Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and yield of specialty cut flowers, 'Chief' celosia, 'Sensation' cosmos, 'Sunbright' and 'Sunrich Orange' sunflowers and 'Benary Giant Mix' zinnia, as well as record influence of leaf position and age on leaf nutrient concentrations. Plants grown in open field were supplied with five different N levels beginning five days after transplanting: no added N (control); one, two or three applications of N at 112 kg ha-1 at 40 day intervals; and a single application of 336 kg ha-1. Plants fertilized with two or three applications of 112 kg ha-1 produced the most flowers in celosia and all fertilizer applications increased yield equally in zinnia, but had no effect on cosmos and both cultivars of sunflower. Nitrogen fertilization produced the longest flower stems for cosmos and both sunflower cultivars, but had no effect on celosia and zinnia stem length. Nitrogen fertilization rate did not significantly affect days to harvest of all species tested. For leaf nutrient analysis, the upper one-third of the plant proved to be a reliable tissue source in all species. Generally, young leaf samples collected early in the season had higher nutrient concentrations as compared with the same leaf position at mid or late season. Increasing N fertilization increased N content of foliage for all species. Our recommended tissue nutrient levels were generally lower than those previously recommended for greenhouse-grown bedding plant cultivars of the same species. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Ingram McCall, Diane Mays, Emma Locke, Erin Moody, Erin Clark, Alcain Carlson, Qianni Dong. Partner Organizations: American Floral Endowment, Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers, Hill Foundation, Fred C Gloeckner Foundation, North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers Association. Collaborators: James Faust, Clemson University, Judy Laushman, ASCFG, Brian Whipker, NCSU, William Fonteno, NCSU, Sylvia Blankenship, NCSU, Paul Fisher, University of Florida, Erik Runkle, Michigan State University, John Erwin, University of Minnesota, Roberto Lopez, Purdue University, Jim Barrett, University of Florida, Chris Wien, Cornell University, Numerous industry breeders, suppliers, and producers. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the floriculture industry and associated breeders, suppliers, etc. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Specialty cut flowers comprise a large number of ornamental species including annual and perennial herbaceous plants. As their production has become increasingly important, lack of exact nutritional recommendations has become apparent. Insufficient fertilization causes poor plant growth, short stems and lower yields and may reduce postharvest life. Whereas, over fertilization may cause excessive nutrient runoff, environmental pollution and economic losses Nutrient concentrations also greatly affect crop growth and quality attributes such as stem length and thickness and flower color and longevity. Moreover, different cultivars vary in their nutritional demands and, as a result, they respond best to different nutrient concentrations. Plant nutrient analysis is a key technique for specifying quantity and time of N fertilization. However, it is quite difficult for growers to test a large number of plants. Sampling procedures need to be designed for collection of the tissue most representative of the plant nutrient status. Since leaf age and location on the plant affects greatly the nutrient concentration, research is needed to determine the optimum sample date (leaf age) and location on cut flower plants from where sampling should be collected for testing nutrient concentration. The objectives of this study were to optimize N application rate and timing for five field grown summer cut flowers and to determine leaf nutrient concentrations resulting from leaf age and position on the plant. Providing regular fertilization throughout the growing season increased stem number or length for the species tested versus no fertilization or providing a high rate at the beginning of the growing season. Although leaf age greatly affected nutrient concentrations, preferably the upper 1/3rd of the foliage should be collected early in the season to determine any nutrient deficiencies that can be corrected for producing high quality cut stems.
Publications
- Barrett, J. and J. Dole. 2012. The consumer's response to new poinsettia cultivars. GPN 22(3):16, 18, 19.
- Dole, J., J. Barrett and W. Brown. 2012. New poinsettia releases for 2012. GPN 22(2):14, 16-18, 20.
- Dole, J.M. and I. McCall. 2012. Producing euphorbia hybrids for October Breast Cancer Awareness Month. GPN 22(1):21, 22, 24, 26.
- Ahmad, I. and J. M. Dole. 2012. Dry storage effects on postharvest performance of selected cut flowers. HortTechnology 22:463-469.
- Ahmad, I., J. M. Dole and P. Nelson. 2012. Nitrogen application rate, leaf position and age affect leaf nutrient status of five specialty cut flowers. Scientia Hort. 142:14-22.
- Carlson, A.S. and J. Dole. 2012. Fall for the season's best. Floral Management 29(7):48.
- Ahmad, I. and J. Dole. 2012. Vibrant, vigorous celosia. Floral Management 29(8):48.
- Ahmad, I. and J. Dole. 2012. Fuel flowers for marathon celebrations. Floral Management 29(6):48.
- Ahmad, I., A.S. Carlson, and J.M. Dole. 2012. Postharvest treatment of gardenia. The Cut Flower Quarterly 24(2):18-19.
- Dole, J.M., A. Carlson, and I. Ahmad. 2012. Is your water killing your flowers Floral Management 29(1):48.
- Dole, J. and A. Carlson. 2012. Production and postharvest protocols for cut penstemon and eucomis. ICFGA Bulletin April-June:3-23.
- Dole, J.M. and J.M. Laushman. 2012. 2011 ASCFG Cut Flower Seed Trial. The Cut Flower Quarterly 24(1):16-32.
- Dole, J. and J. M. Laushman. 2012. 2011 ASCFG National Perennial and Woody Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 24(1):33-38.
- Dole, J. and J. M. Laushman. 2012. 2011 ASCFG Chrysanthemum Trial. The Cut Flower Quarterly 24(1):40-44.
