Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Row Crop Farmers of corn, cotton, small Grains and soybean. Cooperative Extension Agents Crop Consultants and Advisors Agricultural Chemical Industry Changes/Problems:Retiring. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student worked on this project, Casey Ruark. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through research publications, Cooperative Extension meetings, and consultants and extension personnel. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?I am retiring.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per acre in the last 15 years. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95 percent of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Ruark, C. L. Sit, T.L. Koenning, S. R., and Lommel, S.A. Analysis of viral sequences within soybean cyst nematodes. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Nematology. 4-9 May 2014. Cape Town South Africa.
Koenning, S. R. 2014. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2013. P1, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-ninth Annual Meeting, Pennsacola, FL.
Esker, P.D., Koenning, S., Wrather, A., and Bradley, C.A. 2014. Patterns of disease loss in soybean - exploration of the soybean yield loss database in the United States. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 2014. Minneapolis MN.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
1. E. J. Sikora, T. W. Allen, K. A. Wise, G. Bergstrom, C. A. Bradley, J. Bond, D. Brown-Rytlewski, M. Chilvers, J. Damicone, E. DeWolf, A. Dorrance, N. Dufault, P. Esker, T. R. Faske, L. Giesler, N. Goldberg, J. Golod,,I. R. G. G�mez, C. Grau, A. Grybauskas, G. Franc, R. Hammerschmidt, G. L. Hartman, R. A. Henn, D. Hershman, C. Hollier. T. Isakeit. S. Isard, B. Jacobsen, D. Jardine, R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, M. Langham, D. Malvick, S. Markell, J. J. Marois, S. Monfort, D. Mueller, J. Mueller, R. Mulrooney, M. Newman, L. Osborne, G. B. Padgett, B. E. Ruden, J. Rupe, R. Schneider," H. Schwartz, G. Shaner, S. Singh, E. Stromberg, L. Sweets, A. Tenuta, S. Vaiciunas, X. B. Yang, H. Young-Kelly, J. Zidek. 2014. A coordinated effort to manag soybean rust in North America: a success story in soybean disease monitoring. 98:864-875.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Row Crop Farmers of corn, cotton, small Grains and soybean. Cooperative Extension Agents Crop Consultants and Advisors Agricultural Chemical Industry Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 5 County extension meetings, the North Carolina Crop Protection School, and Organization of Tropical American Nematologists. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Primarily oral presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue to analyze data and publish papers.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per acre in the last 15 years. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95 percent of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
3. Koenning, S. R. 2013. A critical evaluation of cotton tolerance to Hoplolaimus Columbus. Programs and Abstracts of the XLV Annual Meeting, La Serena, Chile 2013.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A seven-year rotation study for management of soybean cyst nematode was initiated in 04/01/2010 and continued through 2012. The rotation study includes two relatively new Round Up Ready cultivars Pioneer 95M50 with resistance derived from PI 88788, that is susceptible to the race of cyst nematode present, whereas the cultivar P95M60 has resistance to the race present at this location. The two varieties are included in rotation with each other and with corn to determine if we can maintain useful resistance by deploying this resistance differentially by time. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at fourteen North Carolina locations. Soybean rust was identified in North Carolina for the first time in 2005 but was found in only two mobile sentinel plots in 2012. Experiments for evaluation of the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust and other fungal foliar pathogens were conducted. Twenty two cultivars with unique resistance to soybean cyst nematode were evaluated at two locations infested with the soybean cyst nematode in the current year. Novel compounds for control of plant-parasitic nematodes were evaluated on corn, cotton, and soybean at four locations in the 2012. Several of these materials have the potential to improve yield in the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in North Carolina and Virginia soybean fields to determine their relative importance in suppression of soybean yield was initiated in 2010 and continued through 2012. This information was disseminated through county extension meetings, field days, and articles in pest news to growers, industry representatives, crop consultants, and county extension personnel. Specific