Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Relationship between 100% Juice Consumption and Nutrient Intake and Weight: Conclusions were that 100% juice consumption was associated with better nutrient intake than in the non-consumption group and was not associated with weight status or the likelihood of being overweight in children 2-11 years of age. Similar findings were shown for adolescents. Are breakfast consumption patterns associated with weight status and nutrient adequacy in African-American children The study showed that consuming a RTEC breakfast was associated with improved weight and nutrient adequacy in AA children. AA children in all breakfast categories still had mean intakes of most nutrients below recommended levels. The implications are that consuming a breakfast meal should be encouraged in these children, and that RTEC at breakfast provides important nutrients and may help promote a healthy weight. Similar results were shown for AA adolescents. The Relationship of Dairy Product Consumption, Nutrient Intake, Dietary Adequacy, and Body Mass Index in Mothers of Children Participating in Head Start: Consumption of dairy products was low and was not associated with BMI in this low income population. Higher levels of dairy product consumption were associated with higher MAR scores and improved intake of calcium, potassium, magnesium, which have been identified as shortfall nutrients in the diets of adults. The Impact of Dairy and Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Diet and Weight of a Multi Ethnic Population of Head Start Mothers: In a multi-ethnic low income population, overall consumption of milk was low. Consumption of high milk/low SwB was associated with improved nutrient intake, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin A--shortfall nutrients in the diets of adults. Principal Events and Dissemination Activities: Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo: 2003-2008--7 posters. Experimental Biology: 2003, 2008--12 posters. NACTA: 2003, 2004, 2007--1 oral presentation and 2 posters. ESCOP/ACOP in 2003; AAHE Meeting in 2004; Gulf-South Summit on Service-Learning in 2004; ERS Meeting in 2004 and 2006; AAHE Assessment Meeting in 2004; International Conference on Civic Engagement and Service-Learning in 2005--1 panel and 1 posters; General Education AAC&U in 2005; SRDC Technical Advisory Board Meetings 2006, 2007; SRDC Meetings 2006, 2008; ARS workshops 2006; 2nd International Congress on "Pre-diabetes" and the Metabolic Syndrome in 2007--1 poster; Pediatric Academic Societies in 2007--2 posters; American Dietetic Association Leadership Workshop in 2007; North American Association of Society of Obesity in 2007--1 poster; AAC&U Meeting 2007--1 panel; 4th Central European Congress on Food in 2008--2 posters. Sabbatical leave from July 1, to December 31, 2007 at the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX. Products: More than 200 students graduated from the Nutritional Sciences. I directed 12 students with MS in Human Ecology. I also served on the graduate committees of 2 MS students and 4 PhD students. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: These studies are intended for a professional audience. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Impact: This work has explored the effect that foods, including 100 percent juice, ready to eat cereal, dairy products, and sweetened beverages have on health parameters--including weight and metabolic syndrome. It is important to identify the relationship between diet and obesity to help stem the tide of obesity and its adverse health outcomes. It is crucial to understand that the problem of unhealthy life style choices begins in childhood and should be modified in children. My recent work explores these relationships. In addition, my work has assessed student attitudes and beliefs to communication assignments and student progress in discipline-specific communication. Only through the ability of students to communicate health education can changes be made.
Publications
- Nicklas TA, ONeil CE, Kleinman, R. 2008. Association between 100% Juice Consumption and Nutrient Intake and Weight of Children 2 to 11 Years. 2008. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 162:557-565.
- Williams BM, ONeil CE, Keast DR, Cho SS, Nicklas TA. 2008. Are breakfast consumption patterns associated with weight status and nutrient adequacy in African-American children Public Health Nutr. 27:1-8. [Epub ahead of print].
- Moore DS, Ellis R, Allen PD, Cherry KE, Monroe PA, ONeil CE, Wood RH. 2008. Construct validation of physical activity surveys in culturally diverse older adults: a comparison of four commonly used questionnaires. Res Q Exerc Sport. 79:42-50.
- Holston DM, ONeil CE. 2008. Students Evaluation of a Communication-Intensive, Service-Learning Project in a Dietetics Course. NACTA Journal 2008;52:2-8.
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA, Cho SS, Hasza D. The association of pre-sweetened and non-ps ready to eat cereal or other breakfast with nutrient intake, diet quality, and body weight of children aged 1 to 8 years: NHANES 1999-2002. J Amer Diet Assoc 2008;108 (Suppl 3):A-112.