- Carlson, A.S., B.D. Crawford, J.M. Dole and I.F. McCall. 2012. Postharvest treatment of specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 24(1):46-48.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Vase life of 'Karma Thalia' dahlia (Dahlia hybrida), 'Lace Violet' linaria (Linaria maroccana), 'Sunrise' lupine (Lupinus hartwegii ssp. cruickshankii), 'Temptress' poppy (Papaver nudicaule), 'Indian Summer' rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hybrida), 'Jemmy Royal Purple' trachelium (Trachelium caeruleum), and 'Benary's Giant Scarlet' and 'Sun Gold' zinnias (Zinnia elegans) were determined after being subjected to various postharvest handling procedures. Cut dahlia, lupine, poppy, rudbeckia, trachelium and 'Sun Gold' and 'Benary's Giant Scarlet' zinnia flowers could be held in either unamended tap or deionized (DI) water with no effect on vase life. Vase life of linaria was longest when placed in DI water with 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate and solution pH of 3.5. A vase solution of 2% sucrose without foam extended consumer vase lives for linaria, trachelium, and 'Benary's Giant Scarlet' zinnia. Floral foam or either 2% or 4% sucrose had no effect on the consumer vase life of dahlia, lupine, rudbeckia and poppy. Trachelium and rudbeckia did not tolerate a 20% sucrose treatment for 24 h, whereas linaria and 'Benary's Giant Scarlet' zinnia had a longer vase life with a 10% sucrose pulse than a water-only pulse. For trachelium, the longest (17.5 d) consumer vase life occurred when the Chrysal Professional 2 Processing solution (CP2) was used after pretreatment with deionized water. Either of two commercial holding solutions, CP2 or Floralife Professional (FLP), similarly extended the vase life of linaria. The use of either FLP or CP2 improved consumer vase life of dahlia, lupine and poppy compared to DI water. Dahlia, trachelium and zinnia flowers could not be cold storage at 2C. Lupine and poppy could be stored at 2C either wet or dry for 2 weeks. Linaria and rudbeckia could be cold stored for 3 weeks. Lupine and trachelium were susceptible to 1 μL L-1 exogenous ethylene, which induced floret abscission in lupine and stopped floret opening in trachelium. Both 1-methylcyclopropene and silver thiosulfate similarly suppressed the ethylene effect. Cut linaria, zinnia, dahlia, rudbeckia and poppy flowers were not affected by exogenous ethylene. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Ingram McCall, Diane Mays, Emma Locke, Erin Moody, Erin Clark, Alcain Carlson, Qianni Dong. Partner Organizations: American Floral Endowment, Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers, Hill Foundation, Fred C Gloeckner Foundation, North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers Association. Collaborators: James Faust, Clemson University, Judy Laushman, ASCFG, Brian Whipker, NCSU, William Fonteno, NCSU, Sylvia Blankenship, NCSU, Paul Fisher, University of Florida, Erik Runkle, Michigan State University, John Erwin, University of Minnesota, Roberto Lopez, Purdue University, Jim Barrett, University of Florida, Chris Wien, Cornell University, Numerous industry breeders, suppliers, and producers. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the floriculture industry and associated breeders, suppliers, etc. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Specialty cut flowers comprise a large number of species, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous annuals and perennials. Two key aspects of the specialty cut flower industry are introducing new species and marketing flowers with a long postharvest life. Interesting new cut flower species excite buyers and increase sales and a long postharvest life ensures that the customers - wholesalers, retailers and the final consumer - will be satisfied and return to purchase more flowers. Of the species tested, 'Karma Thalia' dahlia, 'Indian Summer' rudbeckia, 'Sunrise' lupine, 'Jemmy Royal Purple' trachelium, and both zinnia cultivars 'Benary's Giant Scarlet' and 'Sun Gold' have excellent commercial potential as they had a consumer vase life that exceeded 7 d when stems were not treated or stored. Rudbeckia was the longest lived species, lasting at least 20 d. The focus on non-stored treatments is important because many specialty cut flower growers direct retail their flowers and specialty cut flower growers are an increasingly important segment of the cut flower industry in the U.S. In contrast, the vase life of 'Temptress' poppy was only 5.5 to 6.6 d for unstored, untreated stems. However, the use of commercial holding solutions increased vase life to at least 9 d, which would allow it to be used commercially. Commercial potential of 'Lace Violet' linaria may be restricted due to a vase life of less than 7 d in some experiments and due to a wide variation in vase life, from a low of 4.6 d to a high of 9.1 d in the non-stored DI water treatments. Such variability would reduce confidence in the species by retailers, limiting use of the linaria to events where only a 5 d or shorter vase life is necessary. Trachelium and 'Benary's Giant Scarlet' zinnia similarly exhibited a wide variation in vase life; however, the minimum vase life was greater than 7 d. Variation in vase life needs to be documented for new cut flower species to ensure that growers and retailers are aware of the problem.
Publications
- Dole, J.M. 2011. Maintaining Postharvest Quality, Chapter 15, pg. 463-488. In: P.V. Nelson, Greenhouse Operation and Management, 7th edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- Dole, J.M., P. Fisher, and B.E. Whipker. 2011. Water Quality, pg. 9-20. In: Ball Redbook, 18th edition. Ball Publishing, St. Charles, IL.
- Whipker, B.E., T.J. Cavins, J.L. Gibson, J. M. Dole, P.V. Nelson, and W. Fonteno. 2011. Plant Nutrition, pg. 33-41. In: Ball Redbook, 18th edition. Ball Publishing, St. Charles, IL.
- Whipker, B.E., T.J. Cavins, J.L. Gibson, J. M. Dole, P.V. Nelson, and W. Fonteno. 2011. Water, Media, and Nutrition Testing, pg. 49-66. In: Ball Redbook, 18th edition. Ball Publishing, St. Charles, IL.
- Bilderback, T.E., J.M. Dole, and R.E.Sneed. 2011. Greenhouse and nursery irrigation practices, pg. 807-851. In: Irrigation, 6th edition. Irrigation Association, Falls Church, VA.
- Dole, J.M., C. Richardson, and J.M. Laushman. 2011. 2010 ASCFG Cut Flower Seed Trial. The Cut Flower Quarterly 23(1):20-35.
- Dole, J. and J. Laushman. 2011. 2010 ASCFG National Perennial and Woody Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 23(1):36-42.
- Crawford, B.D., J.M. Dole and I.F. McCall. 2011. Postharvest treatment of specialty cut Flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 23(1):43-45.
- Carlson, A.S. and J.M. Dole. 2011. Eucomis for specialty cut flower production. GPN 21(5):18, 20, 22.
