Source: RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY submitted to NRP
INTRODUCING NEW CROPS, NUTRACEUTICALS AND OTHER VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0199978
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jul 1, 2009
Project End Date
Jun 30, 2014
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY
3 RUTGERS PLZA
NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08901-8559
Performing Department
Plant Biology
Non Technical Summary
In the 21st century, success in commercial farming in the East will depend largely on the ability of the growers to focus on high value, specialty crops such as ethnic produce targeted at specific niche markets for favorable competitive advantages as does the rise in interest of locally grown produce and leaving a greener footprint with lowered transportation costs. Economic opportunities have arisen in the last decade for specialty crop agriculture catering to the ethnically diverse consumers along the eastern coast of the United States. This project seeks to understand the ethnic crops and herbs in market demand and develop new crops for Jersey agriculture, and to identify new uses and applications of plants, with a focus on fruits and vegetables and herbs. This program seeks to bring together the scientific disciplines ranging from genetics and plant variety development, through production and processing, product standardization, and to identify new bioactive compounds in the plants and foodstuffs that are of potential health and/or commercial interest. Most of the ethnic greens and herbs reviewed can be grown in production systems similar to those used to grow traditional American crops. This project also seeks to identify those crops which can be developed as nutraceuticals. Thus, the chemical profiling of a selected range of fruits, vegetables, herbs and botanicals will be extensively studied. These extracts will be assessed as dietary supplements and disease prevention agents. New products will be developed, the processing and extraction of the value-added products will be determined, and private sector partnerships will be sought to achieve fast track commercialization. An example of this is with the new bioactive compounds discovered in the waste of African nutmeg or Kombo (Simon et al. 2008). The intended outcome of this project is to foster the introduction of new crops and natural plant products via a market-first science driven model. This project will generate and distribute science-based information about production, marketability and utilization of selected ethnic greens, herbs and other new crops. This initiative will bridge the supply-demand gap, delivering practical solutions to economic problems faced by many leafy vegetable and herbs growers while contributing to the nutritional and health needs of regional consumers. Additional outputs of this research will be in creating a systems approach in the development of value-added products from the other crops. Results will be of interest to the scientific community and the food science and medical communities seeking new functional food ingredients and new products to improve human health. Results will be directly beneficial to Jersey and US agriculture. An outgrowth of our work on exotic plant species and medicinal plants led to the establishment of our international program focused on the judicious use of indigenous natural resources in sub-Saharan African (www.asnapp.org) as a vehicle for income generation and strengthening African womens associations and rural communities.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2051430106010%
2022220108010%
2032235108110%
2041430108110%
2042220108110%
2042235108110%
2122235108120%
5022220108110%
5022235108110%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 204 - Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest); 205 - Plant Management Systems; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 502 - New and Improved Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
2220 - Medicinal crops, non-narcotic; 1430 - Greens and leafy vegetables; 2235 - Herbs and spices;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems); 1081 - Breeding; 1080 - Genetics;
Goals / Objectives
Objective. 1: To estimate the size of ethnic greens and herbs market in Eastern US and determine the market demand for selected ethnic produce in Eastern US. Objective 2: To develop fusarium tolerant sweet basil and chilling tolerant basils for the fresh-cut culinary herb industries. Objective 3: To identify downy mildew resistance in basil and then to bred that resistance into the popular sweet basil varieties which are all presently susceptible. Objective 4: Comparatively evaluate selected ethnic vegetables and herbs to identify promising new varieties for introduction and commercialization; and to conduct field trials, to develop the best production practices and strategies for sustainability. Objective 5: To systematically isolate and characterize bioactive natural components of those crops which show promising activity including basil, catnip, oregano, mint; selected vegetables and fruits including peppers and grapes, with a particular focus on polyphenols from the water-soluble extracts and novel/new compounds. Objective 6: Develop and validate HPLC and LC-MS methods for accurate analysis of each of the targeted natural products in each of the species. Objective 7: To examine the bioactivity of the plants and extracts for their applications as nutraceuticals in the food, beverage, cosmetic, fragrance and dietary supplemental industries. Objective 8: To develop the quality control systems and the botanical and chemical standardization of the plants and plant extracts for selected botanicals and age-related diseases and in support of our international programs in medicinal and aromatic plants. Outputs from Obj. 1 will increase crop diversification of ethnic crops to New Jersey and the East Coast; and facilitate the introduction of plant-based products by value-addition. Outputs include increased acreage and value in these new crops. For Objs. 2 and 3, two new OP Fusarium tolerant sweet basil lines and two chilling tolerant basils for the fresh-cut industries will be developed. For Obj. 3, basils resistant to downy mildew will be identified and used in breeding of downy mildew resistance into sweet basil. For Obj. 4, the most promising germplasm and sources of ethnic vegetables and herbs will be identified and introduced to seed companies and growers. Results of the field studies will provide recommendations on best production practices. For Obj. 5 and 7, outputs will be in identifying the natural products associated with the health and nutritional benefits of the plants. Improvement in the rapid metabolic profiling of these natural products will be an output of Obj. 6: using validated HPLC and LC-MS methods. Preparation of enriched extracts and isolation of single compounds will another output of Objs. 6 and 7 and used to identify new applications of these natural products as nutraceuticals in foods, beverages, cosmetics and dietary supplements. Quality control systems will be used to standardize botanical extracts for in vitro and in vivo studies. The development of such systems will lead to the establishment of grades and standards for medicinal and aromatic plants many of which lack international product definitions and standards.
Project Methods
Obj. 1. First an ethnic consumer survey followed by a crop selection process using a crop expert panel review of over 100 ethnic greens and herbs (Govindasamy 2007a, 2007b). The surveyed crop list will be further refined through a systematic process based on the survey results (demand) and relevant production considerations (supply) for the local marketplace, to arrive at a list of 10, most promising from a market and consumer demand crops to enter into the production trials. Objs. 2 and 3. We created two core basil populations for inheritance studies including two chilling sensitive (CS) lines representing all of sweet basil and over 20 chilling tolerant (CT) lines. In addition, we have already made five hybrids that exhibit promising chilling tolerance and field performance. Further crossing of CT X CS lines as well as CS X CS will be made. We will systematically screen a wide range of sweet basil and other Ocimum spp to identify sources of Basil Downy Mildew resistance (BDM).Any materials showing BDM resistance will be selfed and crossed with FR and CT basils. An extensive series of controlled reciprocal crosses between the FR and CT basils will be made and progeny followed for 3 generations. Obj. 4: The most promising crops from the survey will be further selected based upon their adaptability and field trialed using a RBD with 3 replications as well as to low, minimal, and high input production treatments and studies to identify the most appropriate germplasm. Objs. 5-7: We will first screen plants for antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals tests on all plants and extracts and total phenol. GC/MS will be used for plants containing fatty acids or aromatic volatiles. HPLC/UV/MS or Triple Quad MS will be used for medicinals. Methods of analysis and compound recovery are then examined. We will then develop concentrated and standardized phenolic-rich products. The bio-directed fractionated extracts and purified single compounds will then be challenged in a variety of in vitro models such as inhibition of LPS induced nitric oxide production from mouse macrophage. Various chromatographic separations including preparative HPLC will also be used at the final stage of isolation. Analytical HPLC and LC/MS will be used for detection and purity check. The purified compounds are then subjected to 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS, UV and IR for structural elucidation, 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HMBC and HMQC) will also be measured. Obj. 8: Quality control tests to evaluate the quality of botanical products that come from African and Asian countries (Juliani et al. 2009; Tadmor et al. 2002) as well as from Jersey and US-based companies will continue. QC tests include macro- and microscopic examinations; sensory evaluations, physicochemical attributes and chemical profiles. Cross-Cutting Outreach: Information will be transferred to stakeholders using a variety of approaches including meetings with growers, associations, and trainings at field research trials, farmer field days, on-farm trials, demonstration, workshops, and the use of websites, email lists and news releases. Innovative is the inclusion of webinar technologies.

