Progress 09/01/04 to 08/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The results of the project were disseminated as a part of conferences, symposia, workshops and tradition refereed publications. Oral and poster presentations were made at various professional and producer meetings including AACC International Annual Meetings, ASABE Annual International Meetings, IFT Annual Meetings, the North American Grain Congress, International Conference on Sorghum for Biofuel, and departmental and university symposia. Three MS students completed their graduate programs and shared their results at several of the meetings and through publications. PARTICIPANTS: Numerous individuals worked on the project over the life of the project. These individuals included C.L. Weller (PD), T.P. Carr (co-PI), V.L. Schlegel, S.L. Cuppett, L. Wang, K.T. Hwang, J. Walter (added co-PI), Laura Nystrom (visiting scientist), Eric Newgard (PhD student), Katrina Christiansen (MS student), Carolina Leguizamon (MS student), Richard Zbasnik (MS student), Emily Sitorius (MS student), Tammi Gries (MS student), Bo Hyun Lee (MS student), Brad Schmidt (MS student), and Rachelle Struebing (Undergrad student), Other academic institutions that provided the opportunity for some of the individual participants to take part in the project included the University of Finland, Seoul National University and the Federal University of Cerea, Brazil. In addition to the three M.S. students who completed their degree requirements while a part of the project, there were four other M.S. students, one Ph.D. student and one under-graduate student who participated in the project for training and professional development. TARGET AUDIENCES: Members of the U.S. public that have or run the risk of high serum cholesterol are the mostly likely to be those who benefit from the completed. project. The health benefits possible through consumption of grain sorghum may offer potential cholesterol-lowering therapy to affected individuals. Delivery of the science-based knowledge so far has been through presentations at professional and producer meetings, and refereed journal publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Extraction equipment delays slowed progress in sample preparation for feeding trials so progress related to this part of the project was slowed. Work to do further feeding trials as originally proposed will occur as part of other work.
Impacts
The results of the project led to a change in knowledge and a change in conditions. Knowledge changed as new knowledge was generated that may be used in decision-making for a more positive life choice for youth and adults, and in the manner in which lipids may most effectively be recovered for use in diets. Extractions on ground sorghum resulted in higher total lipid yields than extractions on whole kernels. Extracts from ground sorghum yielded greater amounts of diacylglycerides, while extracts from whole kernels yielded greater amounts of policosanols. The method of extraction affected the total lipid yield and the lipid class yield. Soxtec extractions resulted in greater policosanol yields than the recirculating and refluxing methods. Potential health-promoting lipids such as policosanols, phytosterols, and omega-3 fatty acids were present not only in the extracts from kernels of sorghum but also in extracts from the stalks and leaves. Though the lipid profiles do not vary that much between lines within an anatomy grouping, there was a significant difference in lipid profiles and lipid content between the leaves, stalks, and kernels. At extraction temperatures near the boiling point of n-hexane, the solvent to solid ratio can be 3:1 with an extraction time of 4 h to achieve maximum lipid yield. In subsequent use of the extracts, cholesterol absorption efficiency was significantly reduced by grain sorghum lipids in a dose-dependent manner. Cholesterol absorption was also directly correlated with plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration, suggesting that dietary grain sorghum lipids lower non-HDL cholesterol, at least in part, by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. Conditions changed as improved nutrition and health (i.e., reduced serum cholesterol) through consumption of grain sorghum or products containing grain sorghum is possible.
Publications
- Wang, L., C.L. Weller, V.L. Schlegel, T.P. Carr and S.L. Cuppett. 2008. Supercritical CO2 extraction of lipids from grain sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles. Bioresour. Technol. 99(5):1373-1382.
- Christiansen, K,L., C.L. Weller, V.L. Schlegel and I. Dweikat. 2008. Comparison of lipid extraction methods on food grade sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using hexane. Biol. Engr. 1(1):51-63.
|
Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities continued in separation techniques and in analytical techniques. Separation techniques included trials using Soxtec extraction, reflux extraction and supercritical extraction. Analytical techniques included establishing methods for analysis of antiproliferative properties of grain sorghum lipids. Two graduate students completed their thesis and other requirements for graduation. One worked on analytical techniques and the other worked on separaton techniques. Significant initial findings were shared via four presentations during the past year. They were: Zbasnik, R., V. Schlegel, T. Carr, T. Gries, S. Cuppett and C. Weller. Characterization of lipids from dried distillers grains of sorghum, and potential antiproliferative properties. IFT Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, July, 2007; Newgard, E.C. and C.L. Weller. Fermentation influence on lipid contents for corn and grain sorghum. AACC International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, October, 2007; Newgard, E.C. and C.L.