events included the North East AG Expo, Joint Commodities Conference, Cotton Field Day, and the Crop Protection School. PARTICIPANTS: Technicians Jackie Ward, Jeffery Spivey, worked extensively on this this research project. Additional research technical support was provided by James Cole and Dr. Tonia Quintero who assisted the technicians. Collaborators included Dr. T. Carter of the USDA/ARS Plant Science Unit. Drs. Andrea Cardinal, Keith Edmisten, Jim Dunphy, Ron Heiniger, Paul Murphy, and Randy Weisz of the Crop Science Department at NCSU. A number of Cooperative Extension Agents were also involved in research implementation, including Glenn Garris, Mac Malloy, Al Wood, Lewis Smith, and Richard Rhodes. Support was provided by the following institutions: Cotton Incorporated North Carolina Cotton Producers Association North Carolina Soybean Growers Association The United Soybean Board The Cotton Foundation Bayer Crop Sciences Syngenta Cheminova Monsanto TARGET AUDIENCES: Row Crop Farmers of corn, cotton, small Grains and soybean. Cooperative Extension Agents Crop Consultants and Advisors Agricultural Chemical Industry Representatives Efforts are directed to minimizing inapropriate pesticide usage, improved water quality, and optimizing production of food and fiber in sustainable ways. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
NC seven thousand and three CN was released as a new soybean cultivar in cooperation with USDA soybean geneticist Dr. Thomas Carter. A second line has potential for release in subsequent years. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in North Carolina and Virginia soybean fields indicated that soybean cyst nematode is at damaging levels in approximately 25 percent of soybean fields. Furthermore, the most prevalent races of soybean cyst nematode were races 2 and 5 which can reproduce on most resistant soybean varieties. The Southern, Northern, or Javanese root-knot nematodes were found in approximately 20 percent of soybean fields in North Carolina. The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per acre in the last 15 years. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95 percent of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Quintero, Tonia, Steve Koenning, and Weimin Ye. 2012. HG types and races of Heterodera glycines in North Carolina. Proceedings and abstracts of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, August 11-16, 2012 Savannah GA. (abstr.)
- Weimin Ye, and Steve Koenning. 2012. Root.knot nematode on peach in North Carolina. Proceedings and abstracts of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, August 11-16, 2012 Savannah GA. (abstr.)
- Koenning, S. R. 2012. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2011. P1, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting, Pennsacola, FL.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A seven-year rotation study for management of soybean cyst nematode was initiated in 04/01/2010 and 2011. The rotation study includes two relatively new Round Up Ready cultivars Pioneer 95M50 with resistance derived from PI 88788, and is considered susceptible to the race of cyst nematode present, whereas the cultivar P95M60 has resistance to the race present at this location. The two varieties are included in rotation with each other and with corn to determine of we can maintain useful resistance. The resistant cultivar yielded more than the susceptible in all cases and the susceptible cultivar yielded best in rotation with corn. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at twenty four North Carolina locations. Soybean rust was identified in North Carolina for the first time in 2005 but was found not found in NC as of 12/31/2011. Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust and other fungal foliar pathogens were conducted. Fungicides failed to provide a profitable return on the investment in fungicide and application costs. NC seven thousand and three CN was released as a new soybean cultivar in cooperation with USDA soybean geneticist Dr. Thomas Carter. A second line has potential for release in subsequent years. Twenty five cultivars with unique resistance to soybean cyst nematode were evaluated at two locations infested with the soybean cyst nematode in the current year. Novel compounds for control of plant-parasitic nematodes were evaluated on corn and soybean at four locations in the current year. Several of these materials have the potential to improve yield in the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. Wheat yield rarely resulted in a significant Yield increase in the three years of a fungicide study that was conducted. When yield increases were observed, it was on the most susceptible variety only. Fungicides should not be applied unless a susceptible variety is planted and susceptible varieties should be scouted intensively for disease. There was no head scab in any of the three years and