Progress 07/01/09 to 06/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: In New Jersey and the USA, horticultural producers and specialty crop growers, processors of natural plant products and intermediaries. US research scientists from universities and industry were a secondary target. Internationally, smallholder farmers were the targeted audience as well as the trainers and extension and outreach specialists from the public, NGO and private sectors Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Undergraduates and graduate students have been involved in this project, thus contributing to their academic experiences and scientific training. Staff and visiting scientists have been trained. Rutgers and collaborating faculty and team members have had the opportunity to work internationally, thus broadening their horizon and their professional development. Special training and workshops for growers and industry have been held in production, organic production, water management, harvesting and postharvest handling, quality control and natural products chemistry, and in plant collection and germplasm diversity. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Annual field days were held to demonstrate germplasm collections, new crops, varietal and breeding programs and new improved lines and hybrids and fungicide control strategies to basil growers and clientele from research institutes, extension agencies, and industry, and other private sectors. Workshops and training overeases to communities focused on production, organic production, water management, harvesting and postharvest handling, quality control and natural products chemistry, and in plant collection and germplasm diversity.Results have also been presented in many international, national, regional and state scientific and/or grower/industry meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Initial size estimates for the ethnic greens and herbs market was achieved and a system to estimate the most economically important and popular ethnic crops was developed and most can thrive in New Jersey. Based upon our prior work examining the chemistry and biologically active components of culinary herbs, vegetables, fruits and spices we find that some of the crops grown in New Jersey can also be developed into sources of bioactive enriched compounds and that these natural products can be recovered through a variety of extraction technologies. Valuable bioactive-containing extracts could be developed from the byproducts of the grading and sorting lines which can add millions of dollars to the farmer, and the dietary, functional food pharmaceutical industries. Such products can be developed as standardized enriched products, which are already of interest to many food companies due to their wide application in food and health care industries. Germplasm collection, grow-out and systematic field evaluations of a wide range of potential new crops was conducted. Significant improvements in the culinary herbs, sweet basil, catnip and oregano were achieved. New advanced lines of basil (for downy mildew and fusarium disease resistance, chilling tolerance and aroma and taste) were identified. Improved catnip (for insect repellant activity and essential oil yields) developed with Rutgers CR-9 ready to license and release. Improved oregano (for high phenolic content and essential oil content) and anti-inflammatory activity was completed and two lines ready to license and release. New exotic vegetables, considered weeds by others, were a focus with a study of exotic vegetables and African indigenous vegetables (Amaranth, Nightshade and Spiderplant) which were found to be nutrient dense. Studies on new health and nutrition applications of fruits, vegetables and botanicals led to several new novel discoveries. Mint and oregano were found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity. Our research showed that promising bio-active components can be recovered from the these plants and from their processing leading to the possible recovery of nutraceutical products from the biomass waste or the waste water associated with the extraction process for utilization as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and other bioactive agents to preserve flavor and improve human health can create new products. We found many of our culinary herbs and fruits and vegetables to be exceptionally rich sources of phenolic compounds, i.e. flavonoid glycosides and rosmarinic acid. These compounds can be used as natural antioxidants for healthcare and food application. Phenolics that are structurally related to the tocotrienols have been found in the waste products of African nutmeg (Pycnanthus angolensis) and have shown significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and neuron potectective property and could be applied in cosmetic product. We have developed analytical protocols and quality control procedures for botanicals and botanical extracts for grape seed polyphenols, soy isoflavones, green tea catechins, and polyphenols, as well as to search for alternative plant sources that contain targetedflavenoids. We have also successfully characterized new compounds, and been able to isolate and purify unique phytomedicinals for their pharmaceutical properties. Internationally, a natural outgrowth of our work on exotic plant species and medicinal plants led to the establishment of a major international program that focuses on the study of natural plant products in sub-Saharan African in which our role is on screening the indigenous genetic material for their bioactivity and chemical characterization, in providing training in the handling of the plants to examine the environmental and ecological impact of wildcrafted and cultivated materials, and in commercializing indigenous medicinals and botanicals, spices and traditional herbal medicines. We have introduced these models successfully into sub-Saharan Africa. We work with rural communities, traditional healers and local scientists in collecting, sustainable production and quality control from chemical characterization to screening. All work is done in concert with partnering NGOs or African universities and research organizations. Such a local participatory approach in the area of natural products (or non-timber forest species) has lead to new products that have originated from our African partners and opportunities to expand this work.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Koroch, A.R., H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. Nutritional value of Fonio (Digitaria exilis) from Senegal, pp. 127-136 In: Juliani H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127, ACS Press, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Juliani, H.R., A.R. Koroch, L. Giordano, L. Amekuse, S. Koffa, J. Asante-Dartey and J.E. Simon. Piper guineense (Piperaceae): Chemistry, Traditional Uses and Functional Properties of West African Black Pepper, pp.33-50. In: Juliani H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127, ACS Press, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Nahm, H.S., H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. Quality Characteristics of Shea Butter, Vitellaria paradoxa, pp.167-184. In: Juliani H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127, ACS Press, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gustafson, K., Q.L. Wu and J.E. Simon. Pycnanthus angolensis: Bioactive Compounds and Medicinal Applications, pp. 63-78. In: Juliani H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127, ACS Press, Washington, D.C. USA
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Villani, T., H.R. Juliani, Q.L. Wu and J.E. Simon. Hibiscus sabdariffa: Phytochemistry, Quality Control and Health Properties, pp. 209-230. In: Juliani H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127, ACS Press, Washington, D.C. USA .
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Coppin, J., H.R. Juliani, Q.L. Wu and J.E. Simon. Variation in polyphenols and lipid soluble vitamins in Moringa oleifera, Chapter 79, pp. 655-663. In: Preedy, V.R. (ed). Processing and Impact Active Components in Food, Academic Press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wang, J., C. Tang, M.G. Ferruzzi, B. Gong, B.J. Song, E.M. Janle, T.Y. Chen, B. Cooper, M. Varghese, A. Cheng, D. Freire, J. Roman, T. Nguyen, L. Ho, S.T. Talcott, J.E. Simon, Q. Wu and G. M. Pasinetti. Role of standardized grape polyphenol preparation as a novel treatment to improve synaptic plasticity through attenuation of features of metabolic syndrome. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Aug 21. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300230.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2010 Citation: Vingtdeux, V., L. Giliberto, H. Zhao, P. Chandakkar, Q.L. Wu, J.E Simon, E.M. Janle, J. Lobo, M.G Ferruzzi, P. Davies and P. Marambaud. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-? peptide metabolism. Journal Biological Chemistry 285(12): 9100-9113.


Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience for this work continues to be focused on four audiences, which serve as the stakeholders of this work. First are commercial growers and producers of specialty high value crops and plant products. The second are those in the industry seeking to purchase, process and incorporate these products – from fresh produce to processed dietary supplements and extracts into their commercial products. These are the drivers of current and new produce and products. The third are those involved in the dissemination of new information generated by this project. This audience involves county agricultural extension agents and specialists, other educators and those involved in the public, NGO and private sector that build capacity to growers and producer and marketer associations. Lastly, the fourth group is the scientific community that can build upon, confirm and extend the discoveries and observations, which we are fortunate enough to find and then report. Our work in this area is guided both locally, regionally, nationally and internationally using a market-first science driven approach to commercial development in support of the introduction of new crops, nutraceuticals and other value-added agricultural and non-timber forest products. These grower and extension audiences were reached via the traditional approaches of farmer field days, twilight tours, and workshops. Specialty workshops on specific horticultural production topics were provided along with field trials, greenhouse studies and demonstrations. The scientific community and the industry were reached via two approaches. First, the hosting of national symposia on Aroma and Sensory sciences in which over 300 participants from the private sector attended a full day Rutgers hosted symposia on new discoveries; and the participation in national new crops conferences such as the American Council on Medicinally Active Plants, held in Amherst, Massachusetts, and a variety of scientific meetings and presentations largely involving the American Chemical Society and other professional meetings. In addition, serving as a speaker in national and international meetings dedicated on agriculture and trade and on new crops and plant products facilitated reaching new audiences. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Trainings have been carried out with other scientists, graduate and undergraduate students in plant breeding and genetics and natural products chemistry/quality control. Nationally, farmer field days and schools and specialized workshops were conductedto exchange and share information. Internationally, specific training workshops were conducted to aid the new farmers in horticultural production. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Yes, the results have been disseminated to the communities. Back-up posters, online information and manuals and fact sheets and laminated good agricultural practices have been developed, published and released and distributed to targeted audiences as needed and appropriate. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue to work on meeting the original goals of this project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Progress was made toward the introduction and commercialization of new crops. From the area ofgermplasm collection and study of plant diversity,several new crops and plant species were greenhouse and field evaluated for their production, yield and adaptability, as well as nutritional quality. Progress was accomplished in the design and improvement of several culinary herbs and aromatic plants in biomass production, higher yield of essential oils, disease resistance and the identification of several compounds in these plants that are responsible for the species medicinal activity. Studies ofprocessing technologies are facilitating the development of new products and new crops. Studies in quality control of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals showed that many commercial products now in the US marketplace do not meet their own label claim, as well as were found to contain adulterants. International projects in new crop development and the use of agriculture and horticultural production to provide income generating activities and food security have continued to use our market-first scientific-driven models with success in several regions in sub-Sahara Africa. The introduction of good agricultural and collection practices, coupled with the introduction of high quality germplasm and a new thrust in postharvest technologies to reduce postharvest losses, have been a feature during this reporting period and will be continued. The linkages between agriculture and human health and nutrition continue to be featured in evaluations with ethnic vegetables, greens and herbs and indigenous plants in developing countries. Specific actvities and outcomes are described below. Market demand has been estimated and has assisted in identifying the range of ethnic greens and herbs for Eastern US farmers. Field studies have identified the most adapatable and where gaps in germplasm and knowledge remain. Fusarium resistant basils are being screened to current fusarium isolates; new crosses between exotic Ocimum species have allowed us to introduce downy mildew resistance into the sweet basils (Ocimum basilicum). We identified 3 promising nightshades to pursue; 3 new amaranths; and still looking for genetic diversity among the spiderplants. We have developed the analytical protocols to examine and chemically characterize the non-volatile bioactive compounds in medicinal and aromatic plants and completed studies which identified the compounds in oregano and mint responsible for the obserrved anti-inflammatory activities. We have chemically profiled the polyphenols and bioactive compounds in catnip relative to how it is used in the USA as a medicinal plant while focusing on developing new sources of the bioactive nepetalactone in the essential oil for insect (mosquito repellent agent). The alkaloids responsible for the pungency in hot peppers, chilis and African Birds Eye pepper have been analyzed to provide support for pepper improvement program at Rutgers. We have screened and profiled a wide range of commercial dietary supplements including, but not limited, to grape seed products and found that a significant amount of commercial products do not meet their label claim. Within those that did not pass quality control assessmentswe found adulterated products. The quality control systems put in place and used have allowed commerical growers in the USA and abroad to produce and market improved higher quality products which have faciliated market demand and sales/trade.

