Progress 07/01/04 to 06/30/07
Outputs
Work indicated that a probiotic reduced the incidence of Salmonella enteritidis positive houses from 80% for untreated controls to 10% for treated birds and the average body weight gain over 94 days of trial was 14.9 versus 15.4 pound/bird for untreated versus treated birds. Other work indicates that knee joints can serve as a possible reservoir for Listeria in turkeys from which processing plant cross contamination could occur. Studies on efficacy of natural plant extracts to inhibit pathogens were continued. Grape seed extract (GSE) with nisin and a chemical chelating agent inhibited three major test pathogens on both raw and cooked poultry. Some ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Campylobacter continued to be recovered in retail market samples of raw poultry. This incidence is of concern since this antibiotic is often prescribed for human bacterial infections. One treatment of Salmonella cells' virulence hilA gene gave a threefold increase in expression of this
gene, illustrating that a sub-lethal physical or chemical treatment may actually make a pathogen stronger. Modeling of control measures such as heat for destruction of L. monocytogenes inoculated in solid muscle chicken products reinforced the need for poultry product processors to carefully monitor the temperatures and times in the coldest center parts of the products. Test results point out the potential of using selected plant extracts to help control pathogen persistence in poultry products and at the same time conserve other quality attributes. Promising results were obtained in continuing work with two natural proteins termed bacteriocins and produced by two beneficial bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus. These bacteriocins were earlier shown able to prevent colonization of young commercial turkeys by the pathogen Campylobacter. Microscopic studies suggested that these two compounds gave this benefit by reducing the niches in which this pathogen likes to set up shop. A
direct plating method was used to track persistence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter present on raw retail carcasses in 2005 and 2006. There was some reduction in the incidence of antibiotic resistant isolates but the trend still persisted, despite the fact that the FDA approval for the use of the ciprofloxacin family of antibiotics for poultry management was withdrawn in 2005. A natural whey protein isolate was used as the film base into which were incorporated grape seed extract or green tea extract plus nisin and malic acid and EDTA. Results showed the combination of ingredients reduced the counts of L. monocytogenes or E. coli O157:H7 to undetectable levels and the counts of S. Typhimurium to less than 5 cells. A special biosensor device using a microfluidic flow cell with interdigitated array microelectrodes was coupled with a magnetic nanopraticle bound to an antibody specific for L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7 cells. Lastly, these conjugates
were tagged with quantum dots. This device was able to detect L. monocytogenes at levels as low as 10 cells in 1.5 hours. For the other two pathogens the minimum detection limits were 1 to 10 thousand cells in 1.5 hours.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Dunkley, K.D., J.L. McReynolds, M.E. Hume, C.S. Dunkley, T.R. Callaway, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet, and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis challenged laying hens fed alfalfa crumbles Part I. Salmonella Enteritidis colonization and virulence gene hilA response. Poultry Science, 86: 1633-1639.
- Farnell, M.B., A.M. Donoghue, F.S. de los Santos, P.J. Blore, G. Tellez, B.M. Hargis and D.J. Donoghue. 2006. Upregulation of oxidative burst and degranulation in chicken heterophils stimulated with probiotic bacteria. Poultry Science, 85: 1900-1906.
- Golbach, J.L.*, V.I. Chalova*, C.L. Woodward, and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Adaptation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus riboflavin assay to microtiter plates. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20: 568-574.
- Heo, S.A., R. Nannapaneni, R. Story and M.G. Johnson. 2007. Characterization of new hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies reactive against both live and heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Science, 72 (1): M8-M15.
- Higgins, J.P., S.E. Higgins, A. Torres-Rodriguez, V. Salvador, S.N. Henderson, A.D. Wolfenden, C.M. Pixley, A.M. Donoghue, G. Tellez, W.B. Bottje and B.M. Hargis. 2006. Use of a lactobacillus-based probiotic culture to reduce Salmonella in day of hatch broilers. Poultry Science, 85: 38-39.
- Higgins, J.P., S. E. Higgins, J.L. Vicente, A.D. Wolfenden, G. Tellez and B.M. Hargis. 2007. Temporal effects of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture on Salmonella in neonatal broilers. Poultry Science, 86: 1662-1666.
- Horrocks, S.M., Y.S. Jung, J.K. Huwe, R.B. Harvey, S.C. Ricke, G.E. Carstens, T.R. Callaway, R.C. Anderson, N. Ramlachan and D.J. Nisbet. 2007. Effects of short-chain nitrocompounds against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in vitro. Journal of Food Science, 72: M50-M55.