- Barrett, J. and J. Dole. 2011 Consumers evaluate poinsettia varieties. GPN 21(3):11, 12, 14.
- Dole, J. and J. Barrett, J. 2011 New poinsettia varieties for 2011. GPN 21(3):12-14.
- Carlson, A., J. Dole, I. McCall, E. Regan and J. Laushman. 2011. New Cut Flower Selections: Powerhouse production. GPN 21(8): 24-26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36.
- Williamson, J. and J. Dole. 2011. Creating disease-resistant bedding plants. GPN 21(12):26-27.
- Bilderback, T., J. Dole, and R. Sneed. 2011. Water Supply and Quality: The Basics. American Nurseryman 211(6):12-16, 18, 19.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The vase life of cut flowers depends on many variables. One of those variables is the quality of the water in which the flowers are placed. Durkin (1979) states that solution uptake is a "central consideration in the longevity of cut flowers" and Conrado et al. (1980) describes it as the "limiting factor" for cut flower vase life. Durkin (1979) and Conrado et al. (1980) state that water pH and mineral content, among other variables, are key factors in solution uptake. Water with a low pH is taken up more easily by cut flowers than water with a higher pH. A pH of approximately 3.5 is considered most beneficial because it deters the growth of harmful microbes. Reduced microbe contamination leads to reduced stem plugging and increased vase life. Longevity can be increased with the use of calcium, aluminum, boron, copper, nickel, or zinc salts (Nowak and Rudnicki, 1990). However, Neumaier et al. (1999) found that NaCl decreased vase life at concentrations greater than 20 mM NaCl in tap water. The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of water EC and pH on Rosa vase life. Cut Rosa L. 'Freedom', 'Charlotte', and 'Classy' stems were subjected to solutions of various pH and electrical conductivity (EC) levels. Increasing solution pH decreased vase life. Solutions with an initial pH of 3.1 to 4.0 produced the longest vase life, averaging 13.2 days, when the buffers citrate-borate-phosphate, bis-tris propane-citrate, or their individual components were combined with HCl, NaCl, or NaOH. Solutions with an initial pH of 6.1 to 6.3 produced a vase life averaging 11.6 days and those with a pH of 7.3 to 8.2 produced a vase life averaging 9.8 days. Despite the use of buffers, the solution pH increased by an average of 1.5 at termination of vase life when HCl was added, decreased by 0.7 when NaOH was added, and decreased by 0.5 when NaCl was added. A 2 hour treatment in high pH solutions had no effect on vase life. Increasing pH was correlated with reduced water uptake. The overall solution that produced the longest vase life had a low pH, 3.1 to 4.0, and an EC of 1.0 to 1.3 dS m-1. Although 'Freedom', 'Classy', and 'Charlotte' responded differently to the various treatments, the optimum solution composition was nearly the same. In solutions where both initial pH and EC varied, initial pH accounted for 30 to 54% of variation in vase life (average 44%) and initial EC accounted for 18 to 48% of variation (average 36%). In all cases, final pH and EC were not as strongly correlated with vase life as initial pH and EC. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Ingram McCall, Diane Mays, Emma Locke, Erin Moody, Erin Clark, Alcain Carlson, Qianni Dong, Brigitte Crawford. Partner Organizations: American Floral Endowment, Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers, Hill Foundation, Fred C Gloeckner Foundation, North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers Association. Collaborators: James Faust, Clemson University, Judy Laushman, ASCFG, Brian Whipker, NCSU, William Fonteno, NCSU, Sylvia Blankenship, NCSU, Paul Fisher, University of Florida, Erik Runkle, Michigan State University, John Erwin, University of Minnesota, Roberto Lopez, Purdue University, Jim Barrett, University of Florida, Chris Wien, Cornell University, Numerous industry breeders, suppliers, and producers. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the floriculture industry and associated breeders, suppliers, etc. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
One key aspect of the cut flower industry is marketing flowers with a long postharvest life. A long postharvest life ensures that the customers - wholesalers, retailers and final consumers - will be satisfied and return to purchase more flowers. This work will decrease postharvest problems associated with cut flowers by providing growers, wholesalers and retailers with specific pH and EC recommendations for their water, which will alert them to when they need to modify the pH and/or EC of their water. In addition, the components that comprise tap water and the EC vary across the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has only "non-enforceable guidelines" for electrical conductivity as it affects cosmetics, not water safety. This means that the EC can fluctuate widely across the country without consequences for the facilities providing the water. The EPA's guidelines specify a maximum of 500 mg L-1 (0.71 dS m-1) total dissolved solids. However, many water sources have higher levels: College Station, Texas at 0.75 dS m-1; San Diego, California at 0.82 dS m-1; and Madison, Wisconsin up to 0.93 dS m-1. On the other hand, the tap water in Birmingham, Alabama has an EC of only 0.14 dS m-1. Due to the variability of tap water, researchers at the Second International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Cut Flowers determined that deionized or distilled water would be used as the experimental control to obtain more consistent results. However, the use of purified waters in a lab setting is problematic, because it does not reflect physiological conditions in the plant or standard commercial practices in the industry. Van Meeteren (2001) stated that "drawing distilled water through stem segments progressively decreased the rate of conductance and that this phenomenon can be eliminated by using tap water or a dilute osmoticum." Van Meeteren continued to question "the predictive value of experiments using deionized water" and speculated that positive effects could be overestimated. The optimum pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient combination need to be established for cut flowers, especially Rosa, allowing for development of a standardized laboratory "tap water".
Publications
- Donnell, A.A., J.M. Dole, and B.E. Whipker. 2010. Preventing Plug Stunting. Greenhouse Grower 28(10):32-34.
- Dole, J.M. 2010. Floriculture Programs at North Carolina State University. OFA Bulletin 922:27-28.
- Clark, E.M.R., J.M. Dole, A.S. Carlson, E.P. Moody, I.F. McCall, F.L. Fanelli, and W.C. Fonteno. 2010. Vase Life of New Cut Flower Cultivars. HortTechnology, in press.
- Ahmad, I., J.M. Dole, M.A. Khan, M. Qasim , T. Ahmad and A.S. Khan. 2010. Present Status and Future Prospects of Cut Rose Production in Punjab, Pakistan. HortTechnology, in press.