materials for head scab should only be sprayed when there is an advisory to spray in a given region. PARTICIPANTS: Technicians Jackie Ward, Jeffery Spivey, were utilized in this research project. Additional support was provided by James Cole who assisted the technicians. Collaborators included Drs. T. Carter and J. Burton of the USDA/ARS Plant Science Unit. Drs. Andrea Cardinal, Keith Edmisten, Jim Dunphy, Ron Heiniger, Paul Murphy, Randy Weisz of the Crop Science Department at NCSU. A number of Cooperative Extension Agents were also involved in research implementation, including Glenn Garris, Mac Malloy, Al Wood, Lewis Smith, and Richard Rhodes. TARGET AUDIENCES: Row Crop Farmers of corn, cotton, small grain and soybean. Cooperative Extension Agents as well as agricultural industry representatives,Crop Consultants, and Advisors. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per acre in the last 15 years. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95% of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Carter, T. E., S.R. Koenning, J.W. Burton, P.E. Rzewnicki, M.R. Villagarcia, and D. T. Bowman. 2011. Registration of high-yielding group VII N7003CN soybean resistant to soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Plant Registrations 5:309-317. Herring, S. L., S.R. Koenning, and, J.L. Heitman. 2010. Impact of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton yield as affected by soil texture and irrigation. Journal of Nematology 42:319-323.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A seven-year rotation study for management of Meloidogyne incognita (the southern root-knot nematode) on cotton initiated in 2002, was completed in 2007, and published in 2008-09. The rotation study includes nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars, susceptible and moderately resistant cotton cultivars, and corn in different sequences. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton or cotton following corn. An experiment evaluating the effectiveness of rotation for management of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) with corn, peanut, reniform susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars in rotation with cotton system was established in 2005 in Scotland County, NC and completed in 2008. Rotation with peanut, cotton, or soybean was superior to continuous cotton all years. This experiment was continued in 2009 with all plots planted with cotton in a strip-plot design with treatments of Telone II, a control, and nematicide treated seed stripped over previous treatments to evaluate economic damage thresholds. A study to evaluate blends of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) resistant and susceptible cultivars initiated in 2004 was terminated in 2009. A blend of resistant Fowler (70 percent) and susceptible Holladay (30 percent) had greater yield than either cultivar grown in monoculture. Resistant cultivars or blends of resistant and susceptible cultivars were effective in minimizing population densities of soybean cyst nematode. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at 24 North Carolina locations. Soybean rust was identified in North Carolina for the first time in 2005 but was found in only 8 Counties in 2009. Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust and other fungal foliar pathogens were conducted. Fungicides failed to provide a profitable return on the investment in fungicide and application costs. One thousand soybean breeding lines with potential resistance to prevalent races of soybean cyst nematode were evaluated in hill plots at the Caswell Research Station in 2009. Approximately one third of these have resistance to Race 2 of SCN. Twenty advanced soybean lines including appropriate controls were sent to Arkansas and Tennessee to validate resistance to races 2, and 5 of soybean cyst nematode and resistance to reniform nematode. One of these lines will be released in 2010 and two more have potential for release in 2012. Twenty five cultivars with unique resistance to soybean cyst nematode were evaluated at three locations infested with the soybean cyst nematode in 2009. Novel compounds for control of plant-parasitic nematodes were evaluated on corn and soybean at four locations in 2009. Several of these materials have the potential to improve yield in the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. PARTICIPANTS: TTechnicians Jackie Ward, Jason Green, and Jeffery Spivey were utilized in this research project. Additional support was provided by John Spivey and James Cole who assisted the technicians. Two graduate students worked on this project, Jeffery Frye and Stephanie Herring. Jeffery has completed his masters thesis on management of soybean cyst nematode with novel nematicidal products, and Stephanie is in the process of writing her thesis for graduation in May. Collaborators included Drs. T. Carter and J. Burton of the USDA/ARS Plant Science