Source: WASHINGTON OFFICE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT submitted to NRP
LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON FORESTED WATERSHEDS.
Sponsoring Institution
Forest Service/USDA
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
USDA INHOUSE
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0197745
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
May 19, 2003
Project End Date
May 19, 2008
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON OFFICE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
1601 N. KENT ST., 4TH FLR, RP-C
ARLINGTON,VA 22209
Performing Department
HYDROLOGIC LAB - FRANKLIN, NC
Non Technical Summary
(N/A)
Animal Health Component
25%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
75%
Applied
25%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1020320107020%
1120320107020%
1220320107020%
1230320107020%
1320320107020%
Knowledge Area
102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 132 - Weather and Climate; 122 - Management and Control of Forest and Range Fires; 123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0320 - Watersheds;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;
Goals / Objectives
Long-term hydrologic and ecological research on forested watersheds will be used to describe the stability and change in ecosystem function and structure over extended spatial and temporal scales
Project Methods
Long-term hydrologic and ecological research on forested watersheds is required to describe the stability and change in ecosystem function and structure over extended spatial and temporal scales. Maintaining the continuity of existing long-term data, their synthesis, and associated interpretations is a unique and essential part of the RWU mission. These data extend back in time 25 to 65+ years and provide direct support for the short-term studies in Problems 1 and 2. Recent disturbances and invasions by exotic species provide a unique opportunity to evaluate watershed scale impacts. New studies have been initiated to assess the impacts of southern pine beetle infestations and hemlock woolly adelgid on ecosystem processes. The hemlock woolly adelgid has been discovered in many locations within Coweeta. In response to the hemlock woolly adelgid, we will initiate long-term studies to determine the extent and ecological significance of the loss of hemlock in Coweeta watersheds.

Progress 05/19/03 to 05/19/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Final report: no longer as a problem area due to Southern Research Station (SRS) reorganization. PARTICIPANTS: Final report: no longer as a problem area due to Southern Research Station (SRS) reorganization. TARGET AUDIENCES: Final report: no longer as a problem area due to Southern Research Station (SRS) reorganization. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Final report: no longer as a problem area due to Southern Research Station (SRS) reorganization.

Impacts
Final report: no longer as a problem area due to Southern Research Station (SRS) reorganization.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Significant advances were made in long-term hydrologic and ecological research on forested watersheds. Specific outputs include: conducted 55 on-site tours to natural resource managers, scientists, and students to discuss research findings on long-term hydrologic and ecological research on forested watersheds, participated in 30 workshops and scientific meetings to share research findings on long-term hydrologic and ecological research on forested watersheds, participated in scientific exchanges with scientists from France, China, South Africa, Poland to share information on long-term hydrologic and ecological research on forested watersheds planned, hosted, and conducted workshop on control strategies and impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid in southern Appalachian ecosystems. PARTICIPANTS: Vose, J.M.; Ford, C.R.; Knoepp, J.D.; Elliott, K.J.; Clinton, B.D.

Impacts
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is a non-native invasive pest that impacts eastern hemlock and Carolina hemlock. HWA was first reported in the 1950's in the northeastern U.S., and has now spread to the southern Appalachian region of northern Georgia, western North Carolina, and southern Virginia. Without control, hemlocks typically die within ~5 years after infestation. Unfortunately, neither natural predators nor host resistance have been able to stop the spread of HWA. Hemlock trees serve important ecological roles in the southern Appalachians. They are a keystone species in riparian areas, providing critical habitat for birds and other animals, and shading streams to maintain cool water temperatures required by trout and other aquatic organisms. Coweeta scientists used a combination of sapflow measurement techniques and modeling to quantify the impacts of eastern hemlock mortality on hydrological process. Results indicated that annual transpiration will be reduced by 10% and winter and spring transpiration will be reduced by 30%. As a result, we expect increases in streamflow and soil moisture that may subsequently impact nutrient and carbon cycling processes. It is likely that no other species will fill the ecohydrological role of eastern hemlock if widespread mortality occurs. The consequences are being used as a guide by resource managers to guide the intensity and extent of control efforts and approaches to restore areas with significant hemlock mortality. The research has been cited and highlighted in both regional and national newspapers, and national radio stations.

