Progress 08/15/04 to 08/14/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project examined some of the basic factors controlling golden shiner growth in aquaria. The first study compared growth of golden shiners at three densities and found that increasing fish density did not significantly reduce fish growth, indicating that there are no behavioral limitations. Two 10-week trials determined the growth and feed conversion efficiency of two sizes of golden shiners at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 C). Interactive effects of dietary protein sources (plant versus animal) and lipid sources (poultry versus fish oil) on fathead minnow broodstock, and egg larval quality were determined. Rosy red fathead minnow broodstock in outdoor pools were fed practical diets containing 10% lipid as poultry fat or menhaden fish oil in combination with animal proteins (poultry + fish meals) or plant proteins. Fish received the diets for 2 months prior to spawning. Egg diameter, egg fatty acid composition, hatching percentage, and larval length were
determined. There were no differences in egg diameter, hatching percentage, or larval length due to diet, despite pronounced differences in fatty acid composition of the eggs from adults fed diets with different lipids. Vegetable proteins and poultry fat are less expensive. In farm ponds stocked with hybrid striped bass, analyses of water quality showed that mean hardness in the study ponds ranged from 18.9 plus or minus 1.94 mg/1 CaCO3 to 61.2 plus or minus 4.38 mg/1 CaCO3 (plus or minus SE) and alkalinity ranged from 18.9 plus or minus 2.28 to 73.5 plus or minus 5.66 CaCO3. Surface water temperatures did not exceed 30 C in monthly samples, but reached higher temperatures in the continuous data loggers. Hardness significantly influenced survival of phase 2 (T = 96, P = 0.002) and phase 3 hybrid striped bass held in cages in the field. In the phase 2 study, hardness in soft ponds ranged from 9 to 51 mg/1 CaCO3 (mean = 24.1 mg/1CaCO3)and hard ponds ranged from 92 to 273 mg/1 (mean =
173.9 mg/1 CaCO3). In the phase 3 trial, hardness in soft ponds ranged from 8 to 58 mg/1 CaCO3 (mean = 29.9 mg/1 CaCo3) and hard ponds ranged from 85 to 238 mg/1 CaCO3 (mean = 144.7 mg/1 CaCO3). The number of mortalities between the two hardness levels was significantly different (T=100, P=<0.001). Electofishing 1 day following stocking found that 4 out of 23 largemouth bass examined had consumed hybrid striped bass. All 4 were small phase 2 fish ranging in length from 115-139 mm. Gillnet sampling revealed much higher catch rates for phase 3 fish than for phase 2 fish (0.33 and 0.06 fish/hr, respectively), and these catch rates were significantly different (t= -4.11, df=4, P=0.015). Electrofishing catch rates of phase 3 hybrid striped bass were more than twice as high as phase 2 fish (12.6 vs. 5.2 fish/hr, respectively), but this difference was not significantly different (t= -1.41, df=4, P=0.233). Overall, these data suggest that predation of smaller phase 2 hybrid striped bass is a
concern in established pond communities, and that larger hybrid striped bass should experience better survival post stocking.
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Rebecca Lochmann, Sathya Kumaran, Bobban Subhadra, Ruguang Chen, Dr. J. Wesley Neal, Dr. Nathan Stone; Graduate Students: Marcella Melandri, Paul Port; Undergraduate Student: Benjamin Harrison; Collaborators: Steve Rawles (ARS)
TARGET AUDIENCES: Baitfish Farmers, Farm Pond Owners, Bass Farmers, Channel Catfish Farmers
Impacts
Optimal temperature for golden shiners was determined to be 26 C for 0.5 g fish and 24 C for 1.0 g fish. Poultry fat and vegetable proteins are suitable feed ingredients for broodstock diets of fathead minnow in outdoor systems. Hybrid striped bass experience high mortality when stocked in ponds with hardness levels <100 ppm in Arkansas farm ponds. In waters with hardness >100 ppm, phase 3 fish are more likely to be able to escape predation by largemouth bass and should have better survival than phase 2 hybrid striped bass.
Publications
- Kumaran, S., R. Lochmann, N. Stone, A. Kachowski and Y-W. Lee. 2007. Effect of diets with and without menhaden fish meal and oil on egg size, hatchability, and fry size for rosy red fathead minnow in outdoor pools. North American Journal of Aquaculture 69:419-428.
