Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Building design and construction research in 2010 was concentrated in six major areas. First, a new standard titled Post-Frame Building System Nomenclature was completed, approved by ASABE as S618, and granted American National Standard status by ANSI. Second, revisions to ASABE EP 559 Bending Properties for Mechanically-Laminated Assemblies were completed and approved by the ASABE revision committee and also reapproved as an American National Standard. Third, work commenced on an NRCS technical design manual for post-frame structures. Fourth, two publications were written and published on below grade insulation for post-frame buildings: one covering design for control of frost heave, the other covering design for control of heat transfer. Fifth, research into material conditioning and storage with saturated salt solutions continued. Finally, work commenced on the development of a sustainable storage system for fresh produce. At the heart of this work was the testing of an ice bank air conditioner - a unit that uses ambient air to produce ice, which is subsequently used to both cool and humidify air. PARTICIPANTS: Draft revisions to the ASABE engineering practices for vertically-mechanically-laminated assembly design, as well as the original draft of the post-frame building nomenclature standard EP were prepared solely by Dr. David Bohnhoff, full professor, Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) Department. Review of these draft documents involved the appropriate ASABE Standard Development Committees. Dr. Bohnhoff worked alone on the technical publications covering below-grade insulation of post-frame buildings and is currently working alone on the drafting the NRCS technical manual on post frame building design. Dr Bohnhoff worked with BSE Department staff member Mr. Brad Brooks on conditioning and storage of materials with saturated salt solutions. BSE Department staff member Scott Sanford and BSE students Luke Syse, Justin Banach, Aaron Lofy, Michael Muehlbauer and Adam Gardebrechtr are developing the air bank air conditioning system. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this research includes, but is not limited to: post-frame builders, post-frame building material suppliers, structural design engineers, architects, building code officials, and UW-Madison students. Specific efforts used to deliver this research include presentations at annual meetings of the National Frame Building Association (NFBA), Wisconsin Frame Builders Association, and the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, and discussions with engineers at meetings of the NFBA Technical and Research Committee. Information is also shared with building code officials during continuing education courses taught on both residential and commercial building inspection. My research is frequently adopted into three of my UW-Madison courses: Sustainable Residential Construction, Structural Design of Agricultural Facilities, and Biological System Engineering Senior Design. Information is also shared on my personal website, which includes material I have published in various journals/publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The new ASABE post-frame building nomenclature standard establishes terminology for use in the design, construction, marketing and regulation of post-frame buildings. The standard helps define post-frame building systems and provides security against inappropriate application of post-frame building terminology by individuals involved in code development and specification writing. It complements existing ASABE standards and brings consistency to NFBA and ASABE publications, particularly those that are currently referenced in building codes. Revisions to ASAEB EP599 expand coverage of the document to a broader array of mechanically-laminated assemblies, which in the end, will help produce safer and more economical structures. The NRCS technical manual for post-frame building design, when completed, will be far-and-away the most extensive document detailing post-frame building design. It will bring together in a very cohesive manner, the considerable research conducted during the past two decades by post-frame building researchers, and it will address numerous issues that practitioners have struggled with over the past decades. The two publications on thermal envelope design clarify conditions for which under-slab insulation is needed, as well as the type, thickness and exact location of the insulation. The publications cover underlying research and governing national codes in addition to construction techniques. Proper use of below grade insulation is another element that helps improve overall sustainability of post-frame building systems. Use of saturated salt solutions to control humidity in temperature controlled environments appears to be a very low cost method for safe, long term storage of produce - especially in areas without access to electrical power. The ice bank air conditioner is being investigated as an inexpensive way to extend the storage season for individuals that grow and direct market their own fruits and vegetables.