Publications

  • Brookshire, E.N.J.; Valett, H.M.; Thomas, S.A.; Webster, J.R. 2007. Atmospheric N deposition increases organic N loss from temperate forests. Ecosystems. 10(2): 252-262.
  • Burcher, C.L.; Valett, H.M.; Benfield, E.F. 2007. The land-cover cascade: relationships coupling land and water. Ecology. 88(1): 228-242.
  • Churchel, M.A.; Berisford, C.W.; Hanula, J.L.; Vose, J.M. 2007. Immediate impact of imidacloprid treatment for control of hemlock woolly adelgid on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities [Poster]. North American Benthologoical Society 55th Meeting. Columbia, SC: North American Benthological Society:
  • Cowie, G.M. 1986. Benthic macroinvertebrates in a river with modified flow. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 99 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Diamond, S.J.; Giles, R.H., Jr.; Kirkpatrick, R.L.; Griffin, G.J. 2001. Hard mast production before and after the chestnut blight. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 24(4): 196-201.
  • Diez, J.M. 2007. Hierarchical patterns of symbiotic orchid germination linked to adult proximity and environmental gradients. Journal of Ecology. 95: 159-170.
  • Earl, S.R.; Valett, H.M.; Webster, J.R. 2006. Nitrogen saturation in stream ecosystems. Ecology. 87(12): 3140-3151.
  • England, L.E. 2003. Riparian forest cover at multiple scales: influences on instream habitat, aquatic assemblages, and food webs in headwater streams. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 121 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Entrekin, S.A.; Wallace, J.B.; Eggert, S.L. 2007. The response of Chironomidae (Diptera) to a long-term exclusion of terrestrial organic matter. Hydrobiologia. 575: 401-413.
  • Ford, C.R.; Vose, J.M. 2007. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. mortality will impact hydrologic processes in southern Appalachian forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications. 17(4): 1156-1167.
  • Baer, S.G. 1995. Colonization dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrates on artificial substrates in Appalachian headwater streams. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 104 p. B.S. thesis.
  • Beckage, B.; Joseph, L.; Belisle, P.; [and others] 2007. Bayesian change-point analyses in ecology. New Phytologist. 174: 456-467.
  • Brookshire, E.N.J. 2006. The organic nature and atmosphere-climate dependency of nitrogen loss from forest watershed ecosystems. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 83 p. P.H. dissertation.
  • Price, K.; Leigh, D.S. 2006. Comparative water quality of lightly-and moderately-impacted streams in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 120: 269-300.
  • Riedel, M.S. 2006. Atmospheric/oceanic influences on climate in the southern Appalachians. Fowler, D.L. comp., ed. Atmospheric/oceanic influences on climate in the southern Appalachians. Otto, NC: USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory: 143-149.
  • Romaniszyn, E.D.; Hutchens, J.J., Jr.; Wallace, J.B. 2007. Aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate drift in southern Appalachian Mountain streams: implications for trout food resources. Freshwater Biology. 52: 1-11.
  • Sanzone, D.M.; Tank, J.L.; Meyer, J.L.; [and others] 2001. Microbial incorporation of nitrogen in stream detritus. Hydrobiologia. 464: 27-35.
  • Scott, M.C. 2006. Winners and losers among stream fishes in relation to land use legacies and urban development in the southeastern US. Biological Conservation. 127: 301-309.
  • Steen, H.K. 2007. Watershed science at Coweeta and beyond an interview with Wayne T. Swank. http
  • Sun, G.; Zhou, G.; Zhang, Z.; [and others] 2006. Potential water yield reduction due to forestation across China. Journal of Hydrology. 328: 548-558.
  • Ford, C.R.; Vose, J.M. 2006. Eastern hemlock transpiration:patterns, controls, and implications for its decline in southern Appalachian forests. Fowler, D.L. comp., ed. Eastern hemlock transpiration:patterns, controls, and implications for its decline in southern Appalachian forests. Otto, NC: USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory: 181-187.
  • Fraterrigo, J.M.; Turner, M.G.; Pearson, S.M. 2006. Interactions between past land use, life-history traits and understory spatial heterogeneity. Landscape Ecology. 21(5): 777-790.
  • Georgian, T.J., Jr. 1982. The seasonal and spatial organization of a guild of periphyton-grazing stream insects. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 164 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Greenwood, J.L. 2004. The response of detrital and autotrophic resources to long-term nutrient enrichment in a detritus-based headwater stream. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 168 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Gulis, V.; Rosemond, A.D.; Suberkropp, K.; [and others] 2004. Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams., Freshwater Biology. 49: 1437-1447.
