, J. Weideman, A. Fernando, R. Burrows, R.N. Reese. 2008. Prairie turnip Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh)Rydb.: Historical and modern use, propagation, and management of a new crop. Native Plants J. 9: 46-58.
- Dean Dybing and R. Neil Reese. 2008. Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Nutrient Concentrations and Flower Set in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Journal of Biological Sciences 8: 24-33
- Ozgen, M., F.J. Wyzgoski, A.Z. Tulio, Jr., A. Gazula, A.R. Miller, J.C. Scheerens, R.N. Reese and S.R. Wright. 2008. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic antioxidants of Midwestern black raspberries grown for direct markets are influenced by production site. HortScience 43:2039-2047.
- Tulio Jr., A.Z. R.N. Reese, F.J. Wyzgoski, P.L. Rinaldi, R. Fu, J.C. Scheerens and A.R. Miller. 2008. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside as primary phenolic antioxidants in black raspberry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:1880-1888.
- Choksi, K., K. Riedl, M. Ozgen, J.C. Scheerens, S. Schwartz, B. Black and R.N. Reese. 2008. Nutritional and antioxidant content of buffaloberry in comparison to autumnberry. Annual Meeting Botanical Society of America, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 26-30. Abstract # 609.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The long-term goal of my research is to develop a program with strong collaborations to explore the economic potential of native plant species and more established crops as sources of nutriceuticals and other unique biochemical compounds for niche markets. I have continued collaborations with scientists at Ohio State and Akron, conducting clinical trials on the anticancer potential of black raspberries. At SDSU, I have 3 collaborations focused on screening of native plants for medicinal properties for use in animal and human health. With Dr. David Francis (Vet. Science), Dr. Radhey Kaushik (Bio/Micro) and Kristen Rietsema, we are examining the potential of the native plant extracts to control E. coli induced diarrhea in pigs. With Dr. Fathi Halaweish (Chemistry), characterization of biologically active compounds (antimicrobials) from 2 native plant species has begun. With Dr. Mike Hildreth (Bio/Micro), a bioassay for sheep parasites has been developed and plant extracts,
generated last year, are being screened. The results of our collaboration has the potential to have a significant economic impact on the state of South Dakota. Native Plant Research at SDSU, focused more directly on economic development and applied horticultural practices continues with Dr. Rhoda Burrows (Horticulture), Our efforts to explore to landscaping and xeriscaping with native plants has expanded and we are progressing on the development of a book. Work on the commercial production of Pediomelum has been submitted for publication. Our project (partially funded by Midwest Seed Services) to evaluate the viability and dormancy in switchgrass seeds to improve the marketability of this product for South Dakota seed growers has been proceeding in collaboration with Brie Murphy, Dr. Arvid Boe (Plant Science) and Mr. Tim Gutormson (Midwest Seed Services). Currently, the role of ABA on dormancy and its effects on seed viability are in progress. I have developed a USDA-funded project,
with Kerry Hartman (Fort Berthold Community College) and Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (NDSU), to help with the establishment of juneberry orchards on the Reservations of North and South Dakota. To expand this project's impact in South Dakota, I am also working with Drs. Rhoda Burrows and Anne Fennell to increase juneberry production for SD wineries. I have developed a new collaboration with Drs. Jose Gonzales, Arvid Boe and David Clay (Plant Science) to examine salt tolerance in prairie cordgrass. This effort is designed to support the University's long-tem interests in development of Biofuels. My research program received international attention this past December as I was invited to present a seminar entitled "Ethnobotany and plant biochemistry: An integrated approach to product development" at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario. I also presented a workshop on aeroponics as a tool for production of genetically modified plants. In March, I was invited to present a seminar
entitled "Ethnobotany and the use of native plants in landscaping", detailing some of my research into the application of native plants in landscapes and their value in xeriscaping, at the Sioux Falls Lawn and Garden Show.
PARTICIPANTS: I have collaborated with several researches in the efforts to complete this project. At SDSU: Dr. Mike Hildreth, Dr. Radhey Kaushik, Kristen Rietsema, Brie Murphy, (Biology and Microbiology), Dr. Fathi Halaweish (Chemistry and Biochemistry), Dr. Rhoda Burrows, Dr. Anne Fennell (Horticulture), Dr. Arvid Boe, Dr. Jose Gonzales Dr David Clay. (Plant Science), and Dr. David Francis (Veterinary Science). Mr. Tim Gutormson (Midwest Seed Services). Kerry Hartman (Fort Berthold Community College). Harlene Hatterman-Valenti (Horticulture - NDSU), Dr. Ray Miller, Dr. Joseph Scheerens and Dr. Artemio Z. Tulio Jr. (Horticulture - OARDC, Wooster Ohio). Dr. Gary Stoner (Internal Medicine - OSU School of Medicine ). Dr. Steven Schwartz, Dr. Ken Riedl, and Dr. Monica Guisti (Food Science - OSU) Dr. Faith Wyzgoski (Chemistry - OSU, Mansfield) Dr. Joshua A. Bomser (Human Nutrition - OSU). B.L. Bishop (OARDC statistical consultant). Dr. Peter Rinaldi (Chemistry - U of Akron). Dr. Mustafa
Ozgen (Horticulture - Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tasliciftlik, Tokat, Turkey).