- Nicklas TA, ONeil CE. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1616-7; author reply 1619-20 (letter to the editor).
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA, Liu Y, Franklin FA. 2008. The Impact of Dairy and Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Diet and Weight of a Multi-Ethnic Population of Head Start Mothers. J Am Diet Assoc. In Press.
- Mohindra NA, Nicklas TA, ONeil CE, Yang S-JT, Berenson GS. 2008. Eating Patterns and Overweight Status in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. In Press.
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA, Liu Y, Franklin FA. The Relationship of Dairy Product Consumption, Nutrient Intake, Dietary Adequacy, and Body Mass Index in Mothers of Children Participating in Head Start. Public Health Nutr. Public Health Nutr. 2008 Nov 12:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
- Williams BM, Vargas SP, ONeil CE, Keast DR, Cho SS, Nicklas TA. The Association of Ready To Eat Cereal (RTEC) at Breakfast with Diet Quality and Adiposity in African-American (AA) and Hispanic-American (HA) Children 1 to 18 Years: Results from NHANES, 1999-2002. FASEB J, 2008; 22:1085.2. p374.
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA, Liu Y, Franklin FA. The Impact of Dairy and Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Diet Quality, Nutrient Intake, and Weight of a Multi-Ethnic Population of Head Start Mothers. FASEB J, 2008; 22:1085.1. p374.
- Mullenix A, Zanovec M, Stewart LJ, ONeil CE. Acceptability by a low income audience of a low cost two week cycle menu that meets the food recommendations of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. FASEB J, 2008; 22:678.3. p193.
- Nicklas TA, ONeil CE, Mendoza J, Liu Y, Zakeri I, Berenson GS. Are Energy-Dense Diets Also Nutrient Dense J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27:553-60.
- Park J, Mendoza JA, ONeil CE, Hilmers DC, Liu Y, Nicklas TA. 2008. A Comparison of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the United States (US) and Korea in Young Adults Aged 20 to 39 Years. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 17:471-482.
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA. 2008. A Review of the Relationship between 100% Fruit Juice Consumption and Weight in Children and Adolescents. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2:315-354.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Results from this project were presented at The Juice Products Association meeting in Monarch Beach, CA; The Second International Congress on "Pre-diabetes" and the Metabolic Syndrome in Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Academic Societies in Toronto, Canada; The North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture Meeting in Urbana-Champaign, IL; The Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo, in Philadelphia, PA; and the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, in New Orleans, LA. Services: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) peer review panel for funding opportunity announcement DP-07-002: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research Centers; Special Interest Project Competitive Supplement #8; Nutrition (Understanding Motivators and Barriers for Changing Sugar- Sweetened Beverage (SSB) Intake in the Home Environment of Overweight Youth). June, 2007. Products: As dietetics program director, work was done to improve the information, skills, and
technology of individuals; 51 undergraduate students graduated from this program in 2007. One graduate student received an MS degree using research from one of the studies listed above.
PARTICIPANTS: Collaborators in the projects related to NHANES included Dr. Theresa Nicklas at the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston TX. The principal investigator worked with Dr. Nicklas and her support staff and collaborators Dr. Jason Mendoza, Dr. Jinkyung Park, Dr. Frank Franklin, and Priya Deshmukh-Taskar, as well as statisticians at Baylor and who work in collaboration with Baylor, including Dr. Susan Cho, Dr. Debra Keast, and Dr. Victor Fulgoni. Work related to diet and health of low income individuals was conducted with Dr. Jeffrey Gillespie, Professor in Agricultural Economics at LSU, Dr. Pamela Monroe, Professor of Social Work at LSU, and Dr. Carl Motsenbocker, Professor of Horticulture at LSU. Other collaborators include Dr. Annrose Guarino of the Family Nutrition Program and Denise Holston, both with the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service. Opportunities for professional development were provided for the graduate students who
worked on these projects: Lydia Blalock, Blair Buras, Denise Holston, Shanna Lundy, Melly Perez, Laura Stewart, Emily Whelan, and Brandy Williams. In addition, through the work with Denise Holston, undergraduates were also given opportunities for professional development through preparation of materials for the Cooperative Extension Curriculum Project and other communication intensive projects.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target Audiences include the scientists and policy makers that will benefit from this research. Much of the research also targets a specific group, including low income populations and ethnic minorities. These understudied groups will benefit from the research since results will allow policy makers and educators more opportunity to design target-specific policy statements or nutrition education. Efforts include formal classroom instruction of dietetics and nutritional sciences students, including pedagogies that include experiential learning and development of discipline-specific communication skills. Efforts also include working with graduate students to develop professional competencies.