  • Gulis, V.; Suberkropp, K. 2004. Effects of whole-stream nutrient enrichment on the concentration and abundance of aquatic hyphomycete conidia in transport. Mycologia. 96(1): 57-65.
  • Hendrixson, B.E. 2006. Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of the folding trapdoor spider genus Antrodiaetus (araneae, mygalomorphae, antrodiaetidae). Greenville, NC: East Carolina University. 207 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Knoepp, J.; Vose, J.; Swank, W. 2006. Nitrogen deposition and cycling across an elevation and vegetation gradient in southern Appalachian forests [Poster]. 2006 LTER all scientist meeting. Nitrogen deposition and cycling across an elevation and vegetation gradient in southern Appalachian forests. Estes, Park, CO:
  • Knoepp, J.D.; Vose, J.M.; Ford, C.R.; Kloeppel, B.D. 2007. Long-term hydrology and biogeochemistry at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC [Poster]. USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, all scientist meeting. Long-term hydrology and biogeochemistry at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC. Lake Lanier, GA: USDA, Forest Service, Southern Research Station:
  • Kominoski, J.S.; Pringle, C.M.; Ball, B.A.; [and others] 2007. Nonadditive effects of leaf litter species diversity on breakdown dynamics in a detritus-based stream. Ecology. 88(5): 1167-1176.
  • Latham, R.S.; Wooten, R.M.; Witt, A.C.; [and others] 2007. Big slow movers: a look at weathered-rock slides in western North Carolina. 23. Vail, CO: AEG Special Publication. 545-557 p.
  • McMahon, S.M.; Diez, J.M. 2007. Scales of association: hierarchical linear models and the measurement of ecological systems. Ecology Letters. 10: 1-16.
  • McTammany, M.E.; Benfield, E.F.; Webster, J.R. 2007. Recovery of stream ecosystem metabolism from historical agriculture. The North American Benthological Society. 26(3): 532-545.
  • Morkeski, K. 2007. In-stream hemlock twig breakdown and effects of reach-scale twig additions on Appalachian headwater streams. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 27 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Norman, J.R. 2004. Are protists and fungi in a headwater stream limited by dissolved organic carbon (DOC)? Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 35 p. B.S. thesis.
  • Oleksyn, J.; Kloeppel, B.D.; Lukasiewicz, S.; [and others] 2007. Ecophysiology of horse chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) in degraded and restored urban sites., Polish Journal of Ecology. 55(2): 245-260.
  • Pavao-Zuckerman, M.A.; Coleman, D.C. 2007. Urbanization alters the functional composition, but not taxonomic diversity, of the soil nematode community. Applied Soil Ecology. 35: 329-339.
  • Pierce, M. 2003. Impact of local vs. catchment-scale disturbance on algal abundance in headwater streams. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 33 p. B.S. thesis.
  • Tank, J.L.; Mulholland, P.J.; Meyer, J.L.; [and others] 2000. Contrasting food web linkages for the grazing pathway in three temperate forested streams using 15N as a tracer. Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnology. 27: 2832-2835.
  • Turner, M.G. 2005. Landscape ecology in North America: past, present, and future. Ecology. 86(8): 1967-1974.
  • Turner, M.G. 2005. Landscape ecology: what is the state of the science? , Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematic. 36: 319-344.
  • Vogel, D.S. 1984. Invertebrate consumers and leaf breakdown rates two years following pesticide treatment in a headwater stream. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 45 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Vogt, A. 2004. Responses of instream habitat and fishes to modest changes in forest cover in southeastern streams. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 44 p. M. S. thesis.
  • Webster, J.R. 2007. Spiraling down the river continuum: stream ecology and the U-shaped curve. The North American Benthological Society. 26(3): 375-389.
  • Whiles, M.R. 1995. Disturbance, recovery, and macroinvertebrate communities in southern Appalachian headwater streams. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 129 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Wojculewski, C.A. 2006. The influence of land use on the quality of seston in southern Appalachian stream ecosystems. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 35 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Zamor, R.M.; Grossman, G.D. 2007. Turbidity affects foraging success of drift-feeding rosyside dace. Transactions of this American Fisheries. 136: 167-176.


Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) has now spread to the southern Appalachian region of western North Carolina, northern Georgia, and southern Virginia. Without treatment, hemlocks typically die within 5 to 7 years after infestation. The rate of spread and severity of infestations appear to be significantly worse in the southern Appalachians than in the northeastern U.S. Unfortunately, neither natural predators nor host resistance have been able to halt the spread of HWA. Hemlock trees serve important ecological roles in the southern Appalachians. They are a keystone species near streams where they provide critical habitat for birds and other animals and shade streams to maintain cool water temperatures required by trout and other aquatic organisms. Hemlocks are also prized for their aesthetic beauty. A comprehensive research program is addressing four key elements of the HWA problem: (1) how can the spread of HWA be stopped in the southern Appalachians?, (2) where is HWA likely to spread next?,(3) what will be the impacts of HWA induced mortality on southern Appalachian forest ecosystems?, and 4) how can we manage to mitigate the impacts of hemlock mortality on ecosystem resources. The research is being led by the USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, and is being coordinated with the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, university cooperators throughout the Eastern U.S.; and USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry Forest Health Protection program. The overall effort is coordinated through the HWA Research Coordinating Committee and the HWA Steering Committee. Most of the research is centered at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina. This 5,400 acre watershed has been the focus of watershed-level research on forest ecosystems for 70 years and has established long-term baseline information on climate, soils, vegetation, and water quality. Several accomplishments related to the HWA are noteworthy. First, a team of researchers published a paper in Frontiers of Ecology on the implications of losing hemlock (and other keystone species) on ecosystem structure and function. Second, a paper on the impacts of HWA induced hemlock mortality has been accepted for publication in Ecological Applications. Third, a major treatment control effort was initiated on the Coweeta basin and surrounding areas. At Coweeta, all hemlocks within a 60 foot riparian area along a 2000 feet length of stream were treated with the chemical imidacloprid. The success of the treatment, along with impacts on other insects and water quality, are being quantified. Fourth, a graduate student from the University of Minnesota completed a study to develop models of hemlock distribution across the southern Appalachians. These models are now being combined with HWA spread information to predict HWA movement. Finally, knowledge derived from the research program has been highlighted in several local newspaper articles, along with public presentations to watershed associations, the Cherokee Nation, and public interest groups.

Impacts
This research will provide natural resource managers with information on the impacts of hemlock mortality on ecosystem health, improvements in biological and chemical controls, and improved monitoring tools for detecting spread and mortality.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04

Outputs
The climate of the southern Appalachian region is classified as marine humid temperate because of high precipitation and mild temperatures. These climatic conditions favor high species diversity and productivity at multiple trophic levels. Analyses of long-term climatic records indicate that the region has experienced two unique and significant drought periods in the past two decades. Understanding how species and communities respond to increased climate variability provides significant insight into the potential interactions among future climatic conditions, species-level impacts, and forest health. Analysis of data from long-term vegetation plots suggests a significant amount of variation in drought impacts among species and between watershed aspect. For example, after the first drought (1984-1988), accelerated mortality rates occurred for hickory (Carya sp.) and black oak (Quercus velutina) on both north- and south-facing watersheds; however, overall mortality was greater on north-facing watersheds (33%) than south-facing watersheds (25%). By contrast, red maple (Acer rubrum) density increased substantially on both watershed aspects due to ingrowth of stems from smaller size classes. These differing responses patterns suggest that altered climatic regimes may shift the relative proportion of canopy-dominant species due to differential impacts of drought. A second drought occurred between 1998 and 2001. During and after this drought, basal area growth of pine species was reduced significantly more than the reduction in hardwoods, and a significant southern pine beetle outbreak occurred in the white pine (Pinus strobus) watersheds. Collection, analysis, and synthesis of these long-term data are critical for understanding ecosystem responses to global change. Results of these climate-vegetation interactions were published in a special volume sponsored by the National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research Network entitled Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites published by Oxford Press.

