Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Papaya is able to tolerate high root-knot nematode Pi before damage occurs. Damage was not observed in the papaya until Pi was 1,000 eggs/500 cm3. The effects of a commercial compost tea were evaluated on nematode infected coffee and strawberry plants. The compost tea did not reduce nematode populations nor enhance plant growth. In strawberry, the compost tea may have enhanced fungal root rots leading to an overall smaller plant. Our continuing investigations show that entomopathogenic nematodes provide a low level of root-knot nematode control. We have been unable to enhance the level of control to acceptable field levels. We sampled and found no potato cyst nematode in one seed company field. We have sampled and monitored the decline a soybean cyst nematode population at one seed company. Green manure cover crops of sorghum x sudan grass have been evaluated and are succeeding in controlling root-knot nematode in taro. The root-knot population is not causing damage in the areas cropped with the green manure. We have begun investigating the interaction between the bacteria that causes Anthurium blight and the burrowing nematode. Antidotal evidence suggests that nematode infection may hasten the development of the blight. PARTICIPANTS: Brent Sipes served as the Project director supervising the project, analyzing data, and reporting for the project. D. Meyer, M. Young, and G. Nagai provided technical nematological assistance on the project. Several undergraduate students worked on the project and gained professional experience. Collaboration occurred with C. Nagai at the Hawaii Agriculture Research Center. Collaboration also was made with scientist at the university (S. Miyasaka, S. Ferreira, R. Manshardt, and K.H. Wang). Professional development was provided to six graduate students. A. Ortiz, R. Cabos and T. Khaithong completed dissertations under the project. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of this project includes anthurium and coffee growers, extension agents, and other scientists. Many of the anthurium growers are of Asian ancestry. These audiences were reached through grower meetings, direct contact, and the presentation of results in scientific forums. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The project is providing growers with information for the effective management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Sustainable and environmentally-friendly approaches to nematode control have been evaluated and shared with growers allowing the growers to make informed management decisions.
Publications
- S.N. Ami and B.S. Sipes. 2008. Low-risk and sustainable compounds for controlling root-knot nematode. Nematologia Mediterranea 36:57-60.
- A.M. Ortiz, S.C. Miyasaka, J.J. Cho, and B.S. Sipes. 2008. Resistance and tolerance to Meloidogyne javanica in Colocasia esculenta from Thailand, Vietnam, and Nepal. International Journal of Nematology 18:66-70.
- A. Ortiz, S. Miyasaka, J. Cho, and B. Sipes. 2008. Resistance and tolerance to Meloidogyne javanica in Colocasia esculenta from Thailand, Vietnam, and Nepal. Phytopathology 98:S117
- B. Sipes. 2008. Disinfecting planting material of nematodes. Fifth International Nematology Congress. Brisbane Australia.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Control of anthurium decline is important for Hawaii anthurium growers. Liquid Compost Factor (LCF). The LCF treatment increased anthurium plant weight when infected with burrowing nematodes compared to untreated plants. Reduction in reproduction and body volume of burrowing nematode was observed in anthurium putatively transformed with the protease inhibitor OC-IΔD86. Burrowing nematode populations were reduced by 30-40 % in the putatively transformed lines compared to the wild-typed line 35 days after inoculation. Genes similar to known plant proteinase inhibitors have been discovered in Coffea arabica that may inhibit rootknot nematode development. The addition of a modified rice cystatin (Tubulin-OcI- D86) with or without a cowpea trypsin inhibitor (35S-OcI- D86/GO/CpTI), reduced rootknot nematode population by over 70% in 26% of transgenic coffee plants. In some transgenic lines, the introduction of resistance genes caused silencing of the endogenous proteinase
inhibitors or the introduced genes may have been silenced, resulting in extreme susceptibility to rootknot nematode. Information was disseminated in grower meetings, scientific presentations (posters and abstracts), and in direct responses to queries.