Publications

  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (Editors). 2013 African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 351 pp.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Govindasamy, R., S. Arumugam and J.E. Simon. 2013 An Assessment of the Essential Oil and Aromatic Plant Industry with a Focus on Africa, pp. 289-321. In: Juliani H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products. Volume II: Discoveries and Challenge in Chemistry, Health and Nutrition. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1127, ACS Press, Washington, DC.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Eisenman, S.W., H. R. Juliani, L. Struwe and J. E. Simon. Essential oil diversity in North American wild tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) with comparisons to French and Kyrgyz tarragon. J. Industrial Crops and Products 49:220-232.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Ho, L, M.G. Ferruzzi, E.M. Janle, J. Wang, B. Gong, T.Y. Chen, J. Lobo, B. Cooper, Q.L. Wu, S.T. Talcott, S.S. Percival, J.E. Simon and G.M. Pasinetti. Identification of brain-targeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 27(2): 769-781.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Coppin, J.P., Y.P. Xu, H. Chen, M.H. Pan, C.T. Ho, H.R., Juliani, Q.L. Wu. and J.E. Simon. Determination of flavonoids and anti-inflammatory activity in Moringa oleifera by LC/MS. J. Functional Foods (in press)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Govindasamy, R., V. Puduri, K.M. Kelley, and J.E. Simon. Ethnic respondents increased purchases of locally grown ethnic greens and herbs because of concerns about food miles: Logit model frame work. Journal of Food Distribution Research (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Koroch, A.R., T.S. Villani, R.M. Pyne and J.E. Simon. Rapid staining method to detect and identify downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) in basil. Applications in Plant Sciences 1(7):1300032.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Villani, T.S., A.R. Koroch and J.E. Simon. An improved clearing and mounting solution to replace choral hydrate in microscopic applications. Applications in Plant Sciences 1(5): 1300016
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Homa, K. J.E. Simon, C.A. Wyenandat and W.P. Barney. Evaluating fungicides in 2012 for the control of basil downy mildew, pp. 74. In: Infante-Casella, M and W.L. Kline (compilers). Proceedings of the 58th New Jersey Agricultural Convention and Trade Show, Atlantic City, NJ. February 5-7, 2013.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Homa, K., W. Barney, A. Wyendandt and J.E. Simon. Evaluating Fungicides for the Control of Basil Downy Mildew and Evaluating Ocimum species, Cultivars and Breeding Lines for Susceptibility to Basil Downy Mildew, pp. 4-5. In: In: Infante-Casella, M and W.L. Kline (compilers). Proc. 54th New Jersey Annual Vegetable Growers Association Meeting. Vegetables Growers Association of New Jersey, Farmers Direct Marketing Associations of NJ, DE, MD, PA and VA, Rutgers Cooperative Extension and the NJ Dept of Agriculture, Atlantic City, NJ. January 17-18, 2012.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Simon, J.E., C. Park, A. Ayeni, R. Payne, P. Nitzche, B. Sciarappa, R. VanVranken, S. Komar, E. Dager, Q.L. Wu, B. Schilling, R. Govindasamy, K. M. Kelly. Producing and marketing ethnic herbs and greens, pp. 140-141. In: Infante-Casella, M and W.L. Kline (compilers). Proceedings of the 58th New Jersey Agricultural Convention and Trade Show, Atlantic City, NJ. February 5-7, 2013.


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities included conducting greenhouse, field and laboratory research studies in new and specialty crops, natural products chemistry, crop improvement, quality control systems; identifying plant products that provide health and nutritional benefit, mentoring graduate students; in teaching Medicinal Plants (Fall semester) and Plants and Human Health (Spring Semester); and in giving extension presentations in New Jersey, other states and internationally. Events in which results of research activities were shown and demonstrated included field days at the NJAES research center, Pittstown, NJ, presentations domestically, and internationally. Products completed include submission of a provisional patent with new products research continuing, testing or making advanced selection and breeding lines of improved basils, catnips, and oreganos and ethnic crops for health and nutrition and custom designing new aromas. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include commercial growers and seed companies(in USA), and communities (including growers, processors and buyers and traders) relative to international development work. For our supportive service and collaborative role, our stakeholders include other scientists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops and plant products for New Jersey agriculture, identify new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs and strengthen domestic and international programs on new crops and natural plant products. This program continues to contribute to the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, plant products and value-added products. Impact continues to be in the improved quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition through a robust focus on natural products chemistry and in identifying the specific natural products that lead to the bioactivity. We made new crosses and created hybrids for disease resistance and chilling tolerance in basil and were successful in making intraspecific crosses. We field tested our high oil and nepetalactone bearing catnip lines as sources of natural pest control agents and completed the development of two new oregano varieties. Internationally, our market-first and scientific-driven models of international development and commercialization have significantly grown and expanded into Liberia, Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia. Implemented in sub-Sahara Africa with the Agri-Business in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products network and others in concert with leadership from Rutgers University and with strong public and private sector partnerships as a catalyst for market development, this program impacted over 1,0000 farmers in Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, and Zambia, with focus on African women. In new crops, research continued on developing basil for improved aromas and flavors and new phenotypes. In the discovery of new bioactive compounds, we focused on using bio and chemical guided fractionation to identify the natural products that provide the health and nutrition benefits. quality control of botanicals (e.g. hibiscus, Kinkeliba, kombo butter, mints, moringa, mushrooms, oregano) and crops (e.g. asparagus, amaranth, nightshades, specialty soybeans, and wine and grape derived products such as grape seed extract) and in developing analytical methods to rapidly quantify a wide range of the bioactive natural products for standardization of enriched plant extracts. The identified polyphenols from many of these species showed these plants to be rich sources of bioactive polyphenols, carotenoids and tocopherols. Processing technologies to capture waste streams and to develop new products for the nutraceuticals, cosmetic and food and health allied industries has been a focus. In sub-Sahara Africa, we continue to provide technical assistance in organic production, sustainable collection systems for nontimber forest products and further improve sustainable collection and cultivation practices of medicinals and botanicals, with a focus on quality control of African indigenous plants.

Publications

  • Xu, Y., J.E. Simon, M.G. Ferruzzi, L. Ho, G.M. Passinetti, and Q.L.Wu. 2012. Quantification of anthocyanidins in the grapes and grape juice products with acid assisted hydrolysis using LC/MS. Journal of Functional Food 4:710-717.
  • Wang J., M.G. Ferruzzi, L. Ho, J. Blount, E.M. Janle, B. Gong, Y. Pan, G.A. Gowda, D. Raftery, I. Arrieta-Cruz, V. Sharma, B. Cooper B, J. Lobo, J.E. Simon, C. Zhang, A. Cheng, X. Qian, K.Ono, D.B. Teplow, C. Pavlides, R.A. Dixon, and G.M. Painetti. 2012. Brain-targeted proanthocyanidin metabolites for Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Neurosci. 2012; 32: 5144-50.
  • Govindasamy, R., V. S. Puduri and J. E. Simon. 2010. Hispanic Consumers' Perceptions towards Organically grown Ethnic Produce: A Logistic Analysis. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5(24): 3464-3469.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: New Crops. A survey of the ethnic greens and herb market was conducted and the leading fresh products of interest by ethnic consumers identified (volume and value). We then identified the top ethnic greens and herbs of Mexican, Puerto Rico, Asian Indian and Chinese origin. Seeds and/or plants were then procured and field trials established in 2011to develop baseline production, yield and quality information. Over 15 ethnic greens and herbs were field grown and yield data collected. All plants grown-out were also dried and analyzed for nutritional composition. Most of the plants were also packaged fresh, shown to potential buyers, who informed us that we were growing the correct types and that there was strong market interest. Improvement of Basil for disease resistance. Studies were conducted on basil to identify possible downy mildew control agents. A wide array of pesticides (organic and conventional) were screened and several promising pesticide candidates identified. Several Ocimum species and other different basils were grown out and screened for downy mildew resistance. All sweet basils were still found to be sensitive to this new disease, and the exotic basils that showed resistance in prior years continued to exhibit resistance. A system for maintaining live infested basils as a source of BDM inoculum was developed for use in screening and breeding. Advanced ines with fusarium resistance continued to be evaluated and several appear promising and ready to be trialed at other sites outside of New Jersey. Advanced lines that purportedly exhibit chilling tolerance continue to perform well. Natural Plant Products. Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional composition and natural products chemistry profile of a wide range of vegetables and herbs, including those grown domestically as well as new crops and others from overseas. This included grapes and grape derived products (polyphenols); botanicals; spices and herbs and vegetables such as asparagus (saponins). Several analytical techniques to rapidly and reliably screen for natural product content were developed and published. For the aromatic plants and those containing fatty acids of interest, GC/MS was employed; for those with medicinal activity including pigments, HPLC/UV/MS and for increased sensitivity two Triple Quad MSs were employed. The bioactivity of selected plants continued to be examined in order to identify new applications and uses of the plants and extracts as nutraceuticals or for the food, beverage, cosmetic, fragrance and dietary supplemental industries. Routine screening of the plants and extracts ROS activity continue to be assessed using DPPH and ABTS free radicals tests. Inhibition of LPS induced nitric oxide production from mouse macrophage was examined for selected extracts and pure compounds. Quality Control of natural products and Strengthening the natural products sector in sub-Sahara Africa. Here, we continued to serve as core lab in the quality control and standardization of botanicals for NIH and USAID funded programs. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Albert Ayeni- provided assistance on ethnic crops and new vegetables. Dr. Chee-Kok Chin- collaborated on the nutraceutical aspects of asparagus. Dr. Ilya Raskin- collaborated on biological activity discovery relative to metabolic syndrome and GIBEX. Dr. Andy Wyenandt - collaboration in basil downy mildew disease control Dr. Qing-Li Wu- collaboration in natural products chemistry, compound isolation, activity-guided fractionation and processing technologies relative to development of new protocols for metabolic profiling. Dr. Rodolfo Juliani- collaborate in quality control, natural products profiling and trainings in natural products, botanicals and spices. Dr. Ramu Govindasamy- collaborated on ethnic crops, greens and herbs, collaborating on the development of the natural products sector internationally. Dr. Brian Schilling-collaborated on developing strategies to increase crop enterprises. Dr. C.T. Ho- collaborated on natural product chemistry. William J. Sciarappa, Rutgers Cooperative Extension- collaborating in the introduction of new commercial crops to New Jersey. Rick VanVranken, Rutgers Cooperative Extension- collaborated in specialty vegetable development and ethnic produce program and herbs. Peter J. Nitzsche, County Agricultural Agent, RCE- collaborated on the evaluation of new specialty vegetables for northern New Jersey and in conducting on-farm and on-station studies as needed. EXTERNAL, Domestic: Purdue University: Dr. Connie Weaver, Dr. M.G Ferruzzi, and Chris Rochet, Dept. Human Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Pharmacy, respectively. Collaborators in botanical research. Collaborative work involves the sourcing of, natural products chemistry, standardization of products and extracts, and pharmacognosy and metabolic profiling of targeted plant-based nutraceuticals such as from grapes and derived products such as wine, juice, grape seeds; and isoflavones from kudzu, and botanical sources of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. University of Alabama: Dr. Stephen Barnes and Dr. Michael Weiss, collaborators on our national Botanical Center for Age-Related Diseases. Collaborative work involves isoflavones from Kodzo and natural products from catnip. Mount Sinai School of Medicine: Dr. Giulio M. Pasinetti and Dr. Lap Ho, leaders of the Center for Excellence in Research on Alzheimer's disease. Protective Roles of grape-derived polyphenols in Alzheimer's disease. Alabama A&M University: Dr. Srinivasa Rao Mentreddy, collaborating on new potential medical applications of basil (Ocimum spp.) and interest in new crops. University of Massachusetts: Dr. Lyle E. Craker, collaborating on potential new crops including culinary herbs and Chinese botanicals. Bent Creek Institute/North Carolina Arboretum: Dr. Joe-Ann McCoy, Collaborating in medicinal plant archiving, germplasm collection and characterization. Students being trained at Rutgers include: From Medicinal Chemistry: Kelsey Gustafson, Ms Student Derek Hawkins, PhD Student Thomas Villani, PhD Student From Plant Biology: Robert Pyne, PhD. Student William Reichart, MS Student TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers and growers in the USA; Farmers, growers and processors in sub-Sahara Africa Scientists and students working in natural plant products Supportive Nutraceutical industries involved in natural products for health, nutrition PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The intended outcome of this project is to generate and distribute science-based information about production, marketability and utilization of selected ethnic greens, herbs and other new crops. This initiative will bridge the supply-demand gap, delivering practical solutions to economic problems faced by many leafy vegetable and herbs growers while contributing to the nutritional and health needs of regional consumers. The economic and health impacts of this project may be readily apparent, but there is also a positive social impact in facilitating the interaction amongst the various ethnic communities. The focus of this research is to better understand the health benefits of these new and specialty crops and plant products. Toward that end, we have taken the first steps toward the introduction of a wide range of ethnic greens and herbs for the Latino (Mexican and Puerto Rican communities), the Asian Indian and Chinese consumers. Cross over into mainstream American consumers will be a natural outgrowth that is well underway already. By growing out promising new crops, we are beginning to identify the production constraints (insect, disease issues) including the lack of good germplasm available on the US marketplace, and begin to develop production packets and information that can be used to assess the profitability of each enterprise. The development of improved and disease resistant basils and other herbs will have a real economic impact by growers and the commercial industry. The introduction of a higher value product and the recognition that some of the waste could be of and by itself have commercial application adds value and enhances the competitiveness of the agricultural enterprise. The technical scientific advances made in this research has a positive impact on trade, increasing the competiveness of the producer, the processors and traders and provides increased income generation that supports the agricultural sector. Internationally, this work is leading to the improved health, nutrition and family/household incomes of the targeted communities with whom we work. This program which employs a market-first science drive models of development also is leading to the improvement of quality control programs, GACP of botanicals and horticultural crops,