Impacts
The relationship between consumption of 100% fruit juice and nutrient intake, diet quality, and obesity was assessed using NHANES [National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey] 1999-2002 data for children and adolescents. The relationship among breakfast consumption patterns, including breakfast skipping, and nutrient intake, diet quality, and obesity was also assessed in children and adolescents in total and trichotomized by ethnicities, including black, white, and Hispanic. With other investigators, a comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the US (2003-2004 NHANES) and Korea NHANES in young adults was made. The relationship of increasing levels of dairy product consumption and dairy product consumption and sweetened beverage consumption was assessed in a multi-ethnic population of low income women. Changes in knowledge occurred in three ways. The first was a direct change in knowledge for the principal investigator through the sabbatical leave
Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. The principal purpose of the leave was to learn how to use the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data set. This data base is collected through the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; since NHANES merged with the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), NHANES is the only nationally representative data set available to determine the intake of individuals in the U.S. This data set is complemented by extensive health data collected with diet recalls. To work with Dr. Nicklas and other faculty in the Childhood Eating Behaviors: Prevention of Childhood Obesity and Chronic Diseases and other programs at Baylor to understand more fully the impact that diet and eating patterns have on children. My past research has been primarily with adults; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that if we as health
professionals are to "stem the tide" of obesity and its adverse health outcomes it is crucial to understand that the problem of unhealthy life style choices begins in childhood and should be modified in children. The second was as dietetics program through education of students in prevention and treatment of chronic disease and to teach them elements of discipline-specific communication. The third is to change the knowledge of scientists and educators through presentations and published research.
Publications
- Monroe PA, Tiller VR, ONeil CE, Blalock LL. We make our ends meet good: Coping strategies of former welfare-reliant women. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2007:12;199-221.
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA. The Relationship between Diet/Physical Activity and Health. The American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2007;1:457-481.
- Greenway F, ONeil, CE, Stewart L, Rood J, Keenan M, Martin R. Fourteen Weeks of Treatment with Viscofiber Increased Fasting Levels of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Peptide-YY (PYY). Journal of Medicinal Food 2007;10:720-724.
- ONeil CE, Holston DM. Incorporating Communication across the Curriculum in a Senior Level Nutritional Sciences Course: Student Attitudes and Perceptions. NACTA Journal 2007;51:110.
- Holston DM, ONeil CE. Development of a Communication-intensive, Service-learning Medical Nutrition Therapy Course to Meet Cade Knowledge and Skills: What We Learned. Am J Diet Assoc 2007;107:A66.
- ONeil CE, Stewart LJ, Buras B, Lundy S, Gillespie JM, Tiller VV, Monroe PA. Meeting the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans: a Daunting Challenge for Food-stamp Recipients in Southeast Louisiana. Am J Diet Assoc 2007;107:A100.
- Whelan ES, ONeil CE, Guarino AM, Garrison ME, Keenan MJ. The Response of the National School Lunch Program and Food Stamp Program in Southern Louisiana in the Wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Am J Diet Assoc 2007;107:A108.
- ONeil CE, Gillespie J. Meeting the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans: A "Daunting Challenge" for Food Stamp Recipients in Southeast Louisiana. pp 28-29. Majchrowicz TA (ed). RIDGE Project Summaries, 2006. August 2007. USDA/ERS Contract and Coordinator Report No. 31.