- Lochmann, R.T. and S. Kumaran. 2006. Effect of practical diets with animal- or vegetable-protein sources and poultry oil or menhaden fish oil on adult fathead minnows Pimephales promelas in tanks. North American Journal of Aquaculture 68:296-305.
- Melandri, M., N. Stone and R. Lochmann. 2007. Determination of effects of fish density on the growth of golden shiners (Notemigonus chrysoleucas). Aquaculture 2007, CD of Abstracts. Feb. 26 - Mar. 2, San Antonio, Texas.
- Melandri, M., N. Stone and R. Lochmann. 2007. Effects of temperature on the growth of golden shiners. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Arkansas Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Ozark Folk Center, Mounain View, AR. Jan 31 - Feb 2.
- Melandri, M., N. Stone and R. Lochmann. 2007. Effects of temperature on the growth of golden shiners. 20th Annual Student/Faculty Research Forum, UAPB.
- Port, P., J.W. Neal and S.E. Lochmann. 2007. Factors influencing post-stocking survival of hybrid striped bass. Arkansas Chapter Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Mountain View, Arkansas, January 31 - February 2, 2007.
- Port, P., J.W. Neal and S.E. Lochmann. 2007. Factors influencing post-stocking survival of hybrid striped bass. Southern Division of the American Fisheries Society, Memphis, Tennessee, February 9-11, 2007.
- Subhadra, B., R. Lochmann, S. Rawles and R. Chen. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid source on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture 255:210-222.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
The traditional baitfish egg transfer method of stocking baitfish pond was compared to stocking hatchery fry at varying numbers of eggs/hectare. Egg stocking numbers ranged from 7.5 million per hectare to 0.95 million per hectare. Average final weight increased from 0.20 kg/1000 to 1.5 kg/1000 as the egg stocking number decreased. Average yield decreased from 434 to 166 kg/ha as egg stocking density decreased, as did survival from egg to juvenile, decreasing from 30% to 16%. In the fry stocking trials, stocking fry at either 1.0 million/hectare or 2.5 million/hectare resulted in average yields of 602 and 1,082 kg/hecare, respectively, survival rates of 66% and 75%, respectively, and with average final weights decreasing from 1.1 kg/1000 to 0.59kg/1000. Largemouth bass raised in Arkansas are currently fed trout diets that are high in fish meal and fish oil. These diets are costly to make and ship to Arkansas. It is likely that more economical and environmentally
friendly ingredients such as plant and poultry products can be substituted in the bass diets without impairing their production. A feeding trial was conducted in tanks under controlled conditions at UAPB. The fish were fed diets with different lipids including fish, poultry and plant sources for 10 weeks. A second trial was completed using diets with no fish meal and the same lipid sources from Trial 1. In Trial 1, growth and survival of the fish was the same on all diets regardless of lipid source. Alternative complement activity was higher in fish fed diets with n-3 fatty acids, either canola or menhaden fish oil. Fatty acid composition of the fillets reflected that of the diets. Results from Trial 2 are still being analyzed, but growth and survival of largemouth bass were compromised by total removal of fish meal from the diets. With cooperation of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) we evaluated hybrid striped bass as a potential addition to urban fisheries by stocking
this fish in two urban fishing ponds. Angler surveys were used to determine angler demographics, success, and attitudes/preferences. Of the anglers who caught hybrid striped bass, over 90% said that it added to their fishing experience and they were more likely to return to the lake to fish. Of all angulers surveyed, 90% said that the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission should begin stocking hybrid striped bass as part of urban fisheries management. Use of hybrid striped bass in farm ponds would constitute a new market for an aquaculture product.
Impacts
The substitution of poultry and plant oils in diets for largemouth bass to the extent possible without compromising production could decrease feed cost by as much as 20%. Of all anglers surveyed, 90% said that the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission should be stocking hybrid striped bass as part of urban fisheries management. Use of hybrid striped bass in farm ponds would constitute a new market for an aquaculture product.
Publications
- Neal, J.W., S. Shreay, N.E. Heitman, M.C. Leao, K.R. Winningham, R.E. Edziyie and C. Jackson. 2004. Hybrid striped bass in urban ponds: a pilot study on angler demographics, attitudes and fishing success. Proc. Anu. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 58:130-138.
- Port, P. and J.W. Neal 2006. Evaluation of hybrid striped bass as a corrective management tool for stunted prey populations in Arkansas farm ponds. Abstracts, Student/Faculty Research Forum, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
- Shreay, S., K. Quagrainie and C. Engle. 2006. Supermarket preferences for catfish in the U.S.: a nested logit model analysis. Annual Meeting of the U.S. Aquaculture Society, a Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society, Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Subhadra, B., R. Lochmann, S. Rawles and R. Chen. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid source on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture 255:210-222.