Unit. Drs. Andrea Cardinal, Keith Edmisten, Jim Dunphy, Ron Heiniger, Paul Murphy, Randy Weisz of the Crop Science Department at NCSU. A number of Cooperative Extension Agents were also involved in research implementation, including David Morrison, Mack Gibbs, Heather Lifsey, Al Wood, Mark Powell, and Mike Carol. Support was provided by the following institutions: Cotton Incorporated North Carolina Cotton Producers Association North Carolina Soybean Growers Association North Carolina Small Grains Growers Association North Central Regional Soybean Promotion Board The Cotton Foundation Bayer Crop Sciences Syngenta Cheminova Dupont Agrosciences TARGET AUDIENCES: Technicians Jackie Ward, Jason Green, and Jeffery Spivey were utilized in this research project. Additional support was provided by John Spivey and James Cole who assisted the technicians. Two graduate students worked on this project, Jeffery Frye and Stephanie Herring. Jeffery has completed his masters thesis on management of soybean cyst nematode with novel nematicidal products, and Stephanie is in the process of writing her thesis for graduation in May. Collaborators included Drs. T. Carter and J. Burton of the USDA/ARS Plant Science Unit. Drs. Andrea Cardinal, Keith Edmisten, Jim Dunphy, Ron Heiniger, Paul Murphy, Randy Weisz of the Crop Science Department at NCSU. A number of Cooperative Extension Agents were also involved in research implementation, including David Morrison, Mack Gibbs, Heather Lifsey, Al Wood, Mark Powell, and Mike Carol. Support was provided by the following institutions: Cotton Incorporated North Carolina Cotton Producers Association North Carolina Soybean Growers Association North Carolina Small Grains Growers Association North Central Regional Soybean Promotion Board The Cotton Foundation Bayer Crop Sciences Syngenta Cheminova Dupont Agrosciences PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per acre in the last 15 years. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95% of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Koenning, S. R. 2009. Emerging nematode problems in US cotton production. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Tropical Nematology. Maceio, Alagoas State, Brazil.
- Koenning, S. R. 2009. Management of reniform and lesion nematodes in North America. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Tropical Nematology. Maceio, Alagoas State, Brazil.
- Wrather, J.A., and S. R. Koenning. 2009. Effects of diseases on soybean yields in the United States 1996 to 2007. Plant Health Progress doi10:1094/PHP-2009-0401-01-RS.
- Koenning, S. R. 2009. Effects of diseases on soybean yields in the United States 1996-2007. P1, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting, Pennsacola, FL.
- Robbins, R. T. , E. Shipe , P. Arelli, P. Chen , G. Shannon , S. Koenning, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson , E. E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek . 2009. Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2008. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A seven-year rotation study for management of Meloidogyne incognita (the southern root-knot nematode) on cotton initiated in 2002 was completed in 2007. The rotation study includes nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars, susceptible and moderately resistant cotton cultivars, and corn in different sequences. Information on this rotation has been desiminated through professional meetings, the North Carolina bi-annual Cotton Inc tour, and County and (or) Multi-County extension meetings. An experiment evaluating the effectiveness of rotation for management of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) with corn, peanut, reniform nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars in a cotton production system was established in 2005 in Scotland County, NC and completed in 2008. Soybean cyst nematode resistant cultivars or blends of resistant and susceptible cultivars were evaluated for their effectiveness in minimizing population densities of soybean cyst nematode, enhance soybean yield, and reduce selection pressure on soybean cyst nematode. The benefits of blends of resistant and susceptible cultivars has been presented at the Annual meetings of the North Carolina Soybean, Small grains and Corn Producers Annual meetings. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at 24 North Carolina locations. Soybean rust was identified in North Carolina for the first time in 2005 but was found in only 5 Counties in 2008. The online publication Pest News, monthly or weekly updates on the status of this pathogen were disseminated through emails to about 500 cooperators, and used in County newsletters. Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust and other fungal foliar pathogens were conducted at three locations. Fungicides failed to provide a profitable return on the investment in fungicide and application costs. One thousand soybean breeding lines with potential resistance to prevalent races of soybean cyst nematode were evaluated in hill plots in Chowan County. Twenty advanced soybean lines including appropriate controls were sent to cooperators in Arkansas and Tennessee to validate resistance to races 2, and 5 of soybean cyst nematode and resistance to reniform nematode. Novel compounds for control of plant-parasitic nematodes were evaluated on corn and soybean at five locations in 2008. Several of these materials have the potential to improve yield in the presence of plant parasitic nematodes. PARTICIPANTS: P.I. Stephen R. Koenning directed the program with assistance from technicians (SPA) Roger N. Taylor, Jackie Ward, and Jason Greene. Plot design, layout and initiation, sample processing, data collection, communication with cooperators, diagnosis of soybean diseases, and analysis were conducted primarily by SPA technicians. Hourly employees who also assisted included Jeff Spivey and Stephanie Herring. Jeffrey Frye is currently a graduate student on assistantship working on novel techniques for control of soybean cyst nematode. Stephanie Herring was moved to a graduate assistantship on January 1 of 2008. Partner institutions included the University of Arkansas and USDA for development of new soybean cultivars. Financial support was received from Cotton Inc., The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., United Soybean Board, The Cotton Foundation, BASF Crop Science, BayerCropscience, Syngenta, Cheminova, and DuPont. Cooperators and collaborators included Drs. Joe Burton and Thomas Carter (USDA/Crop Science); Drs. E. James Dunphy, Andrea Cardinal, Daryl Bowman, Keith Edmisten, and Ron Heiniger (NCSU Crop Science). TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences are composed of grain and cotton producers, agricultural extension agents and advisors, suppliers of inputs to farmers, and the agricultural industry in general. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Graduate students have become a key component of the program.
Impacts
Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton or cotton following corn. Highly susceptible cotton cultivar FM 989BR did not differ from the putatively resistant cultivar ST 5599BR for reproduction of root-knot nematode. The cultivar ST 5599BR, however, yielded more than susceptible FM 989BR in monoculture or in rotation with corn. Cotton rotation in a field with the reniform nematode that included peanut, cotton, or soybean was superior to continuous cotton all years. Resources for rotation work were provided by the Cotton State Support Committee through Cotton Incorporated. The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per acre in the last 15 years. A study to evaluate blends of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) resistant and susceptible cultivars initiated in 2004 was continued in 2008. A blend of resistant Fowler (70 percent) and susceptible Holladay (30 percent) had greater yield than either cultivar grown in monoculture. Progress continues with development of soybean lines with improved resistance to soybean cyst and other nematodes. One of these soybean lines will be released in 2008 and two more have potential for release in 2010. The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association continues to provide generous support for work on plant-parasitic nematodes on cotton. Monitoring and surveillance of Asiatic soybean rust through sentinel plots has resulted in detection of rust in North Carolina every year since 2005. The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association, United Soybean Board, and CSREES have provided support for this research. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95% of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of an annual savings of approximately 20 million dollars for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Zasada, I. A., F. Avendano, C. Li Yuncong, T. Logan, H. Malakerberhan, S. R. Koenning, and G. L. Tylka. 2008. Potential of an alkaline-stabilized biosolid to manage nematodes: Case studies on soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes. Plant Disease 92:004-013.
- Koenning, S. R., and K. L. Edmisten. 2008. Rotation with corn and soybean for management of Meloidogyne incognita on cotton. Journal of Nematology 40:000-000. (in press).
- Jordan, D.L., J. S. Barnes, T. Corbett, C.R. Bogle, P.D. Johnson, B. B. Shew, S. R. Koenning, W. Ye, and R. L. Brandenberg. 2008. Crop Response to Rotation and tillage in peanut-based cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 100:1-7.
- Koenning, S. R. 2008. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2006. Pp1- 5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting, St Louis, MO. (abstr.).
- Koenning, S. R. 2008. Management of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton using rotation. Journal of Plant Pathology 90:S2.342. (abstr.).