Publications

  • Shen, D., Q.L. Wu, W.J. Sciarappa and J.E. Simon. (2011). Chromatographic fingerprints and quantitative analysis of isoflavones in Tofu-type soybeans. Journal of Food Chemistry, 130(4): 1003-1009
  • Wu, Q.L., Y.H. Yang and J.E. Simon. (2011). Chemical profiling and quantification of isoflavones in kudzu by LC/UV/MS. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2(6): 665-674
  • Shen, D., M.H. Pan, Q.L. Wu, C.H. Park, H.R. Juliani, C.T. Ho and J.E. Simon. (2011). A Rapid LC/MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Non-volatile Anti-inflammatory Agents from Mentha spp. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 76(6): C900-C908
  • Malatova, K., N. Hitimana, T. Niyibizi, H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. (2011) Optimization of Harvest Regime and Post-Harvest Handling in Geranium Production to Maximize Essential Oil Yield in Rwanda. Journal of Industrial Crops and Products: 34(2): 1348-1352
  • Govindasamy, R., V. S. Puduri and J. E. Simon. (2011). Willingness to Buy New Ethnic Produce Items: A Study of Latino Consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico in the Eastern United States. HortTechnology 21: 202-207
  • Jedinak, A.. S. Dudhgaonkar, Q.L. Wu, J.E. Simon and D. Sliva. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of edible oyster mushroom is mediated through the inhibition of NF-kB and AP-1 signaling. BMC Nutrition Journal 10:52: 10 pages (http://www.nutritionj.com/content/10/1/52)
  • Xu, Y., J.E. Simon, C. Welch, J.D. Wightman, M. Feruzzi, L. Ho, G.M. Pasinetti and Q.L. Wu. (2011). Survey of polyphenol consitutents in grapes and grape derived products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(19): 10586-10593.


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities included conducting greenhouse, field and laboratory research studies in natural products chemistry, crop improvement, quality control systems; mentoring graduate students; in teaching Medicinal Plants (Fall semester) and Plants and Human Health (Spring Semester); and in giving extension presentations in New Jersey, other states and internationally. Events in which results of research activities were shown and demonstrated included field days at the NJAES research center, Pittstown, NJ, presentations domestically, and internationally. Products completed include submission of two provisional patents with new products research continuing, developed advanced lines of new basils, catnips, and oreganos, identified sources of basil downy mildew resistance and developed new chilling tolerant basils. In new crops, research continued to focus on developing chilling tolerant sweet basil. New selections and hybrids of chilling tolerant basils (4C for 72 hrs) were made. Sister lines of our Poppy Joes Sweet Basil, an OP tolerant to fusarium were evaluated, with two now ready for release. Basil downy mildew, a new serious disease impacted all sweet basils evaluated. We confirmed genetic resistance in two other Ocimum species, which will be used to breed into sweet basil. In the discovery of new bioactive compounds, we focused on quality control of botanicals (e.g. hibiscus, Kinkeliba, kombo butter, moringa, oregano, wine and grape derived products such as grape seed extract) and in developing analytical methods to rapidly simultaneously quantitate a wide range of the bioactive natural products for standardization of enriched plant extracts. Quantification of polyphenols from Moringa oleifera showed this species to accumulate significantly high amounts of quercetin and kampherol and tocopherols. Current work continues to examine the nonvolatile products Artemisia (Artemisia annua), basil (Ocimum spp.), catmint (Nepeta spp.), hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), and other species. Internationally, our natural products development work continued in sub-Sahara Africa (Ghana, Liberia, Rwanda, Senegal and Zambia). We continue to provide technical assistance in organic production, sustainable collection systems for nontimber forest products and further improve sustainable collection and cultivation practices of medicinals and botanicals, with a focus on quality control of African indigenous plants including herbal teas (Kinkeliba, hibiscus) and spices (grains of paradise, xylopia, paprika, birds eye chili), essential oils (geranium), other indigenous oils and butters (kombo and shea), medicinals (Griffonia, Voacanga, Artemisia) and plants to improve health and nutrition (Moringa spp.). PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include commercial growers and seed companies(in USA), and communities (including growers, processors and buyers and traders) relative to international development work. For our supportive service and collaborative role, our stakeholders include other scientists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops and plant products for New Jersey agriculture, identify new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs and strengthen domestic and international programs on new crops and natural plant products. This program has contributed to the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, plant products and value-added products. Impact has been in the improved quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition through a robust focus on natural products chemistry. In 2010, we confirmed sources of resistance to basil downy mildew from other Ocimum species, a new disease in the USA, which can be used for breeding into sweet basil (O. basilicum). We also developed high oil and nepetalactone bearing catnip lines as sources of natural pest control agents. Internationally, we strengthened our market-first and scientific-driven models of international development and commercialization. Implemented in sub-Sahara Africa under the Agri-Business in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) network with leadership from Rutgers University and with strong public and private sector partnerships as a catalyst for market development, this program impacted on average over 5,0000 farmers in Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, and Zambia, with focus on African women. Since 2004, our programs have contributed to the introduction of new crops, the sustainable collection of indigenous African botanicals, and the development of new plant products that has lead to > $25 million ($US) in trade, with a production volume of 10,000 metric tons from sub-Sahara Africa.

Publications

  • Juliani, H.R., A. R. Koroch and J.E. Simon. 2010. Chemical Diversity of Essential Oils of Ocimum species and their Associated antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. In: Chemat, F., V.K. Varshney and K. Allaf (eds). Essential Oils and Aromas: Green Extractions and Applications. M/s Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons, Dehradun, India. (in press, ISBN 978-81-905771-3-7).
  • Deschamps, C. and J.E. Simon. 2010. Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis in Leaves and Glandular Trichomes of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Chapter 18, In: A.G. Fett-Neto (ed). Plant Secondary Metabolism Engineering. Methods in Molecular Biology 643, Springer Science.
  • McGrath, M.T., A. Wyenandt and J Simon. 2010. Downy Mildew Wars: A monitoring program can help growers determine if the basil downy mildew pathogen is present in their area. American Vegetable Grower. February 2010:10.
  • Park, S.H., S.N. Ryu, Y. Bu, H. Kim, J.E. Simon and K.S. Kim. 2010. Antioxidant Components as Potential Neuroprotective Agents in Sesame (Sesamum indium L.). Food Reviews International 26: (2) 103-121.
  • Shen, D., M.H. Pan, Q.L. Wu, C.H. Park, H.R. Juliani, C.R. Welch and J.E. Simon. 2009. Identification of the Anti-Inflammatory bioactive Compounds in Oregano (Origanum spp.) and their simultaneous quantitation by LC/MS. J. Agric. Food Chemistry 58 (12):7119-7125.
  • Wyenandt, C.A., J.E. Simon, M.T. McGrath, and D.L. Ward. 2010. Susceptibility of Basil Cultivars and Breeding Lines to Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii). HortTech 45: 1416 - 1419.
  • Mun, J.G., M.D. Grannan, P.J. Lachcik, R.B. Rogers, G.G. Yousef, M.H. Grace, E.M. Janle, Q.L. Wu, J.E. Simon, C.M. Weaver and M.A. Lila. 2010. Tracking Deposition of a 14C-Radiolabeled Kudzu (Pueraria spp.) Hairy Root-Derived Isoflavone-Rich Fraction into Bone. Experimental Biology and Medicine 235: 1224-1235.
  • Govindasamy, R., R. VanVranken, W. Sciarappa, A. Ayeni, V. S. Puduri, K. Pappas, J.E. Simon, F. Mangan, M. Lamberts and G. McAvoy. 2010. Ethnic Crop Opportunities for Growers on the East Coast: A Demand Assessment. Journal of Extension 48(2010), [online]. http://www.joe.org/joe/2010december/pdf/JOE_v48_6rb2.pdf
  • Govindasamy, R., R. VanVranken, W. Sciarappa, A. Ayeni, V. S. Puduri, K. Pappas, J.E. Simon, F. Mangan, M. Lamberts and G. McAvoy. 2010. Consumers Shopping Patterns and Expenditures on Ethnic Produce: A Case Study from the Eastern Coastal U.S.A, Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers 73:36-49.