- ONeil CE, Holston D. Communication Across the Curriculum: The Future of Dietetics Education? DEPLine Winter Issue 2007
- Holston D, ONeil CE. Communication Across the Curriculum: The Changing of Medical Nutrition Therapy into a Communication Intensive Course. DEPLine Winter Issue 2007
- ONeil CE. Is Service-Learning a Good Option for your Classes. DEPLine Fall Issue 2007
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
To investigate the associations between 100% juice consumption, nutrient intake and weight in children (2-11 yrs) (n= 3,618) from NHANES 1999-2002 were studied. Mean daily juice consumption was 4.1 oz (58 calories or 3.3% of total) (less than recommendations). Juice consumers had higher intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fiber, vitamins C and B6, potassium, riboflavin, magnesium, iron, and folate, and significantly lower intakes of sodium, total and saturated fat, added fat and sugar. Children consuming 100% juice also ate more whole fruit than non-consumers. No differences were found in weight, amounts of 100% juice consumed, or the likelihood of being overweight between juice consumers and non-consumers. Children drinking 100% juice had higher intakes of several vitamins/minerals, and total whole fruit, and lower intakes of sodium, fat and saturated fat, added fat and sugars. Ready to eat cereal (RTEC) consumption has been associated with improved nutrient intake
status and body weight measures. From NHANES data, nutrient intake profiles and body weight measures of breakfast skippers and RTEC consumers were compared. Age was positively related to breakfast skipping: 7.7% of children aged 1-3y, 12% of children aged 4-8y, and 21.5% of children aged 9-13y skipped breakfast. About 40% of the children aged 1-3y and 4-8y and 33% of the children aged 9-13y reported eating RTEC at breakfast. RTEC consumers had significantly higher intakes of many vitamins and minerals in all age groups. In children 9-13y, RTEC consumption was associated with a lower BMI than breakfast slippers. Eating RTEC at breakfast should be encouraged as part of healthy eating pattern that promotes nutrient intakes and maintains desirable body weights. The ability of food stamp dependent households in Southeast (SE) Louisiana to purchase healthful foods was assessed. Pricing studies of a 200-item Market Basket (MB), menu development, and linear programming (LP), were used to
determine if families in SE LA could meet the 2005 DGA or could the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP). Costs for the 2-week menus were $615.89, $144.89 higher than the maximum, and $289.89 higher than the average FS benefit for a family of four. The LP market basket cost $325.50, $145.50 lower than the maximum, and $0.50 lower than the mean FS benefit for a family of four. The LP MB has a limited variety of foods that are difficult to put into menus. The high cost of the two-week menus compared to the cost of the LP MB is due to increased variety. FS recipients in SE LA may not be able to afford to follow the 2005 DGA. Mean cost of the foods was $117.01 for week one and $112.19 for week two, which were 54% and 47% more than the mean FS benefits. 7/29 stores had all 86 items. Mean costs were not different among stores located in lower poverty areas and higher poverty areas. The TFP may not be affordable to those receiving FS; thus, allotments should be adjusted. The TFP should be updated to meet
current recommendations. Low-income women in Louisiana eat a poor diet, but spend more money than is needed.
Impacts
It is important to understand what food and food groups are associated with obesity. In some studies, consumption of 100% fruit juice has been linked with overweight in children. Since this food is associated with a nutrient rich diet in children, it is important to determine whether this is the case. Our studies shown that in children 2 to 11 years of age, consumption of 100% fruit juice did not exceed recommendations, contributed valuable nutrients to the diet, and was not linked with overweight. The role of ready to eat cereal in the diet is not clear. Our studies show that RTEC is nutrient dense and is associated with a low body weight. It is vital to determine whether low income individuals can meet the recommendations promulgated by the 2005 dietary guidelines for Americans (DGA). These recommendations reduce the risk of chronic disease and serve as the nutrition policy for Americans over the age of two years. But, the more stringent recommendations seen in the
2005 DGA may make them unattainable by low income individuals. We looked at this problem from a standpoint of menu planning and linear programming, a computer model, and showed that individuals fully reliant on food stamps, may not be able to meet the 2005 DGA. Policy changes in the food stamp program may be needed. Further, the diet of low income women in Louisiana is poor, but women spend enough money to be able to make improvements to their diet. Nutrition education should target these women to help them improve their food spending patterns.
Publications
- ONeil CE, Nicklas TA. 2005. Applying Nutrition Science to the Publics Health. S Edelstein, ed. In Public Health Nutrition 2ed. Jones and Bartlett.Sudbury, MA. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp 17-80.
- ONeil CE, Yang S-J, Nicklas TA, Berenson GS. Food patterns associated with components of metabolic syndrome in young adults. J Amer Diet Assoc 2006;106(Suppl 2):A-71.