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A seven-year rotation study for management of Meloidogyne incognita (the southern root-knot nematode) on cotton initiated in 2002 was completed in 2007. The rotation study includes nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars, susceptible and moderately resistant cotton cultivars, and corn in different sequences. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton or cotton following corn. Highly susceptible cotton cultivar FM 989BR did not differ from the putatively resistant cultivar ST 5599BR for reproduction of root-knot nematode. The cultivar ST 5599BR, however, yielded more than susceptible FM 989BR in monoculture or in rotation with corn. An experiment evaluating the effectiveness of rotation for management of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) with corn, peanut, reniform susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars in a cotton production system was established in 2005 and scheduled to run through at least 2008 in Scotland
County, NC. A study to evaluate blends of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) resistant and susceptible cultivars initiated in 2004 was continued in 2007. A blend of resistant Fowler (70 percent) and susceptible Holladay (30 percent) had greater yield than either cultivar grown in monoculture. Resistant cultivars or blends of resistant and susceptible cultivars were effective in minimizing population densities of soybean cyst nematode. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at 26 North Carolina locations. Soybean rust was identified in North Carolina for the first time in 2005 but was found in only 6 Counties in 2007. Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust and other fungal foliar pathogens were conducted at three locations. Fungicides failed to provide a profitable return on the investment in fungicide and application costs. Two hundred seventy four conventional
plant-rows from maturity groups IV and V have been selected for resistance to the soybean cyst nematode resistance and agronomic appearance these are being grown in yield trials in 2007. Eighteen cultivars with unique resistance to soybean cyst nematode were evaluated at two locations infested with the soybean cyst nematode in 2007.
PARTICIPANTS: Drs. E.J. Dunphy, A. Cardinal, K. L. Edmisten, R. Heiniger - Crop Science NCSU Drs. T.E. Carter and J. Burton - USDA/ARS. D.E. Morrison, A. Wood, T.G. Pegram, T. Gandy - North Carolina Cooperative Extension. North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Incorporated. Cotton Incorporated. North Carolina Corn Growers Association. R.N. Taylor, J. Ward, and A. Capps - Technicians. Jeffery Frye - Student.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience includes County Extension Agents, agricultural consultants, growers, and the agricultural Business in general.
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No major changes in program.
Impacts
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per
acre in the last 15 years. Unnecessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 95% of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs as a result of monitoring and outreach activities related to soybean rust. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- Koenning, S. R., Morrison, D. E., and Edmisten, K. L.. 2007. Relative efficacy of selected fumigant nematicides for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton. Nematropica 37:000-000. (in press).
- J. L. Starr, Koenning, S.R., Kirkpatrick, T. L., Robinson, A.F., Roberts, P. A., and Nichols, R. L.. 2007. The future of nematode management in cotton. Journal of Nematology 39:000-000 (in press).
- Koenning, S. R., Frye, J. W., Butler, S. C., and Creswell, T. C. 2007. First Report of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in North Carolina and Increased Incidence of Soybean Rust on Soybean in 2006. Plant Dis. 91:637, 2007; published on-line as DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0637A.
- Koenning, S. R., Frye, J. W., Pataky, J. K., and Gibbs M. 2007. First Report of Phoma terrestris Causing Red Root Rot on Sweet Corn (Zea mays) in North Carolina. Plant Dis. 91:1054, 2007; published on-line as DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-91-8-1054C.
- Koenning, S. R. 2007. Cultural practices for management of plant-parasitic nematodes on cotton. Phytopathology 97:S150.
- Koenning, S. R. 2007. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2006. Pp1-5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting, St Louis, MO.