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities included conducting greenhouse, field and laboratory research studies; mentoring graduate students, two of which completed their Ph.D studies, and a third their MS studies; and in teaching Medicinal Plants (Fall semester) and Plants and Human Health (Spring Semester); and in giving extension presentations both in New Jersey, other states and internationally. Events in which results of research activities were shown and demonstrated included field days at the Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station, Pittstown, NJ, presentations during the annual NJ Vegetable Growers Association, and internationally in several sub-Sahara African countries in which we conducted Making Quality Matter workshops for paprika, African Birds Eye Chili pepper. Participating and gave invited and contributed papers in national and international symposia. Products completed include submission of two provisional patents and product development is ongoing on several other potentially promising discoveries that could lead to patents, and new plant variety patent applications. Redesigning and improvements on our web-sites (www.pfidnp.org; www.asnapp.org and aesop.rutgers.edu/~newuseag) continues. PARTICIPANTS: In new crops, research continued to focus on developing chilling tolerant sweet basil. New selections and hybrids of chilling tolerant basils (4C for 72 hrs) were made. Two sister lines of our Poppy Joes Sweet Basil, an OP tolerant to fusarium were evaluated. Basil downy mildew, a new serious disease impacted all sweet basils evaluated. We found genetic resistance in two other Ocimum species, which will be used to breed into sweet basil. Focus continues on catnip for high biomass, oil and nepetalactone yields. In the discovery of new bioactive compounds, we focused on quality control of botanicals (e.g. kudzu, hibiscus, wine and grape derived products such as grape seed extract) and in developing analytical methods to rapidly simultaneously quantitate a wide range of the bioactive natural products for standardization of enriched plant extracts. Quantification of isoflavones from kudzu, using an analytical method we developed from the official species P. lobata, showed this species to accumulate significantly higher amounts of such compounds, regardless of production system (greenhouse, field or wild crafted) than P. montana P. phaseoloides, P. thomonii. We continue to use root and/or leaf extracts, and screen each for antioxidant capacity, measuring the removal of a radical by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, anti-inflammatory activity, measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Research in kinkeliba lead to the discovery of new biological activities and new chemical compounds. Research in basil showed this plant to be a rich source of rosmarinic acid and other biologically active compounds. For value-added products, studies with kudzu (Pueraria spp.) allowed us to follow peurarin accumulation patterns by species over time and plant tissue and prepare authenticated kudzu, and identify value of leaves . Current work continues to examine the nonvolatile products Artemisia (Artemisia annua), basil (Ocimum spp.), catmint (Nepeta spp.), hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), mints (Mentha spp.), oregano (Origanum spp.), and Perilla (Perilla frustescens). Catnip was chemically profiled for polyphenols using the LC/MS method developed by our lab, and apigenin and luteolin as glucosides and glucoronides were found among the major compounds Internationally, our natural products development work continued in sub-Sahara Africa (Ghana, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Zambia). We continue to provide technical assistance in organic production, sustainable collection systems for nontimber forest products and further improve sustainable collection and cultivation practices of medicinals and botanicals, with a focus on quality control of African indigenous plants including herbal teas (kinkeliba, hibiscus) and spices (grains of paradise, xylopia, paprika, birds eye chili), essential oils (geranium), other indigenous oils and butters (kombo and shea), medicinals (Griffonia, Voacanga, Artemisia) and plants to improve health and nutrition (Moringa spp.). TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include commercial growers and seed companies(in USA), and communities (including growers, processors and buyers and traders) relative to international development work. For our supportive service and collaborative role, our stakeholders include other scientists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: This project will continue with a greater focus on three major components: (1) the development of new crops, (2) the discovery of new bioactive compounds and (3) the development of value-added products. For the development of new crops, our current work focuses largely on the improvement of basil against biotic and abiotic stress. The discovery of new bioactive compounds focuses on grape and wine-derived compounds for improvement of health; as well as other plant products for use with age-associated health conditions; and on the standardization and natural products for biological studies and the identification of the compounds responsible for health and nutrition improvement. The international work continues to focus on quality assurance and control from field or forest to final product and in developing market-first models used in new crop development for crop diversity and economic sustainability.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops and plant products for New Jersey agriculture, identify new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs and strengthen domestic and international programs on new crops and natural plant products. This program has resulted in the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, plant products and value-added products. This program also addresses current biotic and abiotic constraints in the commodity chain of such specialty high value crops and lead to functional models to improve the quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition through a robust focus on natural products chemistry. In 2009, we identified potential resistance to basil downy mildew from other Ocimum species, a new disease in the USA which can be used for breeding into sweet basil (O. basilicum). Internationally, our Partnership in Food Industry Development in Natural Products (PFID/NP, www.pfidnp.org) Program, sought to strengthen our market-first and scientific-driven models of international development and commercialization. Implemented in sub-Sahara Africa under the Agri-Business in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) network with leadership from Rutgers University and with strong public and private sector partnerships as a catalyst for market development, this program impacted on average over 5,0000 farmers in Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal, and Zambia and Malawi, with the large majority being African women. Since 2004, our programs have contributed to the introduction of new crops, the sustainable collection of indigenous African botanicals, and the development of new plant products that has lead to > $15 million ($US) in trade, with a production volume of 6000 metric tons.

Publications

  • Weaver, C.M., S. Barnes, J.M. Wyss, H. Kim, D.M. Morre, D.J. Morre, J.E. Simon, M.A. Lila, E.M. Janle and M.G.Ferruzzi. 2009. Research highlights from the Purdue-UAB Botanicals Research Center for Age-Related Diseases, NPHB Pharmaceutical Biology 47:768-773.
  • Vingtdeux, V., H. Zhao, P. Chandakkar, Q.L. Wu, J.E. Simon, E.M. Janle, J. Lobo, M.G. Ferruzzi, P. Davies and P. Marambaud. 2009. MPK signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, in press, available online)
  • Ferruzzi, M.G., J. K. Lobo, E. Janle, B. Cooper, J.E. Simon, Q.L. Wu, C. Welch, L. Ho, C. Weaver and G.M. Pasinetti. 2009. Bioavailability of catechins and gallic acid from grape seed extract for neuroprotection is improved by repeated dosing in rats. Journal of Alzheimer Disease: 18:113.
  • Juliani, H.R., C.R. Welch, Q.L. Wu, B. Diouf, D. Malainy and J.E. Simon. 2009. Chemistry and quality of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) for developing the natural product industry in Senegal. Journal of Food Science: 74(2):S113-S121.
  • Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). 2009. African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA. 595pp.
  • Ariyawardana, A., R. Govindasamy and J.E. Simon. 2009. The natural products industry: A global and African economic perspective, pp.7-28. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Koroch, A.R., H. R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. 2009. Biology and chemistry of the genus Aloe from Africa. pp. 171-183. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Ratsimbason, M., L. Ranarivelo, H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. 2009. Antiplasmodial activity of twenty essential oils from Malagasy aromatic plants, pp. 209-215. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Koroch A.R., H.R. Juliani, D. Kulakowski, H. Arthur, J. Asante-Dartey and J.E. Simon. 2009. Voacanga africana: Chemistry, cuality and pharmacological activity, pp. 363-380. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Kim, K.S., H. R. Juliani, M. Bucuk, D. Acquaye, J. Asante-Dartey, Q.L. Wu and J.E. Simon. 2009. Quality Control and 5-HTP (5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan) Analysis of griffonia (Griffonia simplicifolia (DC.) Baill.) seed accessions collected in Ghana, pp. 381-390. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Ranarivelo, L., P. Ramanoelina, H. R. Juliani, and J.E. Simon. 2009. Characterization of essential oils from Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees & Eberm and Ravensara aromatica Sonnerat from Madagascar, pp.391-400. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Juliani H. R., Y. Koelliker, M. Bucuk, C. Welch, B. J. Tepper, E. Jefthas and J.E. Simon. 2009. Quality and consumer studies in the USA of African herbal teas for the natural products industry development in sub-Sahara Africa, pp.403-420. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • Juliani H. R., Y. Fonseca, D. Acquaye, H. Malumo, D. Malainy and J.E. Simon. Nutritional Assessment of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) from Ghana, Senegal and Zambia, pp. 469-484. In: Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho (eds). 2009. African Natural Plant Products: Discoveries and Challenges in Quality Control. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Phytochemical characterization of an array of culinary herbs, fruits and vegetables continued in 2008 in the search for compounds responsible for specific bioactivities. We continued profiling polyphenols and aroma compounds of from culinary and medicinal herbs, focusing on Artemisia, basil, catmint, hibiscus, mints, oregano, and Perilla. Using ROS and total phenolic activity as an initial screen, then using a bio- and chemical-activity guided isolation with prep-HPLC, from which specific extracts are screened we identified several new compounds with anti-inflammatory activity using an LPS-induced nitrite production assay and the Western Blotting of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein levels. Bioactive compounds not previously reported were identified using LC/MS and NMR. Genetic variation relative to growth, development and natural product content and composition was observed. A new project examining the polyphenols in grape derived products including wine and juice was initiated with new methodologies to quantitate the PACs developed. Studies examining the ACs are underway. Studies of plant extracts for targeted antimicrobial activity were initiated using 20 microbes; new bioactivities were observed in species not previously reported. Improved processing systems for natural product extractions were conducted to enrich plant products and for standardization of botanical extracts. Kinkeliba (Combretum micranthum) showed antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity. Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis), was partitioned into 3 major parts, the phenolic acids flavonoids and iridoids. Differential anti-inflammatory activity was found in each part. Five iridoids glycosides were purified and identified using MS and NMR. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) exhibited high antioxidant activity; we identified 12 flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol glucosides and glucoside malonates. We completed a nutritional analysis of Moringa leaves grown in Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal and Zambia and found leaves provided valuable affordable nutritional food. In crop improvement studies, research continued to develop chilling tolerant sweet basil. Chilling tolerant basils (4C for 72 hrs), were greenhouse and field-grown and advanced selections and hybrids performed well. We also evaluated sister lines of our recently released new Sweet Basil, Poppy Joes Basil, tolerant to fusarium, and identified two lines that are now undergoing seed increase for potential new varietal release. For our national botanical center work, studies with kudzu (Pueraria spp.) were completed that will allow us to follow peurarin accumulation patterns by species over time and plant tissue and provide authenticated kudzu (P. lobata, P. montana P. phaseoloides, P. thomonii). Internationally, our natural products development work continued in sub-Sahara Africa. We assisted in organic production, improved sustainable collection and cultivation practices of medicinals and botanicals, and focused on quality issues of African indigenous plants including herbal teas and spices, essential oils, other indigenous oils and butters, medicinals and plants to improve health and nutrition (Moringa spp.). PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Internationally, our natural products development work continued in sub-Sahara Africa (Ghana, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Zambia). We assisted in organic production, further improved sustainable collection and cultivation practices of medicinals and botanicals, and focused our work on quality issues of African indigenous plants. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops and plant products for New Jersey agriculture, identify new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs and strengthen our domestic and international programs on new crops and natural plant products. This program will result in the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, and in new varieties and plant products. This program will also lead to functional models to improve the quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition.