- Regan, E.R. and J.M. Dole. 2010. Postharvest handling procedures of Matthiola incana 'Vivas Blue'. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 58:268-273.
- Regan, E.M. and J.M. Dole. 2010. Determining optimum pH and EC levels for extended vase life of cut Rosa 'Freedom', 'Charlotte', and 'Classy'. Acta Hort. 870:263-271.
- R. Lopez, J. Dole, and J. Barrett. 2010. Consumer Poinsettia Picks. GPN 20(3): 28-30.
- Dole, J., R. Lopez, and J. Barrett. 2010. Poinsettia New Varieties. GPN 20(2):16, 18-20, 22, 24.
- Dole, J., I. McCall, and E. Regan. 2010. 2009 ASCFG Cut Flower Seed Trial. The Cut Flower Quarterly 22(1):24-43.
- Dole, J. and J. Laushman. 2010. 2009 ASCFG Perennial Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 22(1):44-50.
- Carlson, A.S., J.M. Dole and I.F. McCall. 2010. Postharvest Treatment of Specialty Cut Flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 22(1):52-54.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Ethephon, [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] is used to increase stock plant cutting productivity via increased flower and flower bud abscission and branching (Leatherwood, 2008). However, ethylene evolution resulting from ethephon application is suspected to cause leaf abscission of unrooted cuttings during shipping. It was the objective of this study to assess ethylene evolution from ethephon treated cuttings during storage and shipping of unrooted cuttings. Impatiens hawkeri 'Sonic Red' and 'Sonic White' stock plants were treated with 0, 250, 500 or 1000 mg L-1 ethephon. Cuttings were harvested from 1 to 21 days later and each harvest was stored at 20 C in sealed jars for 24 hours prior to ethylene measurement. Higher ethephon doses resulted in greater ethylene generation. Cuttings harvested 1 day after treatment with 0, 250, 500 or 1000 mg L-1 ethephon evolved 0.07, 1.3, 1.7 or 5.8 μL L-1 g-1 (fresh weight) ethylene in the first 24 hours of storage at 20 C, respectively. Twenty-one days after treatment, cuttings from the same plants evolved 0.05, 0.05, 0.15 or 0.14 microL L-1 g-1 (fresh weight) ethylene in the first 24 hours of storage at 20 C, respectively. As cuttings were harvested from day 1 to day 21, ethylene concentrations evolved within the first 24 hours of storage decreased exponentially. Rinsing cuttings, treated 24 hours earlier with 500 mg L-1 ethephon, by gently agitating for 10 seconds in deionized water reduced ethylene evolution to 0.7 microL L-1 g-1 (fresh weight) as compared to 1.7 for un-rinsed cuttings. Cuttings harvested 24 hours after treatment with 500 mg L-1 ethephon stored at 10, 15, 20, and 25 C for 24 hours evolved 0.37, 0.81, 2.03 and 3.55 microL L-1 g-1 (fresh weight) ethylene. The resulting mean temperature coefficient (Q10) for the 10 to 25 C range from all replications was 5.15 +/- 0.85. Thus, ethylene continues to evolve from ethephon treated Impatiens hawkeri stock plants for up to 21 days and can accumulate to high concentrations during cutting storage. On the other hand, careful ethylene management during shipping is critical for maintaining the quality of unrooted cuttings of many herbaceous species. Of sixty taxa propagated from herbaceous cuttings, only Begonia hybrida 'Anita Louise', Portulaca oleracea 'Sleeping Beauty' and Lantana camara 'Patriot Sunbeam' were sensitive to the exogenous application of 1 microL L-1 ethylene, as demonstrated by rapid leaf abscission within 24 h of treatment. Application of 700 microL L-1 1-MCP prior to ethylene treatment prevented ethylene damage. Results have been disseminated to the floriculture industry through research publications, trade journal articles, websites, presentations at industry meetings, and emails. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Ingram McCall, Diane Mays, Zenaida Viloria, Roland Leatherwood, Emma Locke, Erin Moody, Erin Regan, Alcain Carlson, Qianni Dong. Partner Organizations: American Floral Endowment, Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers, Hill Foundation, Fred C Gloeckner Foundation, North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers Association. Collaborators: James Faust, Clemson University, Judy Laushman, ASCFG, Brian Whipker, NCSU, William Fonteno, NCSU, Sylvia Blankenship, NCSU, Paul Fisher, University of Florida, Erik Runkle, Michigan State University, John Erwin, University of Minnesota, Roberto Lopez, Purdue University, Jim Barrett, University of Florida, Chris Wien, Cornell University, Numerous industry breeders, suppliers, and producers. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the floriculture industry and associated breeders, suppliers, etc. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Ornamental plant producers use cuttings shipped from around the world for finished plant production (Leatherwood, 2008). The value of unrooted cutting imports into the United States totaled approximately $61 million in 2006 with the bulk coming from Central America, South America, Mexico, and Asia. In the top 15 floricultural crop producing states, flats, hanging baskets, and pots of geraniums (Pelargonium ), poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri) had a wholesale value of $330 million and were produced from approximately 138 million cuttings. In this case, the loss of a single cutting is $2.38 lost in potential revenue. Understandably, reducing losses of cuttings during shipping is a critical research interest for cutting producers, plant plug producers, and finished plant producers. The results of this project will allow producers of unrooted cuttings to improve the quality of cuttings that they ship and decrease postharvest problems resulting from the shipping and storage of cuttings. Firms that receive the cuttings, including rooting stations and finished plant producers, will benefit by receiving higher quality cuttings and experiencing fewer interruptions in their crop schedules due to postharvest problems.
Publications
- Leatherwood, W.R., Dole, J.M., and Faust, J.E. 2009. Ethephon residual catalysis on unrooted Impatiens hawkeri cuttings and stock plants. HortScience 44:532-535.
- Dole, J.M., Viloria, Z., Fanelli, F.L., and Fonteno, W.C. 2009. Postharvest evaluation of cut dahlia, linaria, lupine, poppy, rudbeckia, trachelium and zinnia. HortTechnology 19:593-600.