Impacts
Antioxidant capacity of black raspberry fruit was shown to be primarily correlated to anthocyanin content and that cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside are the most important components. NMR and statistical modeling of bioassay data has shown that compounds other than the anthocyanins are involved in the chemoprevention of cancer by these fruits. Our findings have generated a CSREES-NRI grant application to continue our research. Screening of 84 native plant extracts against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus fascalis showed that 51 caused inhibition in at least one of the bacterial and 29 showed inhibition for two or more bacteria strains tested. MIC values of several of the more interesting extracts were in the range of 0.32-0.064. mg plant fresh weight/ml. Determination of cytotoxicity of the extracts, using an MTT assay of porcine IPEC J2 cells is in progress. Screening of the anthelmintic potential
of the 84 plant extracts is underway. These experiments may provide sources of new compounds that will replace those to which the parasites have developed tolerance. Isolation and characterization of buffalo berries is nearing completion. High levels of antioxidants have been measure in the phenolic extracts of the fruits and lycopene levels have been determined. A novel carotenoid, methyl apo 6' lycopenoate was identified by MS-MS by Ken Riedl at Ohio State. Evaluation of fruit quality and antioxidant capacity of Sambucus has been completed and a manuscript has been submitted for publication. A 5 year project on Pediomelum nutrition and cultivation was completed and the manuscript submitted to the Native Plants Journal. This project demonstrated that a 4 year cultivation cycle is needed to establish a continuous source of these legumes. Furthermore, the data showed that this plant can be used in a manner similar to potatoes, but provides a significantly better source of protein to
the diet. Research into switch grass seed dormancy is nearing completion. Abscisic acid levels have been shown to play a significant role in seed dormancy in some cultivars and is of lesser importance in other cultivars. The role of ethylene is also being examined in this process. Understanding and characterizing seed dormancy in this species will help to explain tetrazolium viability studies and facilitate marketing of the seed of this important biomass crop. Materials for our website (http://biomicro.sdstate.edu) and the book on native plant gardening are still being generated. New species have been added to the sight and photographs of seeds and seedlings added. Germination studies and seed dormancy data will be added as the results are finalized. The newly-funded juneberry project is progressing as scheduled. Cuttings of wild plants have been made for propagation, the test plants designed and plants ordered. We anticipate establishment of the gardens in May and collection of
survival and growth data next fall.
Publications
- Dean Dybing and R. Neil Reese. (2008) Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Nutrient Concentrations and Flower Set in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Journal of Biological Sciences 8 (1): 24-33
- Burrows, R.L. and N. Reese. 2007. Plastic mulch color effects on Echinacea growth, survival, and root phenolic marker compounds. Proc. S.D. Acad. Sci. (In press)
- Scheerens, J.C., A.Z. Tulio, Jr., M. Ozgen, A.R. Miller, F.J. Wyzgoski, M.M. Giusti, P. Jing, J.A. Bomser, B.L. Bishop, S.R. Wright, N.R. Reese, P.L. Rinaldi and R. Fu. 2007. The dietary intervention research program plant based research summary 2007. Pp. 44-55. In: Proceedings of the North American Bramble Growers Association Annual Meeting, Columbus, OH, January 15-17, 2007.
- Tulio, Artemio Z. Jr.; Reese, R. Neil; Ozgen, Mustafa; Miller, A. Raymond; Scheerens, Joseph C. (2007) Cyanidin 3-Rutinoside Levels and Antioxidant Properties in Black Raspberries As Impacted by Fruit Maturation and Storage Temperature. HortScience 42 (4) (abstract), 985
- Burrows, R.L. and N. Reese. 2007. Plastic mulch color effects on Echinacea growth, survival, and root phenolic marker compounds. 92nd annual meeting of the S.D. Acad. Sci., Brookings, SD (abstract).