Publications
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2010. Below-Grade Insulation for Post-Frame Buildings. Part I: Preventing Frost Heave. From Frame Building News 22(1):55-63.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2010. Below-Grade Insulation for Post-Frame Buildings. Part II: Preventing Heat Transfer. From Frame Building News s 22(2):56-63
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2010. A Wood I-Section for Post Frame. Frame Building News. 22(5):32-40.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Building design and construction research in 2009 was concentrated in six major areas. First, revision of the ASABE shallow post/pier foundation engineering practice continued with retrieval of information and development of an initial draft. Second, the development of a post-frame building nomenclature standard was undertaken. Following an in-depth review of literature and conversations with several practitioners, a first draft was developed and subsequently sent out for review. A second draft is currently being assembled. Third, revisions to the ASABE engineering practice for vertically, mechanically-laminated assemblies (ASABE EP 559) were drafted following some ongoing research in this area. This draft was balloted by the committee and revisions to this draft are near completion. Fourth, a Windows version of software program DAFI (Diaphragm and Frame Interaction) was completed, and the program sent to the National Frame Building Association for distribution. Fifth, research in the area of sustainable, small-scale fruit and vegetable storage systems for northern climates was ramped up with additional research on material conditioning and storage with saturated salt solutions, and an investigation into concrete storage wall construction. Much of the current work in this area is preliminary work being conducted to secure support for expanded studies. Sixth, research into thermal envelope design for post-frame buildings was undertaken, with an initial focus on below grade insulation. Two articles written on below grade insulation will appear in Frame Building News in 2010. PARTICIPANTS: Draft revisions to the ASABE engineering practices for shallow post/pier foundation design and vertically-mechanically-laminated assembly design, as well as the original draft of the post-frame building nomenclature standard EP were prepared solely by Dr. David Bohnhoff, full professor, Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) Department. Review of these draft documents involved the appropriate ASABE Standard Development Committees. Dr Bohnhoff worked with BSE Department staff member Mr. Brad Brooks on conditioning and storage of materials with saturated salt solutions. Current work on a research proposal addressing above-grade insulation of post-frame buildings is being developed by Dr Bohnhoff and Paul Boor of Lester Building Systems. Dr. Bohnhoff worked alone on the technical publications covering below-grade insulation of post-frame buildings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this research includes, but is not limited to: post-frame builders, post-frame building material suppliers, structural design engineers, architects, building code officials, and UW-Madison students. Specific efforts used to deliver this research include presentations at annual meetings of the National Frame Building Association (NFBA), Wisconsin Frame Builders Association, and the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, and discussions with engineers at meetings of the NFBA Technical and Research Committee. Information is also shared with building code officials during continuing education courses taught on both residential and commercial building inspection. My research is frequently adopted into three of my UW-Madison courses: Sustainable Residential Construction, Structural Design of Agricultural Facilities, and Biological System Engineering Senior Design. Information is also shared on my personal website, which includes material I have published in various journals/publications. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The revised post/pier foundation design standard should enable engineers to decrease embedment depths and footing sizes, and thus reduce use of valuable natural resources. The development of a post-frame building nomenclature standard will help define what post-frame building systems are and are not. This will provide security against inappropriate application of post-frame building terminology by individuals involved in code development and specification writing. It will bring consistency to NFBA and ASABE publications. In many respects, it will help define NFBA and will help focus efforts associated with NFBA's ongoing post-frame building marketing initiative. Revisions to ASABE EP 559 primarily address QC/QA of glue-joint construction and will help ensure integrity of assemblies covered by the EP. DAFI is a computer program that is used to determine how horizontally-applied building forces are distributed between the diaphragms and frames of a building. This program enables a more accurate and complete analysis of post-frame buildings. The Windows version of DAFI was long awaited by the industry. The development of sustainable, small-scale fruit and vegetable storage systems for northern climates is important for farmers who grow and market their foods locally. The overall goal of the project is to find energy efficient and low-cost ways to store produce and thus extend the marketing season for these operators. Use of saturated salt solutions to control humidity in temperature controlled environments appears to be a very low cost method for safe, long term storage of produce - especially in areas without access to electrical power. Research on thermal envelope design of post-frame buildings is being conducted to determine the influence of the building's framing system on the performance of various common systems used to control heat and vapor transfer.