- Dole, J.M. and Greer, L. 2009. Production protocol development for greenhouse cut Linaria, Lupinus, and Papaver flowers. Scientia Hort. 122:233-237.
- Possiel, E.Y. and Dole, J.M. 2009. Effects of preharvest conditions on postharvest characteristics of lilies and sunflowers. Acta Hort. 847:229-336.
- Dole, J. and Regan, E. 2009. Consider new stock options. The Cut Flower Quarterly 21(4):4-6.
- Barrett, J., Dole, J., and Lopez, R. 2009. Best of the 2008 Poinsettia Trials. GPN 19(5):24-26.
- Lopez, R., Dole, J., and Barrett, J. 2009. Consumer choices. GPN 19(3):18, 20, 22-24.
- Dole, J., Barrett, J., and Lopez, R. 2009. New releases for 2009. GPN 19(2):20-22.
- Dole, J.M. and Laushman, J.M. 2009. 2008 ASCFG Cut Flower Seed Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 21(1):18-24, 26-41.
- Dole, J.M. 2009. 2008 ASCFG Perennial and Woody Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 21(1):42-47.
- Regan, E.M., Dole, J.M., Moody, E.Y., and McCall, I.F. 2009. Postharvest treatment of specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 21(1):48-49.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Each year a wide variety of new cultivars and species are evaluated in the National Cut Flower Trial Programs, administered by North Carolina State University and the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers (ASCFG). Stems of promising cultivars from the National Trial Program were pretreated with either a commercial hydrating solution or DI water and placed in either a commercial holding solution or DI water. Over seven years, the vase life of 103 cultivars representing 39 cut flower genera was determined. While there was cultivar variation within each genera, patterns of postharvest responses have emerged. The largest category with 40 cultivars were those that responded positively to a holding preservative; these cultivars were in the genera Acidanthera, Adenophora, Antirrhinum, Campanula, Capsicum, Celosia, Dianthus, Digitalis, Echinacea, Eustoma, Helianthus, Heptacodium, Heuchera, Leucanthemum, Lobelia, Physostegia, Rudbeckia, and Trachelium. Six cultivars in the genera Digitalis, Helianthus, Heptacodium, Heuchera, and Rudbeckia responded positively to the combined use of hydrator and holding preservatives. Eleven cultivars in the genera Ageratum, Ammi, Eucomis, Eustoma, Persicaria, and Zinnia responded negatively to holding preservative. Eleven cultivars in the genera Achillea, Ammi, Helenium, Helianthus, Matricaria, Scabiosa, Trachelium, and Zinnia responded negatively to the combined use of hydrating and holding preservatives. Fourteen cultivars in the genera Capsicum, Dianthus, Eucomis, Eustoma, Helianthus, Leucanthemum, Matricaria, Trachelium, and Zinnia responded negatively to hydrating preservatives. Three cultivars in the genus Helianthus, Heuchera, and Rudbeckia responded positively to hydrating preservative. Data for the remaining cultivars were not significant among the treatments either due to lack of response to preservatives or, possibly, due to insufficient replications. Cut stems of stock (Matthiola incana) 'Vivas Blue', a new series, were subjected to a broad range of treatments designed to provide postharvest handling protocols for the series. Stems were harvested when at least one floret was open. Stems were unaffected by exogenous ethylene or anti-ethylene agents. Stems had a longer vase life when held dry as compared to being held in water and when stems were held for no more than 2 weeks. Commercial hydrator and holding preservative combinations did not affect vase life; however, stems held in the cooler had a significantly longer vase life, 13.3 days, than stems that were not cold stored (9.9 days). Stems had a longer vase life, 20.3 days, when placed in foam and a 2% sucrose solution as compared to 0 or 4% sucrose in water. Stems held in foam and 2% sucrose also developed a deep purple color over time, which was unique to the treatment. Bud opening increased as sucrose concentration increased regardless of floral foam use. Various commercial preservatives did not result in significant differences in vase life, number of buds open, or termination criteria. Vase life was longer, 12.1 to 13.0 days, when solutions were made from deionized water than when the solutions were made from tap water, 11.3 days. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
This work will increase the number of new cut flower species that producers can confidently grow and market and that wholesalers, retailers and consumers can purchase. The need for new and different cut flowers is increasingly important to promote customer interest and sales and to replace declining production of the major greenhouse cut flower species. This research will decrease postharvest problems associated with new specialty cut flowers and increase the use of specialty cuts in the floriculture industry.
Publications
- Leatherwood, W.R., Dole, J.M., and Faust, J.E. 2009. Ethephon residual catalysis on unrooted Impatiens hawkeri cuttings and stock plants. HortScience In press.
- Possiel, E.Y. and Dole, J.M. 2009. Effects of preharvest conditions on postharvest characteristics of lilies and sunflowers. Acta Hort. In press.
- Greer, L. and Dole. J. 2008. Beautiful Branches: Woody Cut Stems for Flowers, Fruit and Foliage. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 511 pp.
- Greer, L. and Dole, J. 2008. Culture Profile: Rosa. The Cut Flower Quarterly 20(4):8-13.
- Dole, J. 2008. New cuts for hoop houses. GPN 18(10):54,56,58,59.
- Greer, L. and Dole, J. 2008. Culture Profile: Physocarpus opulifolius. The Cut Flower Quarterly 20(2):8-9.
- Werner, D. and Dole, J. 2008. Rougher droughts dictate the need for tougher plants. GPN 18(3):42, 44, 46-47.
- Barrett, J. and Dole, J. 2008. Cultivar recommendations. GPN 18(2):28-30.
- Barrett, J. and Dole, J. 2008. Best of Show. GPN 18(2):26, 27.
- Dole, J. and Barrett, J. 2008. New releases for 2008. GPN 18(2):20, 22-24.
- Dole, J. and Barrett, J. 2007. 2007 Consumer Picks. GPN 18(3): 20, 21-25.
- Dole, J.M. 2008. 2007 ASCFG Seed Cut Flower Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 20(1):14-31.