Publications

  • 8. Zhou, L., Q.L. Wu, J.E. Simon, C.Y. Liu, J.S. Yang and Y.H. Liao. 2008. Phytochemistry and quality control of black cohosh, other medicinal Cimicifuga species and their derived products, pp.59-99. In: C.T., Y. Shao and J.E. Simon (eds). Dietary Supplements. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 925. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • 9. Juliani, H.R., C. Welch, J. Asante-Dartey, D. Acquaye, M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2008. Chemistry, quality and functional properties of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), a rediscovered spice, pp. 100-113. In: C.T., Y. Shao and J.E. Simon (eds). Dietary Supplements. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 925. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • 10. Juliani, H.R., T. Kwon, A.R. Koroch, J. Asante-Dartey, D. Acquaye and J.E. Simon. 2008. Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae): Chemistry, Traditional Uses and Functional Properties of an "African Pepper", pp. 114-128. Ho, C.T., Y. Shao and J.E. Simon (eds). Dietary Supplements. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 925. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • 11. Juliani, H.R., A.R. Koroch and J.E. Simon. 2008. Basil: A Source of Rosmarinic Acid, pp. 129-143. In: Ho, C.T., Y. Shao and J.E. Simon (eds). Dietary Supplements. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 925. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.
  • 12. Yadav, A.K., N. Joshee, A. Yadav, C. Gambill and J.E. Simon (eds). 2007. Proc. of the International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants. The International Society for Horticultural Science, Macon, Georgia, March 19-23, 2007. Acta Horticulturae: 756.
  • 13. Cheng, K.W., Q.L. Wu, Z. Zheng, X.F. Peng, J.E. Simon, F. Chen and M. Wang. 2007. Inhibitory effect of fruit extracts on the formation of heterocyclic amines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55:10359-10365.
  • 14. Govindasamy, R., B. Onyango, V. Puduri, J. Simon, H.R. Juliani, J. Asante-Dartey, H. Arthur, B. Diawuo, D. Acquaye. 2007. Impediments to Marketing African Natural Products from Ghana: Preliminary Results. The ICFAI Journal of Agricultural Economists: 1:24-35.
  • 15. Koroch, A., C. Park, J. Kapteyn, H. Juliani and J. Simon. 2007. In vitro shoot multiplication of Echinacea purpurea. J. Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 13(4): 105-110.
  • 1. Weaver, C., S. Barnes, J.M. Wyss, H. Kim, D.M. Morre, D.J. Morre, J.E. Simon, M.A. Lila, E.M. Janle and M.G. Ferruzzi. 2008. Botanicals for age related diseases: from field to practice. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87:493-497.
  • 2. Kim, H.R., R. Rajaiah, Q.L. Wu, S.R. Satpute, M.T. Tan, J.E. Simon, BM. Berman and K.D. Moudgil. 2008. Green Tea Protects Rats against Autoimmune Arthritis by Modulating Disease-Related Immune Events. J. Nutr. 138: 2111-2116.
  • 3. Welch, C, Q.L. Wu and J.E. Simon. 2008. Recent advances in anthocyanin analysis and characterization. Current Analytical Chemistry 4:75-101.
  • 4. Lee, S.W., G.S. Kim, C.H. Park, J.E. Simon and K-S. Kim. 2008. Difference in ginsenoside contents in roots cultivated under blue and red polyethylene shading net in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Korean J. Crop Sci. 53(S):103-107.
  • 5. Wang, Y., Juliani, H.R., Simon, J.E., Ho, C-T. 2008. Amino Acid-Dependent Formation Pathways of 2-Acetylfuran and 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2H]-furanone in the Maillard Reaction, Food Chemistry doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.014
  • 6. Simon, James E., Mingfu Wang, Kodzo Gbewenyo, Mohamed M. Rafi, Daniel Fahene Acquaye, Yaw Asianowa. 2008. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Compounds and Preparations from African Nutmeg Seeds. US Patent No. US7,371,413 B2. Patent issued May 13, 2008, 17 pp.
  • 7. Ho, Chi-Tang, James .E. Simon, Fereidoon Shahidi and Yu Shao (eds). 2008. Dietary Supplements. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 987. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA, 335 pp.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
Chemical profiling of many culinary herbs, fruits and vegetables to examine the aromatic profile and natural plant products profile continued in 2007. As culinary and medicinal herbs, we focused on Artemisia (Artemisia annua), catmint (Nepeta spp.), oregano (Origanum spp.), and basil (Ocimum spp.) and completed detailed chemical characterization of essential oils and bioactive nonvolatile polyphenols. We continued screening plants and plant extracts using ROS and total phenolic activity as an initial screen, then using a bio- and chemical-activity guided isolation with prep-HPLC, from which specific extracts are screened for anti-inflammatory activity using an LPS-induced nitrite production assay and the Western Blotting of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein levels. The major chemical constituents in Mentha spp. and Origanum spp. that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity were identified using LC/MS and NMR. We identified plants that are rich sources of these bioactive compounds and noted significant variation between and within species relative to natural products accumulation. In crop improvement, we continue our research on the development of chilling tolerant sweet basil. Chilling tolerant basils (4C for 72 hrs), were again field-grown and screened. Four of our advanced selections and hybrids appear ready for testing at other sites across the country. We also have three advanced lines of oregano, two of catnip each developed for high essential oil yields and specific bioactive compounds performed well and ready for multi-site trialing. Work with our leading advanced lines of Artemisia annua that are non-photoperiodic and rich in the anti-malarial, artemisinin continued in New Jersey and subsets of our advanced lines which were field tested in Ghana, Madagascar and South Africa performed well. We continue evaluation of ethnic products for the fresh market including Korean chives and Korean perilla. (Perilla fructescens) and identified several varieties that could be introduced into NJ and US agriculture from seed companies in Korea. For our national botanical center we sought to identify novel plants with specific polyphenols. Studies continued on kudzu, a plant source of similar isoflavones, where we continue to examine flavonoid accumulation patterns and chemical diversity between species of authenticated kudzu (P. lobata, P. montana and P. phaseoloides). Natural products from eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) used for the treatment of hyperglycemic diseases and eye inflammation were studied using HPLC/UV/MS. This year we found highest antioxidant (ROS) activity was observed from phenolic acids, followed by flavonoids. We also focused research on the natural compounds in hibiscus and kinkeliba tea (Combretum micranthum) and found both plants used as herbal teas to be healthy and rich in antioxidants. Both plants exhibit anti-inflammatory activity but the compounds responsible are still unknown. We continue our research on anthocyanins from hibiscus.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops and plant products for New Jersey agriculture, identify new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs and strengthen our domestic and international programs on new crops and natural plant products. This program will result in the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, and in new varieties and plant products. This program will also lead to functional models to improve the quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition.