Publications
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2009. Post Connection Engineering. Frame Building News. 21(1):48-59.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2009. The Religion of Green. Frame Building News. 21(2):58-63.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Building design and construction research in 2008 was concentrated in six major areas. First, a moment connection for anchoring wood posts to cast-in-place concrete piers was developed and field tested. A special feature of the connection was the method in which it was fixtured into place for concrete placement, and how this fixture method could be subsequently used to fasten other items to the pier. Second, an assessment of structural applications for post-frame buildings was conducted. Third, revision of the ASABE shallow post/pier foundation standard, continued with retrieval of information and development of an initial draft. Fourth, an investigation into material conditioning and storage with saturated salt solutions was undertaken. Fifth, a knuckle boom crane attachment for skid steer loaders was designed. With a telescopic boom, this attachment will enable larger skid steers loaders to place the framework for a single post-frame building bay in a single lift. Sixth, an evaluation of BSE engineering education was conducted with a focus on the capstone course and overall program assessment. PARTICIPANTS: Development of wood post-to-concrete foundation connections, a shallow post/pier foundation standard, and framing applications for post-frame buildings was done solely by Dr. David Bohnhoff, full professor, Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) Department. Dr Bohnhoff worked with BSE undergraduate student Andrew Kultgen and BSE Department staff member Mr. Brad Brooks on conditioning and storage of materials with saturated salt solutions. Dr Bohnhoff worked with BSE undergraduate students Andy Holstein, Pete Harris, Pao Her, Kyle Nelson and Steve Pingel on the development of the knuckle boom crane attachment for skid steer loaders. These five undergraduate students worked on the knuckle boom crane as their BSE senior capstone design project. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this research includes, but is not limited to: post-frame builders, post-frame building material suppliers, structural design engineers, architects, building code officials, and UW-Madison students. Specific efforts used to deliver this research include presentations at annual meetings of the National Frame Building Association (NFBA), Wisconsin Frame Builders Association, and the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, and discussions with engineers at meetings of the NFBA Technical and Research Committee. Information is also shared with building code officials during continuing education courses taught on both residential and commercial building inspection. My research is frequently adopted into three of my UW-Madison courses: Sustainable Residential Construction, Structural Design of Agricultural Facilities, and Biological System Engineering Senior Design. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Development of better wood post-to-concrete connections will enable the transition away from preservative-treated wood in many applications. This will ultimately lead to buildings with greater durability and greater retirement value. The assessment of structural applications for post-frame buildings led to a publication detailing 12 specific applications for post-frame. This publication will enable companies to better identify/target markets for post-frame buildings - buildings which tend to be more environmentally -friendly when compared to alternative systems. The revised post/pier foundation design standard should enable engineers to decrease embedment depths and footing sizes, and thus reduce use of valuable natural resources. Use of saturated salt solutions to control humidity in temperature controlled environments appears to be a very low cost method for safe, long term storage of produce - especially in areas without access to electrical power. Development of a knuckle-boom crane attachment for skid steer loaders will eliminate the need for a special crane or rough terrain forklift on most post-frame building sites. It will also provide a more versatile tool for handling long roof panels. This will reduce major equipment needs and improve the efficiency of post-frame building construction resulting in an overall reduction in building costs.