- Schupp A, Gillespie J, ONeil CE, Prinyawiwatkul W. 2006. Media news reporting and perceptions of beef safety. Journal of Food Products Marketing 12:89-98.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Diet recalls from 504 (70% white and 58% female) young adults were collected. Mean ages of the four race-gender groups ranged from 24.1 years (white males) to 23.2 years (black females), with males (23.9 years) significantly (p <0.05) older than females (23.3 years). 17 major food groups, based on similar source characteristics (e.g., "fruit and fruit juices"), were established. Four larger food categories were created and used in the analyses: FJV (fruit, fruit juices, and vegetables); meats; sweets (including sweetened beverages); and dairy. A high-quality food group that reflected foods consumed from meats, dairy, breads/grains, fruit/fruit juices, and vegetable groups was created. Total gram amount of high quality foods consumed was calculated. Eating patterns selected for this study included food consumption patterns, total gram amount of food/beverages consumed by meal period, total eating episodes, number of meals and snacks consumed, and total gram amount of
high quality foods. Eighteen percent of the population was obese and 24% were overweight. There were no significant differences in prevalence of overweight, or obese by ethnicity and gender. Percent gram consumption of fruits and fruit juices, and FJV were negatively associated with overweight (p < 0.05) while percent gram consumption of diet beverages was positively associated with overweight (p < 0.05), and being obese (p < 0.05). Normal weight individuals, when compared to overweight ones, had a higher percent gram consumption of fruits and 100% fruit juices (p < 0.05), and less percent gram consumption of diet beverages than the obese (p < 0.05). Obese participants consumed more food/beverage than normal weight ones did (p < 0.05), because of the increased consumption of diet beverages. The individual eating patterns explained 1% to 2% of the variance in BMI. Heights and weights of black (n=1160) and Hispanic (n=7400) children, ranging in age from 2-5 years, were taken at WIC.
BMIs were calculated and plotted against age. Blacks had similar weights to Hispanics. Sixty-nine percent and 62% of blacks and Hispanics respectively were normal weight. Hispanics had higher mean BMI (16.76+2.19 v (16.32 +1.86), percent at risk for overweight (15% v 14%), and percent overweight (18% v 11%) than blacks. The weights were similar for both genders as well. Each gender had comparable percentages of underweight, normal weight, and at risk for overweight subjects. The boys had a larger average BMI (16.86+2.15) and percentage overweight than girls (16.56+2.15). When weights were analyzed by ethnicity and gender, Hispanic boys had the highest percentage overweight (20%), followed by Hispanic girls (17%), black boys (12%), and black girls (10%). The same sequence occurred with average BMI, with the Hispanic boys having the highest and black girls the lowest. The percentage of at risk for overweight was fairly similar through all of the groups. The largest percentage of
underweight subjects was the black boys.
Impacts
Obesity is epidemic in the United States. Many believe that obesity simply results from overeating; however, causes of obesity are complex and poorly understood. Diet is multidimensional and requires an understanding of specific eating patterns that impact diet quality. Diet quality depends on the individual's overall eating patterns, which may vary substantially among different socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle groups. This research provides a greater understanding of eating patterns in young adults. Using the Bogalusa Heart Study database provides the opportunity to link eating patterns with different socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics. Once the relationship of diet and health are understood more fully, tailored intervention strategies can be designed to reduce obesity and improve health.
Publications
- Makienko I, Schupp A, Prinyawiwatkul W, O'Neil CE, Pavon N. 2005. Consumers Evaluate Frozen and Grilled Ground Beef and Turkey Product. Journal of Food Products Marketing 11:23-33.
- Melton SA, Keenan MJ, Stanciu C, Hegsted M, Zablah-Pimentel CM, O'Neil CE, Gaynor P, Schaffhauser A, Owen K, Prisby RD, LaMotte LL, Fernandez, JM. 2005. L-Carnitine supplementation does not promote weight loss in ovariectomized rats despite endurance exercise. International Journal of Vitamin Nutrition Research 75:156-160.
- Normand D, Lima M, O'Neil C. Using Linked Courses to Scale Institutional Walls. Academic Exchange Quarterly 2005;9:84-88.
- Fontenot B, O'Neil CE. Introducing Service-Learning to Dietetics Students. Academic Quarterly Exchange 2005; 9:128-132.
- May MC, O'Neil CE, Yang S-J, Nicklas TA, Ranganathan R, Berenson GS. 2005. The relationship among alcohol consumption, dietary intake, and body mass index in young adults. J Amer Diet Assoc 105(Suppl 2):A-60.
- O'Neil CE, Burke CC, Wolfe CG, Tiller VV, Monroe PA. 2005. The relationship of perceived nutrition knowledge and ability to plan a healthy meal by female food stamp recipients living in Southeast Louisiana. J Amer Diet Assoc 105(Suppl 2):A-64.