- Howard, Z.R., L.M. Donalson, W.K.. Kim, X. Li, I.B. Zabala Diaz, K.L. Landers, K.G. Maciorowski and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Development of research paper writing skills of poultry science undergraduate students taking food microbiology. Poultry Science, 85:352-358.
- Howard, Z.R., R.W. Moore, I.B. Zabala Diaz, W.K.. Kim, S.G. Birkhold, J.A. Byrd, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Inoculation of a poultry isolate Salmonella Enteritidis on egg vitelline membrane: Survival and growth in egg components after different refirgeration storage times. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2: 123-129..
- Bennett, E., T. Sivarooban, N.S. Hettiarachchy and M.G. Johnson. 2006. Combined inhibitory effect of nisin with EDTA against Listeria monocytogenes in soy protein edible coating on turkey frankfurters stored at 4 and 10 degrees C. Discovery (The Student Journal of the Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences), 7 (Fall): 8-13.
- Chalova, V.I., W.K. Kim, C.L. Woodward and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Quantification of total and bioavailable lysine in feed protein sources by a whole cell green fluorescent protein growth-based biosensor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76: 91-99.
- Chalova, V., C.L. Woodward and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Assessment of an Escherichia coli lysine auxotroph containing green fluorescent protein for quantifying bioavailable lysine in animal protein samples under nonsterile and autofluorescence background. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 42: 265-270.
- Cheng, F., Y. Ying and Y. Li. 2006. Detection of defects in rice seeds using machine vision. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 49 (6): 1929-1934.
- Cole, K., M.B. Farnell, A.M. Donoghue, N.J. Stern, E.A. Svetoch, B.N. Eruslanov, Y.N. Kovalev, V.V. Perelygin, V.P. Levchuck, I. Reyes-Herrera, P.J. Blore and D.J. Donoghue. 2006. Bacteriocins reduce Campylobacter colonization and alter gut architecture in turkey poults. Poultry Science, 85: 1570-1575.
- Dimitrijevic, M., R.C. Anderson, T.R. Callaway, Y.S. Jung, R.B. Harvey, S.C. Ricke and D.J. Nisbet. 2006. Inhibitory effect of select nitrocompounds on growth and survivability of Listeria monocytogenes in vitro. Journal of Food Protection, 69: 1061-1065.
- Dittmar, R.S., M.M. Kundinger, C.L. Woodward, L.M, Donalson, J.L. Golbach, W.K.. Kim, V. Chalova and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Quality control laboratory design project for poultry science undergraduate students enrolled in an advanced food microbiology course. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 1: 77-82.
- Donya, A., N.S. Hettiarachchy, R. Liyanage, J.O. Lay, P. Chen and M. Jalaluddin. 2007. Effects of processing methods on the proximate composition and momordicosides K and L content of bitter melon vegetable. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 55 (14): 5827-5833.
- Dunkley, K.D., C.S. Dunkley, N.L. Njongmeta, T.R.Callaway, M.E. Hume, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Comparison of in vitro fermentation and molecular microbial profiles of high-fiber feed substrates (HFFS) incubated with chicken cecal inocula. Poultry Science, 86:801-810.
- Li, Y., and X. Su. 2006. Piezoelectric sensors. In: Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, 2nd Ed., Vol. 5, J.G. Webster (ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 359-367.
- Liu, Z., B. Swem, Y. Cheng and Y. Li. 2006. Disinfection of recirculated bacon chilling brine using flow-through electrolyzing treatment chambers. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 22 (5): 737-745.
- Maciorowski, K.G., P. Herrera, F.T. Jones, S.D. Pillai and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Cultural and immunological detection methods for Salmonella spp. in animal feeds- A review. Veterinary Research Communications, 30: 127-137.
- Maciorowski, K.G., P. Herrera, F.T. Jones, S.D. Pillai and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Effects of poultry and livestock feed with bacteria and fungi. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133: 109-136.
- Maciorowski, K.G., P. Herrera, M.M. Kundinger and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Animal production and contamination by foodborne Salmonella. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 1: 197-209.
- McReynolds, J.L., R.W. Moore, L.F. Kubena, J.A. Byrd, C.L. Woodward, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Effect of various combinations of alfalfa and standard layer diet on susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella Enteritidis during forced molt. Poultry Science, 85: 1123-1128.
- Pradham, A., J. Marcy, M.G. Johnson, M. Tamplin and Y. Li. 2007. Pathogen kinetics and heat and mass transfer based predictive models for Listeria innocua in irregular shaped poultry products during thermal processing. Journal of Food Protection, 70 (3): 607-615.