PARTICIPANTS: Brent Sipes served as the Project director supervising the project, analyzing data, and reporting for the project. Gary Ishida worked on the LCF experiments on anthurium. Tridate Khaithong worked on the transgenic anthurium aspects of the project. Roxana Cabos worked on the transgenic coffee aspects of the project. Donna Meyer, Michael Young, and Gareth Nagai provided technical nematological assistance on the project. Corey Bloomerik and Dana Ogle provided general laboratory and greenhouse assistance. Chifumi Nagai, with the Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, served as a collaborator. Professional development was provided to Roxana Cabos and Tridate Khaithong as graduate students. Corey and Dana Ogle benefited as undergraduate students.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience of this project includes anthurium and coffee growers, extension agents, and other scientists. Many of the anthurium growers are of Asian ancestry. These audiences were reached through grower meetings, direct contact, and the presentation of results in scientific forums.
Impacts
The project is providing growers with information for the effective management of plant-parasitic nematodes. LCF, a commercial compost slurry, was beneficial in reducing burrowing nematode damage to anthurium. This is an environmentally sound approach to reduce anthurium decline. A longer term approach to control of anthurium decline is through the use of the modified rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor in transgenic anthurium. Multiple promising lines are being evaluated in the laboratory. Transformed coffee plants or transformed coffee rootstock maybe a possible management tool for root-knot nematodes in several years.
Publications
- R.M. Cabos, B.S. Sipes, D.P. Schmitt, H. J. Atkinson, C. Nagai. 2007. Plant proteinase inhibitors as a natural and introduced defense mechanism for root-knot nematodes in Coffea arabica. Journal of Nematology 39:100.
- D.J. Fallon, H.K. Kaya, and B.S. Sipes. 2007. Use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) for the suppression of Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology 39:98.
- G.I. Ishida and B.S. Sipes. 2007. Efficacy of LCF (Liquid Compost Factor) against Radopholus similis in Anthurium andraeanum. Phytopathology 97:S50.
- Tridate Khaithong. 2007. Transplastomic Expression of Protease Inhibitors for Control of Burrowing Nematode. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Coffea arabica cv. Typica transformed with the same modified rice cystatin gene reduced M. konaensis reproduction in several transformed lines. The quantity of cystatin mRNA produced in the roots during infection by M. konaensis, as determined by qRT-PCR, was positively correlated with nematode reproduction. Some transformed plants had much higher levels of reproduction than the wild type plant and these plants showed lower levels of cystatin mRNA as well. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with citrus were identified. Xiphinema sp. was the most common nematode found in 23% of the samples. Tylenchulus semipenetrans was recovered from 11% of the soil samples and 2% of the root samples. T. semipenetrans was found predominately on Oahu. Rotylenchulus reniformis was found in 19% of all samples and also predominately on Oahu. R. reniformis was never found in the root samples. Meloidogyne sp. were recovered in 7% of soil samples, all from the Big Island, and in only 5% of
root samples. Meloidogyne sp. population densities were less than 100/per root sample except in one sample. Helicotylenchus sp. and several species of ring nematodes were also recovered from the soil samples but less frequently than the other nematodes. Pre-plant treatment to control the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, in anthuirum was investigated. Vapam (metham sodium), Dragon Fire (product from sesame oil), and Avid. Vapam was best at suppressing nematode populations and improving anthurium growth. Vapam maintained nearly zero nematode population in cinders throughout 12 months of the experiment. In Avid and Dragon Fire-treated plots, the nematode population grew over time. At 3 months after planting, anthuriums in the Vapam treated areas were 15 % taller than those in the plots treated with water, Avid, or Dragon Fire. At 6 and 9 months after planting, the growth of anthuiriums treated with Vapam was two and three times as much as those treated with water, Avid, or Dragon
Fire. Pre-plant application of Vapam is necessary to ensure a better yield of anthuriums.
Impacts
The project is providing information for the effective management of nematodes. Transformed coffee plants or transformed coffee rootstock maybe a possible management tool for root-knot nematodes in several years. Citrus growers have a clear idea of what nematode are found in the state and that in general nematodes are not a major disease problem in citrus orchards. Anthurium growers can use preplant treatments like Vapam to control burrowing nematode problems. Avid can be a very effective control for burrowing nematodes in anthurium but not at rates below 4 oz/100 gal water.
Publications
- B. Chinnasri, B.S. Sipes and K.T. Sewake. 2006. Pre-plant chemical control of the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) in anthuriums. Phytopathology 96:S24.
- B.S. Sipes, B. Chinnasri, and K. Sewake. 2006. Post-plant chemical control of the burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) in anthuriums. Phytopathology 96:S108.