Publications
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2008. Post Installation Tools. Frame Building News. 20(1):54-62.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2008. Twelve Structural Applications Ideal for Post-Frame. Frame Building News. June, 2008.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2008. A Capstone Course Designed to Effectively Bridge Undergraduate Education and Professional Practice. ASABE Paper No. 084301. Presented at the 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2008. A Rubric for Outcome Assessment of Undergraduate Engineering Program Objectives. ASABE Paper No. 084382. Presented at the 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Building design and construction research in 2007 was concentrated in four major areas. First, development began on another post installation tool, that being a device to help position heavy posts within a post hole. Referred to as a "post setter", this device is used to lift a post, plumb it, move it horizontally in any direction, and then lower it back onto the footing (i.e., in proper position for final bracing and backfilling). Second, a moment connection for anchoring wood posts to cast-in-place concrete walls was developed and field tested. A special feature of the connection was the method in which it was fixtured into place for concrete placement. Third, conceptual designs were developed for a knuckle boom crane attachment for skid steer loaders. With a telescopic boom, this attachment will enable larger skid steers loaders to place the framework for a single post-frame building bay in a single lift. As designed, the attachment can also be used to handle and position
large posts and long, corrugated steel roof panels. The fourth project, revision of the ASABE shallow post/pier foundation standard, continued with retrieval of information and development of an initial draft.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this research includes, but is not limited to: post-frame builders, post-frame building material suppliers, structural design engineers, architects, building code officials, and UW-Madison students. Specific efforts used to deliver this research include presentations at annual meetings of the National Frame Building Association (NFBA), Wisconsin Frame Builders Association, and the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, and discussions with engineers at meetings of the NFBA Technical and Research Committee. Information is also shared with building code officials during continuing education courses taught on both residential and commercial building inspection. My research is frequently adopted into three of my UW-Madison courses: Sustainable Residential Construction, Structural Design of Agricultural Facilities, and Biological System Engineering Senior Design. Information is also shared on my personal website, which includes
material I have published in various journals/publications.
Impacts
A good post setter will enable safer, quicker and more accurate construction of post-frame buildings. Development of better wood post-to-concrete connections will enable the transition away from preservative-treated wood in many applications. This will ultimately lead to buildings with greater durability and greater retirement value. Development of a knuckle-boom crane attachment for skid steer loaders will eliminate the need for a special crane or rough terrain forklift on most post-frame building sites. It will also provide a more versatile tool for handling long roof panels. This will reduce major equipment needs and improve the efficiency of post-frame building construction resulting in an overall reduction in building costs. The revised post/pier foundation design standard should enable engineers to decrease embedment depths and footing sizes, and thus reduce use of valuable natural resources.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Research in 2006 was concentrated in four major areas. First, another series of deep end-notched wood members were tested. This included both reinforced and unreinforced specimens. The results of these tests improved our understanding of their behavior and are being used to plan the next round of laboratory testing and modeling. Second, work was continued on new concrete pier-to-wood post connections for the post-frame building industry. These connections are being designed to have greater bending strength and stiffness than those currently marketed. Concrete piers are considered to be a more durable and environmentally-friendly alternative to preservative-treated lumber posts. Third, conceptual planning moved forward on green frame -- a new framing system for post-frame buildings. The fourth project, revision of the ASABE shallow post/pier foundation standard, was begun with initial retrieval of applicable information and development of an industry survey.
Impacts
Deep end-notched wood member research will be used to develop a new design procedure for notched members, and this procedure will be pushed for adoption in the National Design Specifications for Wood Construction. Work on concrete pier-to-wood post connections will enable the transition away from preservative-treated wood in many applications. This will ultimately lead to buildings with greater durability and greater retirement value. The revised post/pier foundation design standard should enable engineers to decrease embedment depths and footing sizes, and thus reduce use of valuable natural resources.
Publications
- Bohnhoff, D. R. 2006. Concrete piers: Making post-frame buildings greener. Frame Building News, January, 2006. p. 57-63.
- Bohnhoff, D. R. 2006. Post frame: As green as it gets. Frame Building News, January, 2006. p. 64-65.
- Bohnhoff, D. R. 2006. Behind the scenes: Details about developing NFBA's post-frame construction tolerances document. Metalmag. February, 2006: 96-101.
- Bohnhoff, D. R. 2006. A closer look: Reviewing NFBA's post-frame construction tolerances document. Metalmag. March/April, 2006: 92-99.