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
We have collected native plant materials (based upon traditional ethnobotanical uses of the plants) from around the upper Great Plains and have prepared extracts to screen the materials in a series of bioassays to evaluate their potential for treatment of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Withanolides isolated from native plants have been shown to be potentially valuable in use as antibiotics showing high activity against several gram positive and gram negative bacteria, but having low cytotoxicity. We have also found plant extracts that significantly increase gentamicin activity, potentially lowering the concentration of this toxic antibiotic needed to treat infections. Studies on the effects of crude extracts on porcine diarrhea have also begun. With a group at The Ohio State University and the University of Akron, who are conducting clinical trials on the anticancer potential of black raspberries on esophageal and colon cancer, we have examined antioxidant
activity and its correlation with anticancer properties. In Black Raspberries, cyanadin-3-xylorutinoside is not only the predominant anthocyanin, but appears to have the greatest antioxidant capacity. However, the antioxidant activity of the fruit is not responsible for the total anticancer properties. We are developing a metabolomic approach using modeling and new NMR methods in conjunction with HPLC, LCMS and bioassays for rapidly evaluating other natural products for their anti-cancer potential. Use of PCA and statistical modeling of NMR and bioassay data suggest that other constituents play a significant role in the activity. Soft-pulse NMR methods have allowed us to identify individual components in crude berry extracts that appear to be important synergistically-acting compounds. The development of statistical modeling methods and development of advanced biochemical techniques will provide new approaches to the identification of valuable biologically-active chemicals in the
complex mixtures of compounds found in extracts of native plants and fruits. We have also focused more directly on economic development and applied horticultural practices in order to help with initiation of native plant industries in SD. Many of the plants that we have collected for biochemical analyses have yet to be introduced to landscaping and xeriscaping, even though they are attractive and adapted to our region. This year we planted new demonstration gardens and have acted to help growers with production techniques, especially in overcoming seed dormancy. We are also exploring use of tetrazolium in testing seed quality and in understanding dormancy.
Impacts
Although the focus of this project is basic research into plant secondary products and their link to traditional ethnobotanical knowledge, the results of our collaboration have the potential to make a significant economic impact on the State of South Dakota. This research is providing insights into traditional uses of plants and the biochemical reasons that indigenous peoples employed these plants as medicines. We expect to find treatments for common diseases of farm animals and humans using plants native to the Great Plains. These plants and/or the valuable chemicals in them offer an opportunity for economic development. Once identified, these plants can then be brought into agricultural production in South Dakota. The work is also providing data for developing horticultural species needed for xeriscaping and the subsequent reduction in water use in the cities of South Dakota.
Publications
- Wyzgoski, F. J.; Rinaldi, P. L.; Reese, R. N.; Ozgen, M.; Tulio, A. Z.; Miller, A. R.; Scheerens, J. C.; Bishop B.; Giusti, M. M.; Jing, P.; Bomser, J. L. (2006) Using high field cryoprobe NMR experiments and multivariate analysis to identify bioactive components in black raspberries. Abstracts of Papers, 232nd ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, ANYL-176.
- Wyzgoski FJ, Miller AR, Scheerens JC, Rinaldi PL, Bishop BL, Reese RN, Ozgen M, Tulio AZ, Giusti MM, Bomser JA (2006) A nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based approach to profile biologically active plant metabolites using black raspberry inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation as a model system. Hortscience 41 (4):1000-1000
- Tulio AZ, Chanon AM, Janakiraman N, Ozgen M Stoner GD, Reese RN, Miller AR, Scheerens JC. (2006) Effects of storage temperatures on the antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin contents of black raspberries. Hortscience 41 (4):1043-1043, 188,
- Ozgen M, Tulio AZ, Chanon AM, Janakiraman N, Reese RN, Miller AR, Scheerens JC. (2006) Phytonutrient accumulation and antioxidant capacity at eight developmental stages of black raspberry fruit. Hortscience 41 (4):1082-1082, 173
- K. Piechowski, R.S.K. Majerle, D.P. Mathees and R. Neil Reese (2006). Identification of potentially allelopathic isobutylamides in Echinacea angustifolia D.C. roots. J. Biol. Sci. 6:978-984
- Reese, R. Neil, Wyzgoski, Faith J, Miller, A. Raymond, Scheerens, Joseph C., Rinaldi, Peter L., Bishop, Bert, Ozgen, Mustafa, Tulio, Artemio J., Giusti, M. Monica, Bomser, Joshua A. (2006) Biologically Active Plant Metabolites in Black Raspberries: A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy-Based Approach to Identify Anticancer Compounds. Botany Abstract 411. Bot. Soc. Amer. Annual Meeting, Chico, CA
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
In collaboration with scientists at the Ohio State University, anthocyanins and other phenolics that have shown potential in preventing or treating alimentary cancers in clinical trials have been characterized. As part of this research, a new method for evaluating total antioxidant capacity of fruits was developed to allow endpoint evaluation of antioxidant capacity at a pH compatible for most fruits. Detailed results were published. Identification of the active components involved in alimentary cancer prevention and /or amelioration is being pursued by development of models based upon the interaction of chemically variable black raspberry extracts, bioassay and NMR analyses. Testing of 19 separate samples has been completed and models are in development. A survey of traditional plant knowledge of the members of the Lake Traverse Reservation was completed. The data show that a limited understanding of traditional ethnobotany is being past down to younger generations
and that Tribal Colleges can provide the needed resources to maintain this cultural knowledge. The survey will be published in the summer of 2006. Harvest of the last year of a Psoralea cultivation study was made this year. Regression of growth rates and comparisons to traditional wildcrafting yield data indicate that cultivation will require 3-4 growing seasons to maximize returns. Protein and starch levels remained adequate in cultivated plants and selenium uptake was dependent upon soil conditions. Seed quality evaluation and support for sales for regional seed companies is ongoing. New tetrazolium protocols have been developed for native legumes, sunflowers and grasses. Tissue culture of embryos is being used to evaluate the staining patterns that result from tetrazolium exposure to determine seed viability and distinguish effects of dormancy on these patterns. Native plant seed germination studies have shown that viability evaluations can be improved for some species by the
suppression of fungal growth via germination protocols using open-air treatment with organic growth media. New demonstration plantings were initiated in McCrory Gardens in Brookings, SD in 2005. In coordination with the Horticulture Department, these garden plots will be used for the Master Gardener Program and in efforts to promote xeriscaping in South Dakota cities. Maintenance and expansion of the native plant research website (http://biomicro.sdstate.edu/nativeplants) has also been a significant product of these year's research efforts.