- R. Cabos, B.S. Sipes, C. Nagai, D.P. Schmitt, and H.J. Atkinson. 2006. Evaluation of root-knot nematode resistance in Coffea arabica with cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors. Nematropica:in press.
- R. Cabos, B. Sipes, D. Schmitt, H. Atkinson, and C. Nagai. 2006. Transformation of Coffea arabica for root-knot nematode resistance using cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors. Association Scientifique Internationale du Cafe. 21st International Conference on Coffee Science.
- R. Cabos, B.S. Sipes, D.P. Schmitt, H.J. Atkinson, and C. Nagai. 2006. Engineering Coffea arabica for resistance to Meloidogyne konaensis using cycteine and serine proteinase inhibitors. Journal of Nematology 38: in press
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Field and laboratory experiments have been undertaken to evaluate controls for Radopholus similis (the burrowing nematode) in anthurium. In a field trial, LCF, Melocon, and Dragonfire did not reduce nematode populations over 12 months as compared to the untreated control. A single Avid application resulted in increased plant biomass 12 months later. Monthly DiTera applications did not reduce nematode populations but did increase plant biomass. Preplant Vapam treatments seemed to be quite effective in controlling nematode damage in a subsequent anthurium planting. Preplant applications of Avid and Dragonfire did little to control nematode damage to the anthurium plants. The addition of Silwet (a wetting agent) to Avid decreased the number of R. similis recovered from anthurium compared to the Avid alone treatment. Foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides sp., were found predominately in the roots and flower spikes of dendrobium orchids. Some foliar nematodes were also found in
the leaves and stem of dendrobium but not in as high populations as in the roots or flower spikes.
Impacts
Tropical plants can be infected by a wide range of plant-parasitic nematodes. These nematode infections can seriously limit yield or adversely affect the quality of the product. For anthurium, growers can use environmentally safe products like Avid or DiTera for burrowing nematode control. Because we know where foliar nematodes are found on dendrobium orchids, we can target treatment to infected areas, limiting pesticide use, and protecting workers and our environment.
Publications
- Arcinas, A., Sipes, B.S., Hara, A.H. and Tsang, M.M.C. 2005. Effect of conditioning treatments on the survival of Radopholus similis at high temperatures. Journal of Nematology. 37: (in press).
- Chinnasri, B., Sipes, B. and Sewake, K.T. 2005. Drenching and dipping treatments for nematode-infected plants. Journal of Nematology. 37: (in press).
- Leary, J.K., DeFrank, J., Kawabata, O. and Sipes, B. 2005. Tropical eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) production with a buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare L.) living mulch system in Hawaii. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. (in press).
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Transgenic coffee plants have been produced and are being grown to sufficient size for challenge with rootknot nematodes. Environmentally safe products like Liquid Compost Factor and Actigard have been evaluated on coffee infected with rootknot nematode. Actigard did not decrease nematode reproduction or increase plant growth. Liquid Compost Factor reduced the number of nematode eggs/g root compared to the untreated plants. Pylon was phytotoxic to anthurium at the labeled rate. Pylon and Avid dips controlled foliar nematodes in orchids. Soil drenches of the sterilants bleach and Zerotol did not eliminate burrowing nematodes in plant tissue in cinder media.
Impacts
Plant-parasitic nematodes can seriously limit yield in many tropical commodities. Growers seek products that effectively and economically control these nematode pests. Unfortunately, many products have failed to provide control. Consequently, clientele will not attempt to use products that do not work, saving money and unnecessary applications of pesticides.
Publications
- Sipes, B.S., Sewake, K. and Chinnasri, B. 2004. Control of Radopholus similis in Anthurium andraeanum with Avid. Journal of Nematology. 36: in press.
- Arcinas, A.C., Sipes, B.S., Hara, A.H. and Tsang, M.M.C. 2004. Hot water drench treatments for the control of Radopholus similis in rhapis and fishtail palms. HortScience. 39:578-579.
- Tsang, M.M.C., Hara, A.H. and Sipes, B.S. 2004. Efficacy of hot water drenching of Anthurium andreanum plants against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis and plant tolerance to heat. Annals of Applied Biology 145: in press.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
No progress to report. This project was initiated on October 1, 2003.
Impacts
No impact to report. This project was initiated on October 1, 2003.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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