- Sink, T.D. and R.T. Lochmann. 2006. Partial validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sampling blood plasma insuline concentrations in largemouth bass, (Micropterus salmoides) fed diets containing different lipids. Aquaculture 260:221-231.
- Subhadra, B., R. Lochmann, S. Rawles and R. Chen. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid source on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemoth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture America 2006, Las Vegas, NV, February 13-17. Abstract.
- Subhadra, B. and R. Lochmann. 2006. Prostaglandin E2 production in largemouth bass fed diets with poultry meal and different lipids. Aqua2006 CD of Abstracts, Florence, Italy, May 9-13.
- Winningham, K. and A.E. Goodwin. Evaluation of age structure and growth of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in multiple bath commercial production. 2006 Catfish Farmers of America Research Symposium Book of Abstracts. San Antonio.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 09/30/05
Outputs
The traditional baitfish egg transfer methods of stocking baitfish ponds was compared to stocking hatchery fry at varying numbers of eggs/hectare. Egg stocking numbers ranged from 7.5 million per hectare to 0.95 million per hectare. Average final weight increased from 0.20 kg/1000 to 1.5 kg/1000 as the egg stocking number decreased. Average yield decreased from 434 to 166 kg/ha as egg stocking density decreased, as did survival from egg to juvenile, decreasing from 30% to 16%. In the fry stocking trials, stocking fry at either 1.0 million/hectare or 2.5 million/hectare resulted in average yields of 602 and 1,082 kg/hectare, respectively, survival rates of 66% and 75%, respectively, with averal final weights decreasing from 1.1 kg/1000 to 0.59 kg/1000. Largemouth bass raised in Arkansas currently received trout diets that are high in fish meal and oil. These diets are costly to make and ship to Arkansas. It is likely that more economical and environmentally friendly
ingredients such as plant and poultry products can be substituted in the diets of the bass without impairing their production. A feeding trial was conducted in tanks under controlled conditions at UAPB. The fish were fed diets with different lipids including fish, poultry and plant sources for 10 weeks. A second trial was completed using diets with no fish meal and the same lipid sources from Tiral 1. In Trial 1 growth and survival of the fish was the same on all diets regardless of lipid source. Alternative complement activity was higher in fish fed diets with n-3 fatty acids, either canola or menhaden fish oil. Fatty acid composition of the fillets reflected that of the diets. Results form Trial 2 are still being analyzed, but both growth and survival of poultry and plant oils in diets for largemouth bass to the extent possible without compromising production could decrease feed cost by as much ast 20%.
Impacts
Baitfish farmers, with the new indoor hatching techniques, can increase yields (and decrease costs) by increasing fry stocking densities. Nutrition studies showed potential to reduce largemouth bass feed costs by as much as 20 percent.
Publications
- Kachowski, A. and N. Stone. 2005. Growth rates of golden shiner fry stocked at low densities in experimental ponds. Aquaculture America 2005. New Orleans, Louisiana, January 17-20.
- Kachowski, A. and N. Stone. 2005. Effect of density on production of golden shiners in ponds. Abstract. Eighteenth Annual Student/Faculty Research Forum, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff.
- Winningham, K. and A.E. Goodwin. 2005. Evaluation of age structure and growth of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in multiple batch commercial production, January 18.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
With cooperation of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC)we evaluated hybrid striped bass as a potential addition to urban fisheries by stocking this fish in two urban fishing ponds. Angler surveys were used to determine angler demographics, success, and attitudes/preferences. Of the anglers who caught hybrid striped bass, over 90% said that it added to their fishing experience and they were more likely to return to the lake to fish. Of all anglers surveyed, 90% said that the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission should begin stocking hybrid striped bass as part of urban fisheries management.
Impacts
The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission is considering adding hybrid striped bass into their stocking program in urban fishing areas.
Publications
- Neal, J.W., S. Shreay, N.E. Heitman, M.C. Leao, K.R. Winningham, R.E. edziyie and C. Jackson. 2005. Hybrid striped bass in urban ponds: a pilot study on angler demographics, attitudes, and fishing success. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies.
- Neal, J.W. 2004. Alternative management options for recreational fishing ponds. Abstract. Aquaculture/Fisheries Center of Excellence Field Day, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
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