- Rath, N.C., W.E. Huff and G.R. Huff. 2007. Regulation of avian growth plate development and its interruption by thiram, a dithiocarbamate pesticide. Hormone Biotechnology. S.K. Maitra, (ed.), M/S Daya Publishing House, Delhi, India, 399-411.
- Rath, N.C., W.E. Huff, G.R. Huff and L. Kannan. 2007. Induction of tibial dyschondroplasia by carbamate and thiocarbamate pesticides. Avian Diseases, 51: 590-593.
- Rath, N.C., L. Kannan, P.B. Pillai, W.E. Huff, G.R. Huff, R.L. Horst and J.L.Emmert. 2007. Evaluation of the efficacy of Vitamin D3 or its metabolites on thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. Research in Veterinary Science, 83 (2): 244-250.
- Reyes-Herrera, I., K. Cole, F.S. de los Santos, A.M. Donoghue, N.J. Stern, E.A. Svetoch, B.N. Eruslanov, V.V. Perelygin, E.V. Mitsevich, I.P. Mitsevich, V.P.M. Levchuk, M.B. Farnell, P.J. Blore and D.J. Donoghue. 2007. Campylobacter colonization reduced and gastrointestinal architecture is altered in turkey poults fed bacteriocins. Poultry Science, 86: 382-383.
- Ricke, S. C. 2005. Chapter 7 - Ensuring the safety of poultry feed. pp. 174-194 In: G.C. Mead (ed.), Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry, Woodhead, Cambridge, U.K.
- Ricke, S.C., I. B. Zabala-Diaz and J.T. Keeton. 2007. Chapter 37. Fermented Meat, Poultry, and Fish. In: M. P. Doyle, and L.R. Beuchat (eds.), Food Microbiology-Fundamentals and Frontiers. American Society for Microbiology, 3rd Edition, Washington, 795-815.
- Howard, Z.R., R.W. Moore, I.B. Zabala Diaz, W.K. Kim, S.G. Birkhold, J.A. Byrd, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2006. In vitro survival and growth of Salmonella Typhimurium inoculated on yolk membrane after long term refrigerated storage of shell eggs. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 1: 30-34.
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, N.C. Rath, A.M. Donoghue, N.B. Anthony and K.E. Nestor. 2007. Differential effects of sex and genetics on behavior and stress response of turkeys. Poultry Science, 86: 1294-1303.
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, N.C, Rath, F. Solis de los Santos, M.B. Farnell and A.M. Donoghue. 2007. Influence of hen age on the response of turkey poults to cold stress, Escherichia coli challenge, and treatment with a yeast extract antibiotic alternative. Poultry Science, 86: 636-642.
- Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath and A.M. Donoghue. 2006. Evaluation of the influence of bacteriophage titer on the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 85: 1373-1377.
- Jarquin, R.L., G.M. Nava, A.D. Wolfenden, A.M. Donoghue, I. Hanning, S.E. Higgins and B.M. Hargis. 2007. The evaluation of organic acids and probiotic cultures to reduce Salmonella enteriditis horizontal transmission and crop infection in broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6 (3): 182-186.
- Kim, W.K., R.C. Anderson, D.J. Nisbet, and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Growth inhibition by nitrocompounds of selected uric-utilizing microorganisms isolated from poultry manure. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 41B: 97-107.
- Kim, W.K., L.M. Donalson, S.A. Bloomfield, H.A. Hogan, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Molt-performance and bone density of cortical, medullary, and cancellous bone in laying hens during feed restriction of alfalfa -based feed molt. Poultry Science, 86: 1821-1830.
- Kim, W.K., L.M. Donalson, A.D. Mitchell, L.F. Kubena, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Effects of alfalfa and fructooligosaccharide on molting parameters and bone qualities using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional bone assays. Poultry Science, 85:15-20.
- Kim, W.K., C.A. Froelich, Jr., P.H. Patterson and S.C. Ricke. 2006. The potential to reduce poultry nitrogen emissions with dietary methionine or methionine analogues supplementation. Worlds Journal of Poultry Science, 62: 338-353.
- Li, Y. 2006. Biosensors. In: CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering VI: Information Technology, A. Munack (ed.). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., 52-93.
- Saengkerdsub, S., R.C. Anderson, H.H. Wilkinson, W.-K. Kim, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Identification and quantification of methanogenic archaea in adult chicken ceca. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73: 353-356.