Weller. Size reduction influence on lipid content for corn and grain sorghum. AACC International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, October, 2007; and Leguizamon, C., C.L. Weller, V.L. Schlegel and T.P. Carr. Total plant sterols extracted from corn, grain sorghum and their DDGS using reflux and soxhlet methods. AACC International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, October, 2007.
PARTICIPANTS: Participants this past year included the project director and all of the principal investigators. Graduate students involved with the project included Katrina Christiansen, Carolina Leguizamon, Juan Garcia, Eric Newgard, Bo Hyun Lee, Richard Zbasnik, Emily Sitorus, and Tammy Griess.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for the information produced as a result of activities of the research include all consumers of food products in the United States with a special emphasis on those with high serum cholesterol levels.
Impacts
The findings and results of the research the past year contributed to a better understanding of what factors effected separation and recovery of lipid compounds from grain sorghum and it processing by-products. They also contributed to a better understanding of the composition and stability of the various extracted lipid compounds. The resources made available through the funding helped pay for graduate student stipends and for various laboratory glassware and chemicals. Through the activities of the graduate students, presentations and publicatons were developed. Further refinement of separation techniques for lipid compounds and additional feeding trials with specific lipid fractions are planned.
Publications
- Wang, L., C.L. Weller, V.L. Schlegel, T.P. Carr and S.L. Cuppett. 2007. Comparison of supercritical CO2 and hexane extraction of lipids from sorghum distillers grains. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:567-574.
- Christiansen, K.L., C. L. Weller, V. L. Schlegel, S. L. Cuppett and T. P. Carr. 2007. Extraction and characterization of lipids from the kernels, leaves and stalks of nine grain sorghum parent lines. Cereal Chem. 84(5):463-470.
|
Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
The extraction capabilities of three methods for lipid recovery from grain sorghum were analyzed. Lipids were extracted from whole kernel and ground Macia, a food grade sorghum hybrid, using hexane in a bench-top Soxhlet method, a refluxing method, and a bench-scale recirculated solvent unit method. Comparisons of total lipid yields and yields of specific lipid classes by each method were conducted. The relative efficiency for total extract recovered and lipid profiles were compared between the three methods. Yields of total lipid recovered for the three methods of extraction on the grain samples ranged from 0.04 to 2.88%. The state of the starting materials affected the total lipid yields and also the composition of the extract. The method of extraction also affected the total lipid yields and the composition of the extract. In another study, hexane and d-limonene with 30% ethanol were compared for their effects on lipid extraction from grain sorghum. d-Limonene
((4r)-(+)-4-isopropepnlyl 1-methylcyclohexane) is a solvent extracted from citrus rind, which is renewable and non-toxic. The extractions were performed with two different sorghum hybrids using a Soxhlet extraction method at two solvent:grain ratios and two extraction periods. d-Limonene with 30% ethanol yielded more extract than hexane from the grain sorghum sample at each of the treatments. However, the extracts recovered using d-limonene with 30% ethanol were not easily analyzed for lipid content and composition, while the compositions of the hexane extracts were easily discerned. Another complication imparted by the d-limonene with 30% ethanol was the recovery of protein in the extract. d-Limonene with 30% ethanol is most likely not a viable alternative to hexane for the recovery of lipids from grain sorghum. The objectives of a third study were to identify and quantify lipid classes extracted from the stalk, leaves, and whole kernels from nine different sorghum parent lines. All
extractions were performed with a Soxhlet using n-hexane as the extracting solvent. Analytical methods including HPLC, GC, and TLC were used to identify and quantify the extracted lipid classes: triacylglycerols, diglycerides, policosanols, free sterols, phytosterols, free fatty acids and tocopherols. Overall, extracts from the leaves had higher amounts of soluble matter. Extracts from leaves contained more alcohols and sterols than extracts from the stalks or whole kernels. Extracts from stalks contained the greatest amount of free fatty acids. Extracts from the whole kernels contained more aldehydes. Trace amounts vitamin E were observed by HPLC in all 27 samples. There were differences in the lipid profiles of extracts from whole kernels, leaves, and stalks of sorghum plants. There were also differences in the lipid profiles between the nine different parent lines.