Publications

  • 14. Govindasamy, R., J.E. Simon, V. Puduri, H.R. Juliani, J. Asante-Dartey, H. Arthur, B. Diawuo, D. Acquaye and N. Hitimani. 2007. Retailers and wholesalers of African Natural Products: Case Studies from Ghana and Rwanda. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses: 332-337.
  • 15. Govindasamy, R., W. Sciarappa, V.S. Puduri, R. VanVranken, A. Ayeni, K. Pappas, J.E. Simon, F. Mangan, M. Lamberts and G. McAvoy. 2007. A Market Driven Approach to Ethnic Crop Production for the US East Coast. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6th New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses: 261-273.
  • 16. Koroch, A., L. Ranarivelo, O. Behra, H.R. Juliani, and J.E. Simon. 2007. Quality attributes of Essential oils from Madagascar. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses: 338-341.
  • 17. Sciarappa, W.J., L.K. HunsbergerP P, D. Shen, Q.L. Wu, J. Simon and B. Hulme. 2007. Evaluation of edamame varieties in the Mid-Atlantic. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses: 223-227.
  • 1.Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon, C. Quansah, E. Asare, R. Akromah, D. Acquaye, J. Asante-Dartey, M.L.K. Mensah, T.C. Fleischer, R. Dickson, K. Annan and A.Y. Mensah. 2008. Chemical diversity of Lippia multiflora from West Africa. J. Essential Oil Research 20(1):49-55.
  • 2. Wu, Q.L., Y.H. Yang and J.E. Simon. 2007. Determination of Proanthocyanidins in Areca Nuts by High-performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Mass Spectrometry, Chemistry and Biodiversity (4): 2817-2826.
  • 3. Davidovich-Rikanati, R., Y. Sitrit, Y. Tadmor, Y. Iijima, N. Bilenko, E. Bar, B. Carmona, E. Fallik, N. Dudai, J.E. Simon, E. Pichersky and E. Lewinsohn. 2007. Enrichment of tomato aroma and taste by diversion of the early plastidial terpenoid pathway. Nature Biotechnology:
  • 4. Ekanem, A., M. Wang, J.E. Simon and D.A. Moreno. 2007. Antiobesity properties of two African plants (Afromomum meleguetta and Spilanthes acmella) by pancreatic lipase inhibition. Phytotherapy Research: DOI:10.1002, 3 pages.
  • 5. Wang, M., K.W. Cheng, Q.L. Wu and J.E. Simon. 2007. Quantification of nepatalactones in catnip (Nepeta cateria L.) by HPLC coupled with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. Phytochemical Analysis: 18 (2): 157-160.
  • 6. Deschamps, C. and J.E. Simon. 2006. Terpenoid essential oil metabolism in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) following elicitation. J. Essential Oil Res. 18:618-621.
  • 7. Juliani H.R., A. R. Koroch, J. Asante-Dartey, D. Acquaye and J.E. Simon. 2007. Chemistry and Quality of Fresh Ginger Varieties (Zingiber officinale) from Ghana. Int. Symp. Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants, ISHS, March 19-23, 2007, Macon, GE, Acta Hort 756: 399-406.
  • 8. Juliani H.R. A. R. Koroch, C. Wamulwange and J.E. Simon. 2007. Mungongo cold pressed oil (Schinziophyton rautanenii): A new natural product with potential cosmetic applications. Int. Symp. Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants, ISHS, March 19-23, 2007, Macon, GE, Acta Hort 756: 407-412.
  • 9. Govindasamy, R., N. Hitimana, V.S. Puduri, H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. 2007. Constraints and Perceptions of Natural Products Trade in Rwanda: A Study of Rwandan Wholesalers and Retailers. Int. Symp. Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants, ISHS, March 19-23, 2007, Macon, GE, Acta Hort 756: 413-423.
  • 10. Simon, J.E., A.R. Koroch, D. Acquaye, E. Jefthas, R. Juliani and R. Govindasamy. 2007. Medicinal Crops of Africa. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses:322-331.
  • 11. Park, C.H., P. Tannous, H.R. Juliani, Q.L. Wu, W.J. Sciarappa, R. Vranken, P. Nitzsche, D. Dalponte and J.E. Simon. 2007. Catmint (Nepeta spp.): A Source of Essential Oils. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses: 311-315.
  • 12. Ribeiro, P. and J.E. Simon. 2007. Breeding Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) for Chilling Tolerance. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses: 302-305.
  • 13. Park, C.H., P. Tannous, J.E. Simon, T.O. Kwon, W. Sciarappa, L.E. Craker, R.V. Vranken, W. Kline, P.J. Nitzsche, H.R. Juliani and R. Govindasamy. 2007. Chives and Perilla, Korean Greens for Emerging Ethnic Markets. In: Janick, J and Whipkey (eds), The 6PthP New Crops Symposium: Creating Markets for Economic Development of New Crops and New Uses:228-232.
  • 18. Govindasamy, R., R. VanVranken, W. Sciarappa, A. Ayeni, V.S. Puduri, K. Pappas, J.E. Simon, F. Mangan, M. Lamberts and G. McAvoy. 2007. Survey methods and identification of ethnic crops for the east coast in the USA: A procedural Synopsis. CSREES/USDA, NRI/USDA and Rutgers University. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, P-02903-1-07, May, 2007, 37pp.
  • 19. Govindasamy, R., R. VanVranken, W. Sciarappa, A. Ayeni, V.S. Puduri, K. Pappas, J.E. Simon, F. Mangan, M. Lamberts and G. McAvoy. Demographics and the marketing of Asian and Hispanic produce in the eastern coastal USA. 2007. CSREES/USDA, NRI/USDA and Rutgers University. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, P-02903-2-07. November, 2007. 7pp.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Chemical profiling of non-volatile bioactive compounds from many culinary herbs, aromatic plants and botanicals including over 50 varieties and species of Mentha spp., Origanum vulgare, and Ocimum spp. continued. New bioactive compounds based upon high ROS and phenolic activity were found and we're now examining anti-inflammatory activity of several promising candidates. In crop improvement, we focused on the development of chilling tolerant sweet basil. We found basils which are chilling tolerant (4C for 72 hrs), that the trait is inheritable, stable and now have over 20 advanced chilling tolerant lines and hybrids. We also have four advanced lines of oregano, two of catnip and five of unique basils each developed for high essential oil yields and specific bioactive compounds. Work with our 25 selected lines of Artemisia annua that are non-photoperiodic and rich in the anti-malarial, artemisinin continues. These genetic materials were again field evaluated in several sub-Sahara African countries. We continue evaluation of ethnic products for the fresh market including Korean chives and Korean perilla. (Perilla fructescens). We focus on plants as sources of specific polyphenols. In Edamame soybeans we analyzed the isoflavones, daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and their glycosides, glycoside malonates and glycoside acetates from New Jersey grown varieties and identified the source richest in these nutraceuticals. Studies continued on kudzu, a plant source of similar isoflavones, with both greenhouse studies at Rutgers and field investigations with Yunnan Agric. Univ., China. Studies to examine the flavonoid accumulation patterns and chemical diversity between species of authenticated kudzu (P. lobata, P. montana and P. phaseoloides) are ongoing. Natural products from eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) used for the treatment of hyperglycemic diseases and eye inflammation were studied using HPLC/UV/MS. Over 20 compounds were identified including iridoid glycosides and flavonoids including the unique flavonoid glucuronides. The two major iridoids, aucubin and catalpol in eyebright were successfully quantified. Internationally, we continued our QC and germplasm work in sub-Sahara Africa. Our programs continued in Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Zambia, with newer pilot programs in Angola, Malawi and Mozambique. We assisted in the organic production and certification of hibiscus in Senegal, development of sustainable collection practices of aromatic and medicinal plants and botanicals, and worked on the quality issues for several African indigenous plants including herbal teas (kinkeliba, honeybush, lippia, hibiscus) and spices (grains of paradise, xylopia, paprika, birds eye chili). Studies continued with hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), from over 50 populations from Senegal were analyzed for anthocyanins and results show that this product may serve as an alternative source of anthocyanins comparable to the common sources found in fruits and berries.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops for New Jersey agriculture, identify new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs and strengthen our domestic and international programs on new crops and plant products. This program will result in the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, and in new products. This program will also lead to functional models to improve the quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition.

Publications

  • Govindasamy, R., B. Onyango, V. Puduri, J. Simon, H.R. Juliani, J. Asante-Dartey, H. Arthur, B. Diawuo, D. Acquaye. 2007. Impediments to Marketing African Natural Products from Ghana: Preliminary Results. ICFAI Journal of Agricultural Economists 1:24-35.
  • Juliani, H.J., A. Koroch, J.E. Simon, N. Hitimana, A. Daka, L. Ranarivelo and P. Langenhoven. 2006. Quality of Geranium oils (Pelargonium Species): Case Studies in Southern and Eastern Africa. J. Essential Oil Research, 18: 116-121.
  • Shen, D.D., Q.L Wu, M. Wang, Y-H. Yang, E. Lavoie and J.E. Simon. 2006.Quantification of the predominant catechins in leaves of Acacia catechu by LC/ESI-MS. J. Agric. and Food Chemistry: 54: 3219-3224.
  • Deschampes, C., D. Gang, N. Dudareva, and J.E. Simon. 2006. Developmental regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in leaves and glandular trichomes of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Int. J. Plant Science 167(3):447-454.
  • Dominguez, F., X. Lozoya and J.E. Simon. 2006.Tissue culture regeneration of a medicinal plant from Mexico: Piper auritum Kunth. HortScience 41(1): 207-209.
  • Koroch, A.R., M.S. Torres, H.R. Juliani, J.E. Simon and J.F. White. 2006.Host nutrient adaptation in two symbiotic fungi: Balansia henningsiana and Hypocrella phyllogena (Clavicipitaceae; Ascomycetes). SYMBIOSIS 42:39-44.
  • Juliani H.R., J. Kapteyn, D. Jones, A. R. Koroch, O. Behra, L. Ranarivelo, A. Y. Mensah, C. Quansah, D. Acquaye, D. Charles, M. Wang, H. Moharram. and J.E. Simon. 2006. Applications Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Quality Control and Adulteration of African essential oils. Phytochemical Analysis: 17:121-128.
  • Vieira, R.F. and J.E. Simon. 2006.Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum spp.) based on aromatic volatiles. Flavor and Fragrance Journal: 21:214-221.
  • Govindasamy, R., B. Onyango, V. Puduri, J. Simon, H. Juliani, J. Asante-Dartey, H. Arthur, B. Diawuo and D. Acquaye. 2006. "An Overview of Marketing of Ghana Natural Products" New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, P-15009-1-06, November 2006, 24 pp.
  • Govindasamy, R., J. Simon, V. Puduri, H. Juliani, J. Asante-Dartey, H. Arthur, B. Diawuo, D. Acquaye and N. Hitimana. 2006. "A Comparison of Wholesaler/Retailer Business Characteristics of Natural Products between Ghana and Rwanda", P-15009-2-06, November 2006, 30 pp.
  • Kim, M., x. Meng, A. Kim, M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2006. Developing a long-lasting tyrosinase inhibitor from Morus alba L. Cosmetic and Toiletries. 121(3): 91-102.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
As part of our work on new crops and new products, this year we completed the chemical profiling of non-volatile bioactive compounds from a wide array of culinary herbs and aromatic plants, and botanicals including over 100 types of Mentha spp., Origanum vulgare, and Ocimum spp. We have identified a number of unique bio-active compounds and are now screening for bioactive of a number of fractions that exhibited high ROS activity. Several new compounds appear new; others appear new to the plant species. Large-scale processing studies to define steam distilled hydrosols were completed using mint and lavender as the model species. In our crop improvement studies we focused on the development of chilling tolerant basil. Studies to understand the inheritance of chilling tolerance in basil are in progress and we also have 16 advanced lines promising for this trait. We have four advanced lines of oregano, developed for high essential oil yields and high carvacrol. With Artemisia annua, as a source of the anti-malarial artemisinin, we have 50 lines that appear to be promising relative to yields, growth habit and artemisinin. Some of these genetic materials are being field evaluated in several sub-Sahara Africa countries. Relative to new crops, we have introduced and evaluated 17 perilla varieties (Perilla fructescens) from South Korea. As part of our NIH Botanical Center for Age Related Diseases program, we focus on plants as sources of specific polyphenols. As soybeans is a focus, using HPLC coupled with ESI-MS detection, we identified 16 isoflavones, daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and their glycosides, glycoside malonates and glycoside acetates from four Tofu soybean varieties at different locations during 2 years. The difference of isoflavone profiles among the seed coats, cotyledons and hypocotyls was also revealed by qualitative analysis with LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. A simple, quick and reliable quantification method for total isoflavones in soybeans was developed. Relative to other plants which can serve as sources of similar isoflavones, a field investigation on Kudzu in China was initiated in concert with Yunnan Agric. Univ. Kudzu samples (root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit) from Pueraria lobata and P. edulis were analyzed using LC/MSD method developed by our lab. Kudzu germplasm of P. lobata, P. montana and P. phaseoloides are also being comparatively grown under controlled conditions in greenhouse. We are also working with a number of African indigenous herbal teas such as kinkeliba, honeybush, and lippia as well as hibiscus. With hibiscus, two anthocyanidins of delphinidin-3-sambioside and cyanidin-3-sambioside were characterized. Our NUANPP has continued to establish itself as a laboratory focused on the development of grades and standards for botanicals, on chemical standardization and as a center. We continued our work on germplasm collection, characterization and varietal improvement focused on aromatic and medicinal plants. Our basic research facilitated the discovery of several new compounds, new activities and applications and in the identification of new plant to serve as sources for specific bioactive compounds.