- Saengkerdsub, S., W.-K. Kim, R.C. Anderson, C.L. Woodward, D.J. Nisbet and S.C. Ricke. 2006. Effects of nitrocompounds and feedstuffs on in vitro methane production in chicken cecal contents and rumen fluid. Anaerobe, 12: 85-92.
- Sivarooban, T., N.S. Hettiarachchy and M.G. Johnson. 2007. Inhibition of L. monocytogenes using with nisin with and grape seed extract turkey frankfurters stored at 4 and 10 0C. Journal of Food Protection, 70 (4): 1017-1020.
- Solis de los Santos, F., A.M. Donoghue, M.B. Farnell, G R. Huff, W.E. Huff and D.J. Donoghue. 2007. Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannan-oligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune). Poultry Science, 86: 921-930.
- Tellez, G., S.E. Higgins, A.M. Donoghue, and B.M. Hargis. 2006. Digestive physiology and the role of microorganisms. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 15: 136-144.
- Varshney, M., and Y. Li. 2007. Interdigitated array microelectrode based impedance biosensor coupled with magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22 (11): 2408-2424.
- Varshney, M., Y. Li, B. Srinivasan, S. Tung, G. Erf, M. Slavik, Y. Ying and W. Fang. 2006. A microfluidics filter biochip based chemiluminescence biosensing method for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 49 (6): 2061-2068.
- Wang, H., Y. Li. and M. Slavik. 2006. Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes using quantum dots and nanobeads-based optical biosensor. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology. 15: 67-76.
- Wolfenden A.D., J.L. Vicente, J.P. Higgins, R. Andreatti, S.E. Higgins, B.M. Hargis and G. Tellez. 2007. Effect of organic acids and probiotics on Salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6 (6): 403-405.
- Zabala Diaz, I.B., V.I. Chalova and S.C. Ricke. 2007. Generation of a green fluorescent protein gene chromosomal insertion containing Escherichia coli strain for gene-induction-based quantification of bioavailable lysine. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 1: 55-61.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Turkey poults age 4-12 days and turkeys at 7 or 13 weeks of age were treated with cold stress, or immune lowering drug, dexamethasone and challenged with Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli or both in a coarse spray or in the drinking water or in the feed and drinking water and assayed for incidence of L. monocytogenes in hip and knee joint fluid or in liver tissue samples. Results indicate this pathogen can infect other parts of turkeys besides the meat directly, namely their joints, and thereby serve as a previously overlooked source of pathogen contamination in poultry processing plant environments. Some ciprofloxacin resistant isolates of Campylobacter continued to be recovered in retail market samples of raw poultry. Using a direct plating method permitting enumeration, it was found that 96 and 43% of carcasses sampled contained countable numbers of total Campylobacter genus and of ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter respectively. This incidence is of concern since
this antibiotic is often prescribed for human bacterial infections. The abilities of other normal bacteria present on poultry to promote formation of sticky biofilms with the pathogen C. jejuni were evaluated. It is possible that formation of such biofilms protects this pathogen from chemical destruction, helping it to persist on poultry. In pre-harvest pathogen control work, two natural chicken gut bacterial isolates named Paenibacillus polymyxa and Lactobacillus salivarius and previously shown to produce natural proteins that were able to control Campylobacter jejuni in chickens were used to produce these natural proteins in dried form for use as chicken feed additives. This strategy may prove helpful to reduce the Campylobacter incidence on raw retail poultry. The ability of Salmonella cells to survive sub-lethal combinations of temperature, acid and time on raw chicken were evaluated. The virulence gene monitored for this pathogen was the hilA gene (which encodes for an epithelial
cell invasion factor). One treatment in particular gave a threefold increase in expression of this virulence gene, illustrating that a sub-lethal physical or chemical treatment may actually make a pathogen stronger. Modeling of control measures such as heat for destruction of L. monocytogenes inoculated in solid muscle chicken products continued. Quasi-commercial process conditions of temperature, humidity and air velocity were used in a hot air steam impingement oven. Results reinforce the need for poultry product processors to carefully monitor the temperatures and times in the coldest center parts of the products. The ability of natural plant extracts to control pathogen growth and survival on cooked poultry as well as preserve product quality continues. The results point out the potential of using selected plant extracts to help control pathogen persistence in poultry products and at the same time conserve other quality attributes as well. A biosensor device using a microfluidic
flow cell with imicroelectrodes was coupled with a polyclonal antibody bound to a magnetic nanoparticle. This device was able in 35 minutes to detect a minimal level of 100,000 CFU/ml of the pathogen E. coli.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Osman, M., M.E. Janes, R. Story, R. Nannapaneni and M.G. Johnson. 2006. Differential killing activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), with or without Bacto neutralizing buffer quench, against firmly adhered Salmonella gaminaria and Shigella sonnei on chopped lettuce stored at 4oC. Journal of Food Protection, 69 (No. 6): 1286-1291.