Impacts
Grain sorghum is a rich source of phytochemicals including phenolic compounds, plant sterols and policosanols, yet this abundant cereal crop has been largely overlooked for its benefits to human health. While the United States is the world's largest producer and exporter of grain sorghum, most of the grain sorghum in the U.S. is used for animal feed and ethanol production. The specific goal of this project is to show the potential of an alternative health-impacting food source capable of lowering cholesterol in humans by investigating the active compounds in grain sorghum.
Publications
- Wang, L., C.L. Weller and K.T. Hwang. 2005. Extraction of lipids from grain sorghum DDG. Trans ASAE 48(5):1883-1888.
- Wang, L. and C.L. Weller. 2006. Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 17(6):300-312.
- Weller, C.L., K.T. Hwang and B.J. Schmidt. 2006. Yield comparisons of different methods of waxy fraction extraction from grain sorghum. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 15(5):786-791.
|
Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Grain sorghum is a rich source of phytochemicals that could potentially benefit human health. Male hamsters fed AIN-93M diets supplemented with a hexane-extractable lipid fraction from grain sorghum whole kernels for four weeks had significantly reduced plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration in a dose-dependent manner with reductions of 18, 36, and 69% in hamsters fed 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0% lipids, respectively, compared with controls. Liver cholesteryl ester concentration was also significantly reduced in hamsters fed grain sorghum lipids. Plasma HDL cholesterol concentration was not altered by dietary treatment. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was significantly reduced by the grain sorghum lipids in a dose-dependent manner. Cholesterol absorption was also directly correlated with plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration suggesting that dietary grain sorghum lipids lowers non-HDL cholesterol, at least in part, by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. TLC and GLC
analyses of the lipids extract revealed the presence of plant sterols and policosanols at concentrations of 0.35 and 8.0 g/100 g lipids, respectively. Although plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, policosanols may inhibit endogenous cholesterol synthesis. The data suggest that these components of lipids extract may work collectively in lowering plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. Additionally, policosanols, long-chained alcohols, in grain sorghum lipids extract have been reported to have beneficial physiological activities. Yields of wax-like lipid materials from unpolished grain sorghum, polished grain sorghum, brown rice, purple rice, wheat, and maize were 223, 37, 33, 61, 10, and 10 mg/100 g of dry kernels, respectively. Policosanol contents, as determined using HPLC, in the wax-like materials from the cereals were 33, 29, 6, 0, and 2% (w/w, db), respectively. Major alcohols in the policosanols from grain sorghum were octacosanol and triacontanol. Docosanol was the
major alcohol in the policosanols from brown rice, purple rice, wheat, and maize. Our findings further indicate that grain sorghum contains beneficial components that could be used as food ingredients or dietary supplements to manage cholesterol levels in humans.
Impacts
From this project, we expect to realize (1) a program for characterizing the hexane extract of grain sorghum and individual classes of components isolated during extraction, (2) separation processes to purify lipid components but also to efficiently recover them from the large volumes of solvent in which they are dissolved during extraction, and (3) the identity of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which specific grain sorghum lipid dietary components regulate cholesterol transport in the body and, thus, contribute to plasma cholesterol concentration.
Publications
- Hwang, K.T., J.E. Kim and C.L. Weller. 2005. Policosanol contents and composition in wax-like materials extracted from select cereals of Korean origin. Cereal Chem. 82(3):242-245.
- Carr, T.P., C.L. Weller, V.L. Schlegel, S.L. Cuppett, D.M. Guderian, Jr. and K.R. Johnson. 2005. Grain sorghum lipid extract reduces cholesterol absorption and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration in hamsters. J. Nutr. 135(9):2236-2240.
|
Progress 09/01/04 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Specifically, we will (1) characterize the hexane extract of grain sorghum by designing and applying relevant physiochemical analytical methods, (2) develop well-characterized processes capable of effectively separating and purifying individual lipid compounds from grain sorghum, and (3) identify and characterize the individual lipid compounds responsible for lowering cholesterol by using animal models.
Impacts
From this project, we expect to realize (1) a program for characterizing the hexane extract of grain sorghum and individual classes of components isolated during extraction, (2) separation processes to purify lipid components but also to efficiently recover them from the large volumes of solvent in which they are dissolved during extraction, and (3) the identity of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which specific grain sorghum lipid dietary components regulate cholesterol transport in the body and, thus, contribute to plasma cholesterol concentration.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
|