- Burke CC, O'Neil CE, Tiller VV, Monroe PA. 2005. Nutrient intake at the beginning and end of the month in female food stamp recipients who are food secure (FS) and food insecure (FIS). J Amer Diet Assoc 105(Suppl 2):A-64.
- Wolfe CG, Burke CC, Tiller VV, Monroe PA, O'Neil CE. 2005. Weight, perceived and desired body size and self-reported medical weight loss advice in female food stamp recipients living in Southeast Louisiana. J Amer Diet Assoc 105(Suppl 2):A-64.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Relationship among alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) in young adults. Data from 1335 subjects (62% female, 27% black) were used. The prevalence of alcohol intake was higher (p=0.034) in males than females, and higher (p=0.022) in whites than blacks. After controlling for energy, age, and BMI, males consumed more (p=0.0001) alcohol (g/d) than females. The percentage of total energy intake from alcohol was higher (p=0.0001) in males than females. Mean total intake of alcohol (g) and the percentages of total energy were higher (p=0.0001) among light, moderate and heavy drinkers, respectively. Among drinkers, total energy intake was higher (p=0.0001) for males than females and higher (p=0.0001) for blacks than whites after adjusting for age, BMI, and physical activity. Energy intake increased for light, moderate, and heavy drinkers; intake was higher (p=0.0001) only in heavy drinkers compared with non-drinkers. No difference was seen between non-alcohol energy
intake for non-drinkers and drinkers. After adjusting for total energy intake, age, and physical activity, no significant differences were seen in BMI between males and females who consumed alcohol. Paradoxically, non-drinkers had higher (p=0.006) BMI than did drinkers. Adjusted means for BMI were lower for heavy drinkers compared with non-drinkers and moderate drinkers (p=0.012). Food patterns associated with components of metabolic syndrome in young adults. Data from 1012 subjects (61% female, 21% black) were used. To identify dietary patterns, factor analysis of data from the YAQ was used. Food items that were similar in nutrient profile and culinary use were grouped into 36 pre-defined groups. The principal components program for factor analysis of the SAS with varimax rotation to the 36 food groups was applied. Two factors, low fat/sugar or high fat/sugar patterns, based on the eigen-value of the factors, the Scree test, and the interpretability of the derived factors, were
retained; each factors explained 31% of the variance. Low fat/low sugar pattern scores and a high fat/high sugar pattern scores were calculated by summing intake of foods. Linear regression examined the association between low fat/low sugar foods, high fat/high sugar foods and health outcomes. ANOVA tested mean intake difference in both low fat and high fat/sugar foods by socioeconomic status. Blacks and males consumed significantly more servings of high fat/high sugar foods than whites and females. Older subjects consumed more servings of low fat/low sugar foods than younger ones. The mean number of servings of low fat/low sugar foods was significantly higher in the young adults who were very physically active outside of work compared to those who were not. Current smokers and drinkers consumed more servings of high fat/high sugar foods than their counterparts. Using the adjusted regression model and a significance level of < .10, waist circumference, triceps skinfolds, systolic
blood pressure, and triglycerides were negatively associated with the low fat/low sugar eating pattern. The low fat/low sugar eating pattern was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01).
Impacts
Obesity is epidemic in the United States. Many believe that obesity simply results from overeating; however, causes of obesity are complex and poorly understood. Diet is multidimensional and requires an understanding of specific eating patterns that impact diet quality. Diet quality depends on the individuals overall eating patterns, which may vary considerably among diverse socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle groups. This research provides a greater understanding of eating patterns in young adults. Using the Bogalusa Heart Study database provides the opportunity to link eating patterns with socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Once the interrelationship of diet and health are understood more fully, tailored intervention strategies can be designed to reduce obesity and improve health.
Publications
- Fontenot B, O Neil CE. Introducing Service-Learning to Dietetics Students. Academic Quarterly Exchange 2005; In Press.
- O Neil CE, Nicklas TA. 2004. How can we Foster Healthier Eating Habits in Children? Nutrition Update. In Press
- O Neil CE, Nicklas TA. 2004. Child Nutrition in the US. Nutrition Update. In Press
- O Neil CE, Nicklas TA. 2004. Applying Nutrition Science to the Public's Health. In Public Health Nutrition, 2nd edition, Jones and Bartlett, In Press.
- Normand D, Lima M, O Neil C. Using Linked Courses to Scale Institutional Walls. Academic Exchange Quarterly. 2005; In Press.
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