- Ottinger, M.A., J. Wu, J. Hazelton, M. A. Abdelnabi, N. Thompson, M. L. Quinn, D.J. Donoghue, F.J. Schenck, M. Ruscio, J. Beavers and M. Jaber. 2005. Assessing the consequences of the pesticide methoxychlor: neuroendocrine and behavioral measures as indicators of biological impact of an estrogenic environmental chemical. Brain Research Bulletin, 65: 199-209.
- Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., T.P. Brown and G.R. Huff. 2005. Reproduction of proventriculitis in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens. Avian Diseases, 49: 352-360.
- Pradhan, A., Y. Li., B. Swem and A. Mauromoustakos. 2005. Predictive model for the survival, growth, and death of Salmonella Typhimurium in broiler hatchery. Poultry Science, 84: 1959-1966.
- Rababah, T., N.S. Hettiarachchy, R. Horax, M.J. Cho, B. Davis and J. Dickson. 2006. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile compounds in chicken breast meat infused with plant extracts and subjected to electron beam irradiation. Poultry Science, 85: 1107-1113.
- Reyes-Herrera, I., M.J. Schneider, K. Cole, M.B. Farnell, P.J. Blore and D.J. Donoghue. 2005. Concentrations of antibiotics residues vary between different edible muscle tissues in poultry. Journal of Food Protection, 68: 2217-2219.
- Ricke, S.C., M.M. Kundinger, D.R. Miller and J.T. Keeton. 2005. Alternatives to antibiotics: Chemical and physical antimicrobial interventions and foodborne pathogen response. Poultry Science, 84: 667-675.
- Schenck, F.J., L.V. Podhorniak, J. Hobbs, J. Casanova and D. Donoghue. 2006. Liquid chromatographic determination of n-methyl carbamate pesticide residues at low parts-per-billion levels in eggs. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, 89: 196-200.
- Sivarooban, T., N.S. Hettiarachchy and M.G. Johnson. 2006. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by nisin combined with grape seed extract or green tea extract in soy protein film coated on turkey frankfurters. Journal of Food Science, 71 (No 2): M 39-M44.
- Su, X.L., and Y. Li. 2005. A QCM immunosensor for Salmonella detection with simultaneous measurement of resonant frequency and motional resistance. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21(6): 840-848.
- Theivendran S., N.S. Hettiarachchy and M.G. Johnson. 2006. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by nisin combined with grape seed extract or green tea extract in soy protein film coated on turkey frankfurters. Journal of Food Science, 71 (2): M39-44.
- Varshney, M., L. Yang, X. Su and Y. Li. 2005. Magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for the separation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (9): 1804-1811.
- Yang, L., and Y. Li. 2006. Detection of viable Salmonella using microelectrode-based capacitance measurement coupled with immunomagnetic separation. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 64 (1): 9-16.
- Yang, L., and Y. Li. 2006. Quantum dot bioconjugates for simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. Analyst, 131 (3): 394-401.
- Zhu, D., N.S. Hettiarachchy, R. Horax and P. Chen. 2005. Isoflavone contents in germinated soybean seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 60: 147-151.
- Adams, B., T. Sivarooban, N.S. Hettiarachchy and M.G. Johnson. 2005. Inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes by soy-protein edible film containing grape seed extract, nisin, and malic acid. Discovery, 6:3-9.
- Akiba, M., J. Lin, Y.W. Barton and Q. J. Zhang. 2006. Interaction of CmeABC and CmeDEF in conferring antimicrobial resistance and maintaining cell viability in Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 57:52-60.
- Donoghue, D.J. 2005. Modeling chemical residue transfer into poultry and eggs. In: Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry. G. Mead (ed.), Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, U.K., 83-100.
- Eswaranandam S., N.S. Hettiarachchy and J.-F. Meullenet. 2006. Effect of malic and lactic acid incorporated soy protein coatings on the sensory attributes of whole apple and fresh-cut cantaloupe. Journal of Food Science, 71 (3): S307-313.
- Farnell, M.B., A.M. Donoghue, K. Cole, I. Reyes-Herrera, P.J. Blore and D.J. Donoghue. 2005. Campylobacter susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and corresponding fluoroquinolone concentrations within the gastrointestinal tracts of chickens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99: 1043-1050.