- Regan, E.M. and Dole, J.M. 2008. Postharvest treatment of specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 20(1):32-33
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Plants grown in restricted root volumes, such as plug flats, often exhibit premature flowering, apical dominance, and stunting after transplanting. Plugs should be transplanted at the pullable plug stage (PPS), which is when the root ball holds together after removal from the plug flat. If seedlings are held in plug flats for too long after PPS, they may not return to a normal growth rate after transplanting. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine which floriculture crops are sensitive to stunting caused by plug flats; 2) determine possible causes of post-transplant stunting; and 3) examine methods of overcoming plug stunting and the inability of plants to return to a normal growth rate after transplanting. Begonia 'Harmony Pink', annual aster 'Matsumoto Rose', cockscomb 'Century Red', dianthus 'Telstar Picotee', impatiens 'Dazzler Red', larkspur 'Pink Fantasy', lisianthus 'Balboa Purple', gazania 'Daybreak' Mix, marigold 'Little Devil Fire', ornamental kale 'Red
Peacock', snapdragon 'Floral Showers Coral Bicolor', stock 'Christmas Ruby' and 'Harmony Cherry Blossom', tomato 'Heartland', and viola 'Starlet Rose with Blotch' were grown in 200 or 288 plug flats to determine how long plugs could be held in the flats and still regain a normal growth rate and desirable growth form after transplanting. A plug was considered to be stunted if it died after transplanting or did not resume a normal growth rate. Out of the 14 species surveyed, five were negatively effected by being held in plug flats past PPS, including annual aster, cockscomb dianthus, larkspur, and marigold. For example, larkspur seedlings held in the plug flat for six weeks after PPS were six times smaller than those transplanted at the optimal time. While it is best to transplant plugs on time, several species are not as sensitive to the amount of time held in plug flats after PPS. These species include: begonia, gazania, impatiens, lisianthus, ornamental kale, snapdragon, tomato and
stock, and viola. These species allow the industry more flexibility in terms of transplanting time. Vinca 'Pacifica Lilac' and/or celosia 'Century Red' or 'Century Fire' was sown into 288 size plug flats and subjected to such treatments as pre-transplant nitrogen application, pre-transplant gibberellic acid application, root obstruction, pre-transplant root ball disturbance, and longer drainage columns. In addition, four of the experiments included a control with seeds sown directly into 17 cm pots. Growing plugs on a longer drainage column led to a significantly larger final diameter in celosia 'Century Fire' plugs transplanted on time. This leads us to believe that low oxygen availability is one cause of plug stunting and the inability to regain a normal growth rate after transplanting. Also, root obstructed plugs were 5.1 cm smaller than control plants at transplanting, but there was no difference in the height of root obstructed plants and control plants after eight weeks. This
suggests that root obstruction may be a contributing, but temporary factor to plug stunting.
PARTICIPANTS: This project has been supported over the years by granting agencies such as the American Floral Endowment, Fred C. Gloeckner Foundation, ASCFG Research Foundation, Hill Foundation, North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers, and numerous companies including Paul Ecke Ranch, Ball Horticultural, Selecta, Dummen, Florema, Valent, Pokon/Chrysal, Fischer, Sakata America, Metrolina, and Dole Fresh Flowers. Many industry firms have also contributed supplies and personnel to support the project. Project work was conducted by Ingram McCall, Diane Mays, and several graduate students including Aliya Donnel, Roland Leatherwood, Emma Locke, Erin Possiel, and Erin Regan. One or more of these projects have been conducted in cooperation with the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers, Jim Faust at Clemson University, Erik Runkle at Michigan State University, Jim Barrett at University of Florida, and Roberto Lopez at Purdue University.
TARGET AUDIENCES: This project is intended for growers of horticultural crops including cut flowers, bedding plants, potted flowering plants, stock plants and plug. Information is also important to suppliers, extension personnel and other researchers. Results are dissemenated through a variety of methods include referreed journals, trade journals, presentations at industry and scientific meetings, field days and open houses, tours, workshops, websites, and personnal communications.
Impacts
While many growers have reported that for most species final transplant performance of plugs is not affected if plugs are transplanted on time, with some species, plants left in plug flats for too long after PPS exhibit premature flowering, apical dominance and stunting after transplanting. The stunting may be beneficial to produce a compact, rapidly flowering flat of plants. However, for all cut flower species and many potted flowering and bedding plant species, stunting and early flowering reduce final plant quality. Delayed transplanting often occurs when there is insufficient space or available space to transplants plugs into the final container. Methods to prevent stunting will allow growers to use plugs that might otherwise be wasted. In summary our study confirms that post-transplant stunting due to excessive holding in plug flats is a problem in some species. Two of the methods evaluated for overcoming this problem proved to be successful. This information will
allow plug users to better manage the growth of plugs after transplanting.
Publications
- Dole, J.M. and Gibson, J.L. 2006. Cutting Propagation - A Guide to Propagating and Producing Floriculture Crops, Ball Publishing, Batavia, Illinois., 385 pp.
- Rapaka, V.K., Faust, J.E., Dole, J.M., and Runkle, E.S. 2007. Carbohydrate dynamics affect postharvest ethylene responsiveness in portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora 'Yubi Deep Rose') unrooted cuttings. Plant Biology and Technology 44:293-299.
- Rapaka, V.K., Faust, J.E., Dole, J.M., and Runkle, E.S. 2007. Effect of time of harvest on postharvest leaf abscission in lantana (Lantana camara 'Dallas Red') unrooted cuttings. HortScience 42:304-308.
- Krug, B.A., Whipker, B.E., McCall, I., and Dole, J.M. 2006. Narcissus response to plant growth regulators. HortTechnology 16:129-132. Dole, J.M. and B.E. Whipker. 2007. Calculating crop costs. Greenhouse Grower 25(8):122, 124, 126, 128.
- Faust, J., Dole, J., and Runkle, E. 2007. A new approach for floriculture. Big Grower June:28-30.
- Faust, J.E., Rapaka, V.J., Dole, J.M., and Runkle, E.S. 2007. Cold-chain management. Greenhouse Grower 25(11).