Impacts
This research will provide a new approach to discovering valuable biologically active compounds from native plants. These plants can then be brought into agricultural production in South Dakota. The work is also providing data for developing horticultural species needed for xeriscaping and the subsequent reduction in water use in the cities of South Dakota.
Publications
- Mustafa Ozgen, R. Neil Reese, Artemio Z. Tulio Jr., A. Raymond Miller, and Joseph C. Scheerens 2006. Modified ABTS Method to Measure Antioxidant Activity of Selected Small Fruits and Comparison to FRAP and DPPH methods. . J. Agricult. Food Chem. 54:1151-1157.
- Wyzgoski, F. J.; Reese, R. N.; Rinaldi, P. L.; Green, T. P.; Ozgen, M.; Tulio, A. Z.; Miller, A. R.; Scheerens, J. C.; Reddy, D. V. NMR characterization of black raspberry cultivars identifying biologically active metabolic constituents correlating with biochemical and bioassay data. Abst. 230th ACS Nat. Meet., Washington, DC, 8/28-9/1, 2005, AGFD-175.
- Green, T. P.; Wyzgoski, F. J.; Reese, R. N.; Rinaldi, P. L.; Ozgen, M.; Tulio, A. Z.; Miller, A. R.; Scheerens, J. C. 2005. Identification of biologically active metabolic constituents of black raspberry using HPLC, NMR and multiple correlations with biochemical and bioassay data." Abst. 230th Abst. 230th ACS Nat. Meet., Washington, DC, 8/28-9/1, 2005,, AGFD-086.
- Tulio, Artemio Z. Jr.; Ozgen, Mustafa; Reese, R. Neil; Miller, A. Raymond; Scheerens, Joseph C. 2005. An improved ABTS assay to measure antioxidant power of selected fruit samples and comparison to FRAP and DPPH assays. FAV Health 2005: International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables. Loews Le Concorde Hotel, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. August 17-20, 2005. pp. 60. (Abstract 125-P)
- J.C. Scheerens, T.E. Steiner, A.Z. Tulio, Jr., M. Ozgren, D.D. Miller, R.N. Reese, A.R. Miller and D.C. Ferree. 2005. The commercial potential and antioxidant characteristics of unique varietal grape juices. Hortscience 40(4): Abstr. 386.
- M. Ozgren, A.Z. Tulio, Jr., A. Gazula, J.C. Scheerens, R.N. Reese, A.R. Miller, S.R. Wright, B.L. Black and I.M. Fordham. 2005. Comparison of autumn berry and cornelian cherry antioxidant potential with that of well-known fruit crops. Hortscience 40(4): Abstr. 466.
- A.Z. Tulio, Jr., M. Ozgren, R.N. Reese, S.J Schwartz, Q. Tian, G.D. Stoner, A.R. Miller, and , J.C. Scheerens . 2005. Anthocyanins as primary antioxidants in black raspberries. Hortscience 40(4): Abstr. 467.
- M. Ozgren, A.Z. Tulio, Jr., A.R. Miller, R.N. Reese, and , J.C. Scheerens . 2005. Comparison of methods to determine antioxidant levels in fruit.. Hortscience 40(4): Abstr. 468.
- Meyer, K.M.; K. Witt-Lowe; and R.N. Reese. 2005. Preserving the Traditional Botanical Knowledge Among the Dakota People. 2005 Annual Meeting of the Society of Economic Botany.
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