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, J.N. Beasley, N.C. Rath, M. G. Johnson and R. Nannapaneni. 2005. Respiratory infection of turkeys with Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Avian Diseases, 49: 551-557.
- Huff, G., W. Huff, N. Rath, J. Balog, N.B. Anthony and K. Nestor. 2006. Stress-induced colibacillosis and turkey osteomyelitis complex in turkeys selected for increased body weight. Poultry Science, 85: 266-272.
- Huff, G., W. Huff, N. Rath and G. Tellez. 2006. Limited treatment with -1,3/1,6-glucan improves production values of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli. Poultry Science, 85: 613-618.
- Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath and A.M. Donoghue. 2006. Bacteriophage: a safe and natural alternative to AGPs. In: Antimicrobial Growth Promoters: Where Do We Go From Here? Barug, D., de Jong, J., Kies, A.K. Verstegen, M.W.A. (ed.), Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 341-360.
- Kim, B., X. Su and Y. Li. 2005. Evaluation of a capillary immunoassay system for detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in poultry products. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (9): 1799-1803.
- Li, Y., and X. Su. 2006. Microfluidics based optical biosensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, 14: 96-109.
- Lin, J., C. Cagliero, B. Guo, Y.W. Barton, M.C. Maurel, S. Payot, and Q. Zhang. 2005. Bile salts modulate expression of the CmeABC multidrug efflux pump in Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Bacteriology, 187: 7417-7424.
- Luangtongkum, T., T.Y. Morishita, A.J. Ison, S. Huang, P.F. McDermott and Q. Zhang. 2006. Effect of conventional and organic production practices on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in poultry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72: 3600-3607.
- Mao, X., L. Yang, X. Su, and Y. Li. 2006. Nanoparticles amplification based quartz crystal microbalance DNA sensor for detection of E. coli O157:H7. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21(7):1178-1185.
- Nannapaneni, R., R. Story, K.C. Wiggins and M.G. Johnson. 2005. Concurrent quantitation of total Campylobacter and total ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter loads in rinses from retail raw chicken carcasses from 2001-2003 by direct plating at 42o C. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71 (No. 8): 4510-4515.
- OBryan, C.A., P.G. Crandall, E.M. Martin, C.L. Griffis and M.G. Johnson. 2006. Heat resistance of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and Listeria innocua M1, a potential surrogate for Listeria monocytogenes in meat and poultry: a review. Journal of Food Science 71 (April, No. 3): R.23-R30.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Pre-harvest work done with turkeys showed that Campylobacter bacteria were present in 91 of hen and in 47% of tom reproductive tracts and in 97% samples of pooled turkey semen collected as is done commercially. These trends were thus similar to those reported earlier by other workers for chickens. Another team reports a natural turkey adapted lactic acid bacterial culture shows excellent ability to exclude or reduce troublesome Salmonella enteritidis from turkeys under actual farm conditions. This probiotic reduced the incidence of SE positive houses from 80% for untreated controls to 10% for treated birds and the average body weight gain over 94 days of trial was 14.9 versus 15.4 pound/bird for untreated versus treated birds. Another team led by USDA-ARS researchers has looked at the ability of L. monocytogenes Scott A (a serious human foodborne illness strain) to persist in turkey poults when immunocompromised and challenged by air sac. This work indicates that knee
joints can serve as a possible reservoir for Listeria in turkeys from which processing plant cross contamination could occur. The trend in presence of antibiotic resistant pathogens on poultry sampled locally and nationally showed that over the sampling period there was persistence of demonstrable direct counts of ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter organisms from raw chicken carcasses obtained. It was concluded that the ciprofloxacin-resistant organisms reported were present on the carcasses at the time of sampling. Studies on efficacy of natural plant extracts to inhibit pathogens were continued. Grape seed extract (GSE) with nisin and a chemical chelating agent inhibited three major test pathogens on both raw and cooked poultry. To distinguish related pathogens occurring in different outbreaks, researchers compared the usefulness of pulsed field gel electrophoresis and newer polymerase chain reaction based method using variable number tandem repeats (PCR-VNTR). The PCR-VNTR
patterns were all alike for strains that were alike for PFGE tests and from a common source. Using PFGE and DNA sequencing and other methods, the relative pathogenicities of various Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from pre- and post-chill chicken and turkey carcasses and from humans were compared. There were no significant correlations found among the strains for antibiotic resistance and possession of plasmids or for attachment/penetration or toxicity to INT 407 cells nor for the formation of biofilms in model systems. Encouraging results were reported for monoclonal antibodies showing specificity for C. jejuni. A total of 1,518 hybridoma clones were screened with 592 found to give some positive reactions with Campylobacter and 84 of the most promising of these were frozen away. One of the latter monoclonal antibodies showed specificity for just C. jejuni, had no cross reactions with the other species of Campylobacter or other closely related gram-negative enteric bacteria
tested and reacted with just one protein from cell extracts of C. jejuni in Western blot tests that were just presented at the June American Society for Microbiology meetings.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Gilbert, C., and M. Slavik. 2005. Evaluation of attachment and penetration abilities of Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from humans and chicken carcasses acquired during processing and at retail. Journal of Food Safety. 25: 209-223.