- Bohnhoff, D. R. 2006. UW and LBS Full-Scale Building Research Initiative. Frame Building News. November, 2006: pp. 36-42.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Research in 2005 was concentrated in four major areas. First, development of a new cladding and trim installation tolerances standard for use by the post-frame building industry was completed. This new standard controls items such as wall panel positioning, trim positioning, fastener installation and surface and edge blemishes. Second, a new series of post installation tools were developed and tested. These three tools include a posthole installation shield, a posthole bottom leveler, and a footing transportation and placement cart. The third major research project involved the investigation of concrete pier-to-wood post connections for the post-frame building industry, specifically, those with measurable bending strength and stiffness. Concrete piers are considered to be a more durable and environmently-friendly alternative to preservative-treated lumber posts. The fourth project, development of a new standard for shallow post/pier foundations, was begun with initial
retrieval of applicable information.
Impacts
The new cladding and trim installation tolerances document should improve the overall quality of post-frame construction and significantly reduce the amount of litigation associated with questionable construction. The post hole installation tools have been developed to the point that the designs are now ready for public distribution. These tools should improve construction quality, reduce labor, decrease dependency on self-propelled equipment, and eliminate some of the more strenuous (and hence dangerous) building practices. Work on concrete pier-to-wood post connections will enable the transmission away from preservative-treated wood in many applications. This will ultimately lead to buildings that with greater durability and greater retirement value.
Publications
- Bohnhoff, D.R. Post installation tools. Presented at the 2005 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Tampa, Florida. ASAE Paper No. 054117. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Bohnhoff, D. R. 2005. Metal panel and trim installation tolerances. Presented at the 2005 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Tampa, Florida. ASAE Paper No. 054117. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. 2005. NFBA's newest post-frame construction tolerances document. Frame Building News, November, 2005. p. 32-39.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Research in 2004 was concentrated in three major areas. First, the behavior of a 40- by 200-foot post-frame building was modeled with a series of truss elements. The objective of this work was to identify the combination of element properties that best simulated the behavior of the actual structure. Thousands of different combinations were generated, with the best combination being the one that provided the best overall match of displacements and chord forces for the numerous load configurations. The second main research project in 2004 involved the assessment of metal paneling and trim installation on 52 post-frame buildings in southern Wisconsin. Several items were measured, compiled and analyzed. This information was then used to formulate a new construction tolerances standard for use by the post-frame building industry. This new standard controls wall panel positioning, trim positioning, fastener installation and surface and edge blemishes. The third major
research project involved the development of a post hole leveler. Different permutations of a device (first developed in 2003) were tested. Three different sizes of the final design were fabricated for future testing/demonstration.
Impacts
The results of full-scale modeling research will be used to support the development of a new analysis procedure for diaphragm design of metal-clad wood-frame buildings. The ultimate goal of this project is to reduce building cost while simultaneously improving structural integrity. The panel and trim installation assessment research has already led to the development of a standard for construction. This standard should improve the construction quality and also reduce the amount of litigation surrounding building erection. The post hole leveler is one of four tools being developed at UW-Madison for post installation. These tools improve construction quality, reduce labor, decrease dependency on self-propelled equipment, and eliminate some of the more strenuous (and hence dangerous) building practices.
Publications
- Williams, G.D., K.A. Rosentrater, and D.R. Bohnhoff. 2004. Educational needs for agri-industrial facility designers and managers. Presented at the 2004ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ASAE Paper No. 044175. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Bohnhoff, D. R., S. Gunasekaran, G. D. Williams, and K. A. Rosentrater. 2004. An undergraduate engineering curriculum for agri-industrial facility designers. Presented at the 2004ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ASAE Paper No. 044176. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Williams, G.D. and D.R. Bohnhoff. 2004. An overview of North American agri-industry. Presented at the 2004ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ASAE Paper No. 044173. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Bohnhoff, D.R., G. D. Williams and D.J. Petrick. 2004. Engineering career opportunities in agri-industry. Presented at the 2004ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ASAE Paper No. 044174. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. and D.K. Cockrum. 2004. Quality assessment of light-gauge metal cladding and trim installation. Presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ASAE Paper No. 044113. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
- Bohnhoff, D.R. P.A. Boor, and M.H. Gadani. 2004. UW & LBS full-scale metal-clad wood-frame diaphragm study. Report 4: evaluating building models. Presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ASAE Paper No. 044113. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
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