Impacts
Our mission is to identify and develop specialty crops and for New Jersey agriculture and new uses of traditional fruits, vegetables and herbs. In doing so, this program will expand upon our other domestic and international programs. This program will result in the development and introduction of new varieties, new ethnic specialty produce, and in new products. This program will also lead to functional models to improve the quality control of botanicals used for human health and nutrition.

Publications

  • Juliani, H.R., O. Behra, H. Moharram, L. Ranarivelo, B. Ralijerson, M. Andriantsiferana, N. Ranjatoson, J. Rasoarahona, P. Ramanoelina, M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2005. Searching for the real Ravensara (Ravensara aromatic Sonn.). Perfumer and Flavorist 30: 60-65.
  • Grayer, R.J., Vieira, R.F., Proce, A.M., Kite, G.C., Simon, J.E. and A.J. Paton. 2004. Characterisation of cultivars within species of Ocimum by exudates flavonoid profiles. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32:901-913.
  • Ekanem, A.P., M. Wang, J.E. Simon, A.I. Obiekezie and F. Morah. 2004. In vivo and in vitro activities of the seed extract of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn. against skin and gill monogenean parasites of goldfish (Carasssius auratus). Phytotherapy Research 18: 793-797.
  • Koroch, A., H. Juliani, J. Bischoff, E. Lewis, G. Bills, J.E. Simon and J. White, Jr. 2004. Examination of Plant Biotrophy in the scale insect parasitizing fungus Dussiella tuberiformis Symbiosis: 37:267-280.
  • Juliani, H.R., J.A. Zygadlo, R. Scrivanti, E. de L Sota and J. E. Simon. 2004. The essential oil of Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel. Flavor and Fragrance Journal 19:541-543.
  • Wang, M., R. Juliani, J.E. Simon, A. Ekanem, C.-P. Liang and C.T. Ho. 2005. Honeybush Tea: Chemical and Pharmacological Analyses, pp. 118-128. In: Shahidi, F. and C.T. Ho (eds). Phenolic Compounds in Foods and Natural Health Products. American Chemical Society Symposium Series Book 909. American Chemical Society, Oxford Univ. Press, Washington, DC. 2005.
  • Juliani, H.R., J.E. Simon, M.M.R. Ramboatiana, O. Behra, A. Garvey and I. Raskin. 2004. Malagasy Aromatic Plants: Essentials, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. Acta Horticulturae. 629: 77-81.
  • Juliani, H.R., A.R. Koroch, J.E. Simon, F.N. Biurrun, V. Castellano and J.A. Zygadlo. 2004. Essential oils from Argentinean Aromatic Plants. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 629:491-498.
  • Park, C.H., H.W. Park, N.S. Seong and J.E. Simon. Indigenous paraquat resistance in Korean foxglove (Rhemannia glutinosa Libosch.) and in vivo multiple adventitious buds formation. 2004. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 629: 397-402.
  • Craker, L.E., J.E. Simon, J. Arayars, and E. Lewinsohn (eds). 2004. The Future of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Scientific Proceedings of the ISHS Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Congress, Toronto, Canada, August 2002. Acta Horticulturae: 629.
  • Benge, M, G. Cragg, J. Duke, J. Ferreira, J. Hopper, W.J. Kress, J.E. Simon, A. Weil, M.L. Wilcox. 2005. Responding to: Malaria Fight: Gates Foundation funds development of malaria drug artemisinin and January 3, 2005, BOOTSTRAPPING VIA PHILANTHROPY: A Californian start-up chooses a zero-profit project: helping to develop a malaria drug. Chemical Engineering News, March 01. Letter to editor.
  • Simon, J.E., M. Wang, R. Mohamad, K. Gbewonyo, D. Acquaye. 2004. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kombo Butter, Kombo Butter Acid Extract, and its Constituents, Sargahydroquinoic Acid, Sargaquinoic Acid and Sargachromenol. US Patent Application filed by Rutgers University.
  • Wang, M., J.E. Simon, A. Kim and J. Kim. 2005. Compositions from Morus alba (Mulberry) and Methods for the Isolations and Uses Thereof. Provisional US Patent filed by Rutgers University.
  • Lewinsohn, E., E. Pichersky, J.E. Simon, D. Gang and N. Duderia. 2004. Geraniol Synthase, Methods of Production and Uses Thereof. Provisional Patent filed by the Agricultural Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Israel, with Univ. of Michigan, Rutgers University and Univ. Arizona.
  • Juliani, H. R. M.Wang, H. Moharram, J.Asante-Dartey, D. Acquaye, A. Koroch and J.E. Simon. 2005. Intraspecific Variation in Quality Control Parameters, Polyphenol Profile and Antioxidant Activity in Wild Populations of Lippia multiflora from Ghana, pp. 126-142. In: M. Wang, S. Sang, L.S. Hwang and C.T. Ho (eds). Herbs: Challenges in Chemistry and Biology. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 925. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA
  • Koroch, A.R., H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. 2005. Biotechnology: Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation for the Improvement of Aroma in Plants of the Lamiaceae, pp. 275-291. In: G. Buchbauer and L. Jirovetz (eds). Processing, Analysis and Applications of Essential Oils. Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons. Dehradum, India.
  • Wang, M., C.H. Park, Q. Wu, and J.E. Simon. Analysis of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. by LC-MS with selected ion monitoring. 2005. Journal Agric. Food Chem. 53: 7010-7013.
  • Wu, Q.-L., M. Wang and J.E. Simon. Determination of proanthocyanidins in fresh grapes and grape products using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. 2005. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 19: 2062-2068.
  • Wang, M., Y. Jin, J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho. 2005. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Quality Control of Selected Popular Oriental Herbs in the US Market, pp. 73-102. In: J. Shi, C.T. Ho and F. Shahidi (eds). Asian Functional Foods. American Chemical Society Symposium Series. Oriental Herbs. CRS Press, Boca Raton, Fl.
  • Wang, M. Q.L. Wu, J.E. Simon, C.P. Liang and C.T. Ho. 2005. Instrumental analysis of popular botanical products in the US market, pp. 39-54. In: M. Wang, S. Sang, L.S. Hwang and C.T. Ho (eds). Herbs: Challenges in Chemistry and Biology. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 925. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. USA.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
In this period we have made progress on examination of antioxidant activity of plant extracts on the inhibition of citral off-odor formation and various other oxidative processes. We have also developed analytical methods to determine phytoestrogenic compounds, isoflavones, and other beneficial health-related compounds.

Impacts
This program will result in new health and food products for plant industries in NJ and the US. This is expected to benefit citizens and the agricultural economy in the US.

Publications

  • Liang, C.P., M.Wang, J.E. Simon and C.T. Ho. 2004.Antioxidant activity of plant extracts on the inhibition of citral off-odor formation. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research: 48, 308-317.
  • Wu, Q.L., M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2004.Analytical methods to determine phytoestrogenic compounds. Journal of Chromatography B, 812: 325-355
  • Wu, Q.L., M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2004. LC/UV/ESI-MS Analysis of Isoflavones in Edamame and Tofu Soybeans. Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry, 52: 2763-2769.
  • Wu, Q.L., M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2004.Determination of isoflavones in red clover and related species by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1016: 195-209.
  • Wang, M., Y. Tadmor, I.F.Aviles, J.E. Simon, K. He and Q.-Y. Zheng. 2003. Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51:611-618.
  • Wu, Q. L., M. Wang and J.E. Simon. 2003. Determination of Proanthacyanidins in Grape Products by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Detection under Low Collision Energy, Analytical Chemistry, 75(10): 2440-2444.
  • Vieira, R.F., P. Goldsbrough, and J.E. Simon. 2003. Genetic Diversity of Basil (Ocimum spp.) Based on RAPD markers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128(1):94-99. 2003.
  • Koroch, A.R., J. Kapteyn, H.R. Juliani and J.E. Simon. 2003. In vitro regeneration of Echinacea pallida from leaf explants. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol-Plant 39:415-418.
  • Wang, M., Q.L. Wu, Y. Tadmor, J.E. Simon, S. Sang and C.T. Ho. 2003. Schisandra chinensis: Chemistry and Analysis, pp. 234-247. In: C.T. Ho, J.K. Lin and Q.Y. Zheng (eds). Oriental Foods and Herbs: Chemistry and Health Effects. American Chemical Society Symposium Series Books Series 859. Div. of Agric. and Food Chem: Oriental Herbs. Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Wu, Q.L., M. Wang, J.E. Simon S.C. Yu, P.G. Xiao and C.T. Ho. 2003. Studies on the chemical Constituents of Loquat Leaves (Eriobotrya japonica), pp. 292-306. American Chemical Society Symposium Series Books Series 859. Div. of Agric. and Food Chem: Oriental Herbs. Oxford Univ. Press.