- Hettiarachchy, N.S., and S. Eswaranandam. 2005. Edible films and coatings from soybean and other protein sources. In: Fereidoon Shahidi (Editor), Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Volume 6, Chapter 11; Industrial and Nonedible Products from Oils and Fats, Wiley Publishing, Inc. Indianapolis, 519.
- Higgins, J.P., S.E. Higgins, K.L. Guenther, W. Huff, A.M. Donoghue, D.J. Donoghue and B.M. Hargis. 2005. Use of a specific bacteriophage treatment to reduce Salmonella in poultry products. Poultry Science, 84: 1141-1145.
- Horax, R., N.S. Hettiarachchy and S. Islam. 2005. Total phenolic contents and phenolic acid constituents in 4 varieties of bitter melons (Momordica charantia) and antioxidant activities of their extracts. Journal of Food Science, 70: C275-C280.
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, J.M. Balog, N.C. Rath, N.B. Anthony and K.E. Nestor. 2005. Stress response differences and disease susceptibility reflected by heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in turkeys selected for ncreased body weight. Poultry Science, 84: 709-717.
- Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath, J.M. Balog and A.M. Donoghue. 2005. Altternative to antibiotics: Utilization of bacteriophage to treat colibacillosis and prevent foodborne pathogens. Poultry Science, 84: 655-659.
- Janes, M.E., K.S. Kim and M.G. Johnson. 2005. Transmission electron microscopy study of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple tissue. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (No. 2): 216-224.
- Lungu, B., and M.G. Johnson. 2005. Fate of L. monocytogenes inoculated onto the surface of model turkey frankfurter pieces treated with zein coatings containing nisin, sodium lactate and sodium diacetate at 4oC. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (No. 4): 855-859.
- Lungu, B., and M.G. Johnson. 2005. Potassium sorbate does not increase control of L. monocytogenes when added to zein coatings with nisin on the surface of full fat turkey frankfurter pieces in a model system at 4oC. Journal of Food Science, 69 (No. 2): M-95-M-99.
- Nannapaneni, R., R. Story, K.C. Wiggins and M.G. Johnson. 2005. Concurrent quantiation of total Campylobacter and total ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter loads in rinses from retail raw chicken carcasses from 2001-2003 by direct plating at 42 oC. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71: 4510-4515.
- Rababah, T., N.S. Hettiarachchy, S. Eswaranandam, J.F. Meullenet and B. Davis. 2005. Sensory evaluation of irradiated and nonirradiated poultry breast meat infused with plant extracts. Journal of Food Science, 70 (3): S228-235.
- Su, X.L., and Y. Li. 2005. Surface plasmon resonance and quartz crystal microbalance immunosensors for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 48 (1): 405-413.
- Yang, L., and Y. Li. 2005. Quantum dots as fluorescent labels for quantitative detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water. Journal of Food Protection, 68 (6): 1241-1245.
- Ying, Y.B., Y.D. Liu, J.P. Wang, X.P. Fu and Y. Li. 2005. Fourier transform near-infrared determination of total soluble solids and available acid in intact peaches. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 48 (1): 229-234.
- Wang, H., and M. F. Slavik. 2005. Determination of possible genomic changes associated with dimorphism in Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Food Safety, 25: 198-208.