- Koenning, S. R. 2007. Incorporacao de cama de frango e NVIRO ao solo para o manejo de nematoides [Poultry litter and nviro soil amendments for nematode management. Proceedings of the XXVII Brazilian Congress of Nematology.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
A seven-year rotation study for management of Meloidogyne incognita (the southern root-knot nematode) on cotton initiated in 2002 was continued in 2006. The rotation study includes nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars, susceptible and moderately resistant cotton cultivars, and corn in different sequences. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton or cotton following corn. Highly susceptible cotton cultivar FM 989BR did not differ from the putatively resistant cultivar ST 5599BR for reproduction of root-knot nematode. The cultivar ST 5599BR, however, yielded more than susceptible FM 989BR in monoculture or in rotation with corn. A new experiment evaluating the effectiveness of rotation for management of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) with corn, peanut, reniform susceptible and resistant soybean in a cotton production system was established in 2005 and scheduled to run through at least 2007 in Scotland
County, NC. A study to evaluate blends of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) resistant and susceptible cultivars initiated in 2004 was continued in 2006. In both years, a blend of resistant Fowler (70 percent) and susceptible Holladay (30 percent) had greater yield than either cultivar grown in monoculture. Resistant cultivars or blends of resistant and susceptible cultivars were effective in minimizing population densities of soybean cyst nematode. Field experiments were continued to evaluate the impact of treated sewage sludge (Nviro soil) on the population densities of the soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes on soybean. Nviro soil amendments tended to increase final population densities of soybean cyst nematode, and suppressed soybean yield. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at 26 North Carolina locations. Soybean rust was identified in North Carolina for the first time in 2005 and was found in 36 Counties
in 2006. Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were conducted at three locations, although rust arrived too late in the season to impact soybean yield. Two thousand four hundred conventional and five thousand four hundred roundup ready soybean plant-rows were grown in 2006. Seven hundred conventional and five hundred seventy roundup ready plant-rows were derived from populations segregating for nematode resistance. Eighty three plant-rows have been selected to be resistant to SCN races 2 and 5. Two hundred seventy four conventional plant-rows from maturity groups IV and V have been selected based on their agronomic appearance are being grown in yield trials in 2006. A soybean germplasm line, DS4SCN05, with broad resistance to soybean cyst nematode was jointly released by the USDA/ARS, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Impacts
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per
acre in the last 15 years. In 2005 and 2006,uncesessary applications of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were avoided on about 80% of North Carolina soybean acreage resulting in a savings of approximately 20 million dollars US for fungicides and application costs. Reduction in the number of fungicidal sprays also prevents environmental degradation as a result of pollution of ground and surface waters with fungicides.
Publications
- KOENNING, S. R., BOWMAN, D. T. , AND,R.H. Morris, R.H. 2006. Quantifying potential tolerance of cotton cultivars to Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology 38:187-191.
- WRATHER, J. A., AND KOENNING, S. R. 2006. Estimates of disease effects on soybean yields in the United States 2003-2005. Journal of Nematology 38:173-180.
- KOENNING, S.R., and EDMISTEN, K. L. 2005. Rotations for management of root-knot nematode in cotton. Cotton Incorporated Agricultural Research Projects, Summary Reports 2005. (Abstr.) P. 95.
- KOENNING, S.R., and BOWMAN, D.T. 2005. Management of Sting and Columbia lance nematodes with tolerant varieties and nematicides. Cotton Incorporated Agricultural Research Projects, Summary Reports 2005. (Abstr.) P. 97.
- KOENNING, S. R. 2006. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2005. Pp1- 5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-third Annual Meeting, Jackson, TN. (Abstr.).
- KOENNING, S. R., MOORE, A.D. , CRESWELL, T.C. , ABAD, G.Z. , PALM, M.E. , ,MCKEMY, J.M. , HERANDEZ, J. R. , LEVY, L., AND DEVRIES-PATTERSON, R. 2006. First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in North Carolina Plant Dis. 90:973, published on-line as DOI: 10.1094/PD-90-0973A .