- Dole, J. and Possiel, E. 2007. Handling specialty cut flowers. Australian Flower Industry 15:40-41. (reprint)
- Fanelli, F. and Dole, J. 2007. Culture profile: Dahlia. The Cut Flower Quarterly 19(2):8-10.
- Godwin, P., Dole, J., and Nelson, P. 2007. Managing cut flower nutrition in the field. The Cut Flower Quarterly 19(2):20-25.
- Dole, J.M. 2007. 2006 ASCFG Seed Cut Flower Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 19(1):11-27.
- Dole, J.M. 2007. 2006 ASCFG National Perennial and Woody Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 19(1):28-31.
- Dole, J. and Possiel, E.Y. 2007. Handling specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 19(1):32-34
- Dole, J. and Moorman, G. 2007. Management of pathogens that threaten vegetative propagation. OFA Bulletin No. 900:16-24.
- Lopez, R., Runkle, E., Faust, J., and Dole, J. 2007. Cutting production and propagation: Is there room for improvement. OFA Bulletin No. 900:1, 9-12.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
The need for new and different cut flowers is increasingly important to stimulate customer interest and sales and to replace declining production of the major greenhouse cut flower species in the United States and Canada. In response the National Cut Flowers Trials was established to evaluate new cut flowers, foliages, fruits, and stems. The program is a cooperative effort among the Association of Specialty Cut Flowers Growers (ASCFG), cut flower breeders and suppliers, cut flower producers, and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The trial is coordinated by ASCFG and NCSU with breeders and suppliers providing plant materials, which are sent to commercial producers for evaluation. Over 50 trialers evaluate seed-propagated materials and 10 to 20 trialers evaluate perennial and woody materials, resulting in evaluations being made in a broad range of climatic conditions. Trialers return evaluations providing production information, ratings and writing. The
seed-propagated trial program has evaluated 777 cultivars since the inception of the trial. The perennial trial has evaluated 127 cultivars and the woody trial 17 cultivars. The trial programs provide 1. cut flower producers with new cultivars to test each year, 2. breeders and suppliers with publicity and performance information for their products, 3. ASCFG with a member service, and 4. NCSU with information from a wide range of climatic conditions. In conjunction with the production trials, a postharvest evaluation program has been set up to screen large numbers of taxa. Stems of promising cultivars from the National Trial Program were pretreated with either a commercial hydrating solution or DI water and placed in either a commercial holding solution or DI water. The vase life of 76 cultivars, representing 37 cut flower genera, was tested. While there is cultivar variation within each genus, patterns of postharvest responses have emerged. The largest category, with 25 cultivars,
were those that responded positively to a holding preservative; these cultivars were in the genera Adenophora, Campanula, Celosia, Dianthus, Echinacea, Eustoma, Gladiolus, Helianthus, Helleborus, Leaucanthemum, Matricaria, Physostegia, Rudbeckia, and Trachelium. Five cultivars in the genera Dianthus, Digitalis, Helianthus and Heuchera responded positively to both hydrator and holding preservative. Seven cultivars in the genera Ageratum, Ammi, and Zinnia responded negatively to holding preservative. Five cultivars in the genera Ammi, Heliopsis, Persicaria, and Scabiosa responded negatively to the combined use of hydrating and holding preservatives. Two cultivars in the genera Eucomis and Capsicum responded negatively to hydrating preservatives. One cultivar in the genus Rudbeckia responded positively to hydrating preservative. Data for the remaining cultivars were not significant among the treatments either due to lack of response to preservatives or, possibly, due to insufficient
replications.
Impacts
The need for new and different cut flowers is increasingly important to stimulate customer interest and sales and to replace declining production of the major greenhouse cut flower species in the United States and Canada. A cooperative effort among the Association of Specialty Cut Flowers Growers (ASCFG), cut flower breeders and suppliers, cut flower producers, and North Carolina State University (NCSU) has tested the production and postharvest characteristics of hundreds of new cut flowers.
Publications
- Dole, J.M. and J.L. Gibson. 2006. Cutting Propagation - A Guide to Propagating and Producing Floriculture Crops, Ball Publishing, Batavia, Illinois, 385 pp.
- Fanelli, F. and J. Dole. 2006. Dahlia: A specialty cut flower. Greenhouse Grower 24(9):42, 44, 46.
- Leatherwood, W.R. and J. Dole. 2006. Calcium deficiency disorders in poinsettias. North Carolina Commercial Flower Growers= Bulletin 51 (3&4):1, 4-6.
- Fanelli, F. and J. Dole. 2006. Flowering Bulbs as Specialty Cut Flowers. Greenhouse Grower 24(1):92, 94, 96, 98, 99.
- Dole, J. 2006. The Cut flower Seed Trials. GPN 16(4):56, 58, 60-62.
- Dole, J. 2006. Unusual from the Cut Flower Trials. GPN 16(4):64-66.
- Dole, J., A. Hammer, and J. Barrett. 2006. Recommended Cultivars. GPN 16(2):32, 34, 36.
- Barrett, J., J. Dole, and A. Hammer. 2006. Best of the Trials. GPN 16(2):28, 29, 31.
- Dole, J., A. Hammer, and J. Barrett. 2006. New Releases for 2006. GPN 16(2):22, 24-26.
- Dole, J., A. Hammer, and J. Barrett. 2006. Consumer Guide to Poinsettias. GPN 16(3):22, 24, 27.
- Krug, B.A., B.E. Whipker, I. McCall, and J.M. Dole. 2006. Narcissus response to plant growth regulators. HortTechnology 16:129-132.
- Dole, J. and B. Whipker. 2006. Ranunculus Make Great Cuts. GMPro 26(7):75, 76, 78-80.
- Dole, J., F. Fanelli, W. Fonteno, B. Harden, and S. Blankenship. 2006. A Cut Above the Rest. GPN 16(8):26, 28, 30, 32-35.
- Peet, M., B. Whipker, J. Dole, and T. Bilderback. 2006. The Importance of High Quality Irrigation Water in Your Crop. The Tomato Magazine 10(4):8-12.