- Yang, L., and Y. Li. 2005. AFM and impedance spectroscopy characterization of the immobilization of antibodies on indium-tin oxide electrodes and their capture of E. coli O157:H7. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 20 (7): 1407-1416.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/30/04
Outputs
It was found that turkeys with chronic infections with L. monocytogenes had biofilms of this pathogen growing in the knee joint area and which were not readily detectable by conventional sampling methods. These results thus give new insights in risk assessment evaluations of which processing steps should receive more emphasis in the future. It was found that the more highly virulent poultry isolates of C. jejuni invaded hybridoma cells within 2.5 hours. In similar work with human isolates, the usefulness of PFGE fingerprint patterns produced by various human isolates of C. jejuni to distinguish the relative pathogenicity/virulence behaviors of these isolates was evaluated. It was found that the ability of a given C. jejuni strain to attach and penetrate the INT-407 cells or to cause cytotoxigenic effects on another cell line, HeLa, was correlated with the presence in that isolate of a separate circular piece of DNA, termed a 50-kilobase size plasmid. the use of
bacteriophages was investigated as a treatment for the live bird lower GI tract to reduce and control Salmonella infections. In young chick challenged by oral dosing, one CE mixture reduced Campylobacter by almost 5 logs (equal to a 100,000-fold reduction) while another CE preparation containing some lactic bacteria gave somewhat variable results, reducing numbers up to 5 logs. Three DNA-based projects were continued. How related various Salmonella strains were to one another when isolated from different sources was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and a numerical procedure termed variable number tandem repeats, VNTR and based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Continued progress was made on two biosensor projects aimed at detection of Salmonella and EHEC. An antibody-impedance based sensor was able to detect initial cell numbers of 500,000 or 5 cells in 2.2 or 9.3 hours, respectively. For a second biosensor, based on a self-assembled
monolayer-piezoelectric/antibody sensor, a dip-and-dry sampling method worked best compared to immersion or flow through sampling and yielded a minimum detection limit of 1,000 cells/ml for the latter pathogen. If the federal government decides to allow a non-zero tolerance for L. monocytogenes in foods, there will be need for a quantitative method, not just the current presence/absence method. Toward that end, two new promising monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with detection ability for L. monocytogenes were developed and evaluated. Progress was reported on development of a model for persistence of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry production by using Monte Carlo simulations and building "nodes" for key areas including the hatchery, growout, processing and distribution areas. Further progress was reported on usefulness of immunoblots to concurrently monitor three major bacterial pathogens on processed raw poultry. This method showed that the counts of Salmonella and Listeria
per carcass were consistently low at less than 1,000 CFU for both pre- and post-chill stages.
Impacts
The Food Safety Consortium emphasizes research that focuses on these general areas of food safety: risk assessment, education, consumers, control/intervention strategies, sampling protocols and methodology. The FSC accomplishes this research through the distribution of its grant to several separate projects by different principal investigators whose work is coordinated to encourage collaboration.
Publications
- Huff, G.R., W.E. Huff, J.M. Balog, N.C. Rath and R.S. Izard. 2004. The effects of water supplementation with vitamin E and sodium salicylate (Uni-Sol) on the resistance of turkeys to Escherichia coli respiratory infection. Avian Diseases, 48: 324-331.
- Huff, W.E., G.R. Huff, N.C. Rath, J.M. Balog and A.M. Donoghue. 2004. Bacteriophage: potential role in food safety. In: Preharvest and Postharvest Food Safety Contemporary Issues and Future Directions, R.C. Beier, S.D. Pillai, T.D. Phillips, R. L. Ziprin (eds.), Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
- Mendonca, A., M.G. Romero, M.A. Lihono, R. Nannapaneni and M.G. Johnson. 2004. Radiation resistance and virulence of L. monocytogenes Scott A following starvation in physiological saline. Journal of Food Protection, 67 (No. 3): 470-475.
- Pantin-Jackwood, M.J., T.P. Brown, Y. Kim and G.R. Huff. 2004. Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: effects of immunosuppression. Avian Diseases, 48: 300-316.
- Su, X.L., and Y. Li. 2004. A self-assembled monolayer-based piezoelectric immunosensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 19 (6): 563-574.
- Yang, L., Y. Li and G. Erf. 2004. Interdigitated array microelectrode-based electrochemical impedance immunosensor for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Analytical Chemistry, 76 (4): 1107-1113.
- Yang, L, Y. Li, C.L. Griffis and M.G. Johnson. 2004. Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) impedance sensor for the detection of viable Salmonella Typhimurium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 19: 1139-1147.
- Cho, M.J., R.W. Buescher, M.G. Johnson and M.E. Janes. 2004. Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria by cucumber volatiles (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal and (E)-2-Nonenal. Journal of Food Protection, 67 (No. 5): 1014-1016.
- Eswaranandam, S., N.S. Hettiarachchy, and M.G. Johnson. 2004. Antimicrobial activity of citric, lactic, malic or tartaric acids and nisin-incorporated soy protein film against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella gaminara. Journal of Food Science, 69 (3): FMS 79-84.
- Gilbert, C., and M. Slavik. 2004. Determination of toxicity of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans and from poultry carcasses acquired at various stages of production. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97 (2): 347-353.
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