- KOENNING, S. R. , CRESWELL , T.C. , DUNPHY, E. J. , SIKORA, E. J. , and MUELLER, J. D. 2006. Increased occurrence of target spot of soybean caused by Corynespora cassiicola in the Southeastern U.S. Plant Dis. 90:974, 2006; published on-line as DOI: 10.1094/PD-90-0974C
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
A seven-year rotation study for management of Meloidogyne incognita (the southern root-knot nematode) on cotton initiated in 2002 was continued in 2005. The rotation study includes nematode susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars, susceptible and moderately resistant cotton cultivars, and corn in different sequences. Cotton grown in rotation with soybean yielded more than continuous cotton or cotton following corn. Highly susceptible cotton cultivar FM 989BR did not differ from the putatively resistant cultivar ST 5599BR for reproduction of root-knot nematode. The cultivar ST 5599BR, however, yielded more than susceptible FM 989BR in monoculture or in rotation with corn. A new experiment evaluating the effectiveness of rotation for management of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) with corn, peanut, reniform susceptible and resistant soybean in a cotton production system was established in 2005 and scheduled to run through at least 2007 was established in
Scotland County, NC. A study to evaluate blends of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) resistant and susceptible cultivars initiated in 2004 was continued in 2005. In both years, a blend of resistant Fowler (70 percent) and susceptible Holladay (30 percent) had greater yield than either cultivar grown in monoculture. Resistant cultivars or blends of resistant and susceptible cultivars were effective in minimizing population densities of soybean cyst nematode. Field experiments were continued to evaluate the impact of treated sewage sludge (Nviro soil) on the population densities of the soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes on soybean and cotton. Nviro soil amendments tended to increase final population densities of soybean cyst nematode, and suppressed soybean yield. Sentinel plots for early detection of Asiatic soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) were established at 26 North Carolina locations. A website was established in January, 2005 to aid in management of Asiatic soybean
rust and forecast the potential early infections. Soybean rust was identified for the first time in North Carolina in 18 Counties. Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides for management of Asiatic soybean rust were conducted at three locations, although rust arrived too late in the season to impact soybean yield.
Impacts
The practice of crop rotation has been shown to increase yield and quality of a number of North Carolina commodities including cotton, soybean, and peanut. Much of the increased yield accomplished through crop rotation can be attributed to the suppression of soilborne plant-pathogens. Rotation as a cultural practice is practiced by a greater percentage of North Carolina farmers than farmers in adjacent states because of the research base generated through projects like this. Suppression of plant-pathogens by rotation and other cultural practices reduces the need for soil applied pesticides, increases profitability, and improves water quality in the state. Mr. Jim Wilder, Executive Vice President of The North Carolina Soybean Producers Association Inc., states that genetic improvements along with the use of tactics for management of soybean pathogens have been largely responsible for increasing average per acre soybean yields from 25 bushels/acre to over 30 bushels per
acre in the last 15 years.
Publications
- KOENNING, S. R., MORRISON, D. E., EDMISTEN, K. L., AND TAYLOR, R. N. 2004. Efficacy of selected nematicides from management of Hoplolaimus columbus in Cotton. Nematropica 34:211-218.
- KOENNING, S. R., AND BOWMAN, D. T. 2005. Cotton tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus and impact on population densities. Plant Disease 89:649-653.
- KOENNING, S. R. 2005. Soybean Rust: and emerging problem in U.S. agriculture?. NewsCAST 32:19-20.
- KOENNING, S.R., and EDMISTEN, K. L.. 2004. Rotations for management of root-knot nematode in cotton. Cotton Incorporated Agricultural Research Projects, Summary Reports 2004. (Abstr.).
- KOENNING, S.R., and BOWMAN, D.T. 2004. Management of Sting and Columbia lance nematodes with tolerant varieties and nematicides. Cotton Incorporated Agricultural Research Projects, Summary Reports 2004. (Abstr.).
- KOENNING, S. R. 2005. Southern United States soybean disease loss estimate for 2004. Pp1- 5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty-second Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona. (Abstr.).
- MAIN, C. E., KEEVER, T. L., KOENNING, S. R. Koenning, HOLMES,G., and R. MAGAREY. 2005. The role of forecasting long-distance spore movement in managing the potential 2005 soybean rust epidemic. Pp1- 5, Proceedings of The Southern Soybean Disease Workers Thirty- second Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona. (Abstr.).
- KOENNING, S. R., BOWMAN, D. T., and MORRISON, D. E. 2005. Tolerance of selected transgenic cotton cultivars to Columbia lance nematode. Pp 149. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA. (Abstr.).
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