- Dole, J.M. 2006. 2005 ASCFG Cut Flower Seed Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 18(1):9-29.
- Dole, J.M. 2006. 2005 ASCFG National Perennial and Woody Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 18(1):30-35.
- Dole, J.M. 2006. Handling Specialty Cut Flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 18(1):36-37.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Data was collected from bedding and potted plant growers and cut flower growers serving the wholesale and retail markets to determine business characteristics and fixed and variable costs. Business size, including greenhouse area, outdoor pads, fields and supplemental buildings, ranged from 10,400 ft2 to 463,400 ft2. Greenhouses were the primary production area for bedding and potted plant growers, while cut flower growers primarily used field production. Bedding and potted plant growers averaged sales of $896,519 compared to average sales of $45,425 for cut flower growers. Wholesale markets had higher sales than retail markets for bedding and potted plant and cut flower businesses. Labor was the greatest expense for all market segments. Correlation analysis indicated positive associations in the retail markets between employee compensation and sales and conference/travel expense and sales. Financial data were collected from bedding and potted plant growers serving
the wholesale and retail markets to determine space utilization and fixed costs per square foot per week ($/ft2/wk), adjusted for space and time utilization. Wholesale bedding and potted plant growers had fixed costs of $0.236/ft2/wk and retail bedding and potted plant growers had costs of $0.334/ft2/wk for greenhouse production area. Wholesale cut flower businesses had fixed costs of $1.220/ft2/yr, while the retail cut flower businesses yielded an average cost of $0.787/ft2/yr for field production. Bedding and potted plant growers primarily used greenhouses, with some production on outdoor pads. Peak greenhouse usage for wholesale bedding and potted plant growers occurred in April (95.5%), and retail bedding and potted plant greenhouses were most utilized in April and May (87.5%). Cut flowers were grown primarily in the field. Field production peaked in June (85%) for wholesale cut flower growers and in July (88%) for retail growers.
Impacts
Many owners/managers may avoid detailed cost accounting for fear of possible negative results or because they believe the task will be overwhelming - a result of failing to allocate adequate time and resources to maintaining sufficient records. As with plant production, cost accounting is a manual process that requires diligence and attention to detail. Just as growers manage plant nutrition to yield quality plants, the owner/manager must manage the business finances to yield a healthy profit. Products must be sold at a price that covers costs but does not exceed expected market value. Since the market is consumer driven, individual businesses can exert little control over the market value. However, businesses can control their costs. The $/ft2/wk or $/ft2/yr figures provide one tool that can be utilized for cost analysis in the floriculture industry.
Publications
- Dole, J.M. 2005. The 2004 ASCFG National Cut Flower Seed Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(1):10-31.
- Dole, J.M. 2005. The 2004 ASCFG National Perennial Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(1):31-35.
- Dole, J.M. 2005. The 2004 ASCFG National Woody Trials. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(1):36-38.
- Fanelli, F.L., Dole, J.M., Fonteno, W.C., Harden, B.T. and Blankenship, S.M. 2005. Postharvest of specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(1):39-41.
- Fanelli, F.L. and Dole, J.M. 2005. Hellebore stems as specialty cut flowers. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(1):68, 70.
- Krug, B.A., Whipker, B.E., McCall, I. and Dole, J.M. 2005. Varying application practices of flurprimidol pre-plant bulb soaks. OFA Bulletin 893:5-7.
- Krug, B.A., Whipker, B.E., McCall, I. and Dole, J.M. 2005. Height control of spring bulbs with preplant soaks. N.C. Flower Growers' Bulletin 50(4):8-10.
- Greer, L., Dole, J.M. and Hamrick, D. 2005. Defoliating woody cut stems. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(2):4-6.
- Dole, J.M., Barrett, J. and Hammer, A. 2005. Picking popular poinsettias. GPN 15(3):32, 34, 38.
- Dole, J.M., Hammer, A. and Barrett, J. 2005. Poinsettia trials 2004 - New releases for 2005. GPN 15(2):24, 26, 28, 31, 32.
- Hammer, A., Dole, J.M. and Barrett, J. 2005. 2004 poinsettia trials - Best of the trials. GPN 15(2):35-36.
- Hammer, A., Dole, J.M. and Barrett, J. 2005. 2004 poinsettia trials - Recommended cultivars. GPN 15(2):38, 40, 42.
- Dole, J.M., McCall, I., Stoffregen, J. and Whipker, B.E. 2005. National Poinsettia Trial Program Highlights. N.C. Flower Grower's Bull. 50(1&2):1, 4-18.
- Dole, J.M. and Wilkins, H.F. 2005. Floriculture - Principles and Species, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1026 pp.
- Dole, J.M. and Wilkins, H.F. 2005. Instructor's Manual - Floriculture - Principles and Species. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 80 pp.
- Greer, L. and Dole, J.M. 2005. Pre-harvest chemical and postharvest environmental defoliation of woody cut stems. HortTechnology 15:376-380.
- Krug, B.A., Whipker, B.E., McCall, I. and Dole, J.M. 2005. Comparison of flurprimidol to ethephon, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for hyacinth height control. HortTechnology 15:872-874.
- Krug, B.A., Whipker, B.E., McCall, I. and Dole, J.M. 2005. Comparison of flurprimidol to ancymidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for tulip height control. HortTechnology 15:370-373.
- Dole , J.M., Fonteno, W.C. and Blankenship, S.M. 2005. Comparison of silver thiosulfate with 1-methylcyclopropene on 19 cut flower taxa. Acta Hort. 682:949-956.
- Dole, J.M. 2005. Storage and simulated shipping of cut 'Renaissance Red' poinsettias. Acta Hort. 683:103-109.
- Fanelli, F.L., Dole, J.M., Fonteno, W.C., Harden, B.T. and Blankenship, S.M. 2005. Postharvest update. The Cut Flower Quarterly 17(4):29-33.
- Dole, J.M., Fanelli, F L., Fonteno, W.C., Harden, B.T. and Blankenship, S.M. 2005. Making the cut. GPN 15(6):74, 76-81.
- Dole, J.M. 2005. Keeping cuts current. GPN 15(4):42-44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54.
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