Impacts
Increased understanding of interactions among climate variability and forest health

Publications

  • Mulholland, P.J.; Tank, J.L.; Webster, J.R.; Bowden, W.B.; Dodds, W.K.; Gregory, S.V.; Grimm, N.B.; Hamilton, S.K.; Johnson, S.L.; Marti, E.; McDowell, W.H.; Merriam, J.L.; Meyer, J.L.; Peterson, B.J.; Valett, H.M.; Wollheim, W.M. 2002.Can uptake length in streams be determined by nutrient addition experiments? Results from an interbiome comparison study.Journal of North American Benthological Society.21(4):544-560.
  • Neatrour, Matthew A.; Webster, Jackson R.; Benfield, Ernest F. 2004. The role of floods in particulate organic matter dynamics of a southern Appalachian river-floodplain ecosystem. Journal of North American Benthological Society. 23(2): 198-213.
  • Petty, J. Todd; Grossman, Gary D. 2004. Restricted movement by mottled sculpin (pisces: cottidae) in a southern Appalachian stream. Freshwater Biology. 49: 631-645.
  • Pregitzer, Kurt S.; DeForest, Jared L.; Burton, Andrew J.; Allen, Michael F.; Ruess, Roger W.; Hendrick, Ronald, L. 2002. Fine root architecture on nine north American trees. Ecological Monographs. 72(2): 293-309.
  • Riedel, M.S. 2004. Climate variability and change in the southern Appalachians. In: 2004 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station All Scientist Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2004, March 2-4. USDA. [Poster]
  • Rivenbark, B. Lane; Jackson, C. Rhett. 2004. Average discharge, perennial flow initiation, and channel initiation-small southern Appalachian basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 40(3): 639-646.
  • Steiner, Susan M.; Kloeppel, Brian D. 2003. Activities, experiences, and products of the Coweeta schoolyard LTER program, 1998 to 2003. Athens, GA. University of Georgia. [Poster]
  • Eggert, Susan L.; Wallace, J. Bruce. 2003. Reduced detrital resources limit Pycnopsyche gentiles (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) production and growth. Journal of North American Benthological Society. 22(3):388-400.
  • Eggert, Susan Lynn. 2003. Resource use by detritivorous macroinvertebrates in southern Appalachian headwater streams. Athens, GA. The University of Georgia. 257 p. Ph.D.dissertation.
  • Elliott, Katherine J.; Swank, Wayne T.; Bolstad, Paul V. 2004. Long-term patterns in forest composition and structure following the chestnut blight in the southern Appalachians. [Abstract]. In: Ecological Society of America 89th Annual Meeting. Portland, OR. 2004, August 4-8. Ecological Society of America.
  • Sun, Ge; McNulty, Steven G.; Vose, James M. 2004. Modeling the hydrologic responses of forest management and climate change across a physiographic gradient in southern forests. In: 2004 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station All Scientist Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2004, March 2-4. USDA. [Poster]
  • Taylor, R.S.; Boring, L.R.; Knoepp, J.D. 2003. Use of isotope ratios to characterize forest disturbance effects upon nitrogen pools and flux. In: Soil Science of America Annual Meeting. Denver, CO. 2003, November 2-6. [Poster]
  • Turner, Monica G.; Pearson, Scott M.; Bolstad, Paul; Wear, David N. 2003. Effects of land-cover change on spatial pattern of forest communities in the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA). Landscape Ecology. 18: 449-464.
  • Vose, James M. 2004. Evaluation of watershed ecosystem responses to natural, management, and other human disturbances of southeastern forests. In: 2004 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station All Scientist Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2004, March 2-4. USDA. [Poster]
  • C. Michael Wagner. 2004. An experimental study of foraging aggression in two southeastern minnows: implications for an ongoing invasion. Athens, GA. The University of Georgia. 320 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Webster, J.R.; Benfield, E.F.; Ehrman, T.P.; Schaeffer, M.A.; Tank, J.L.; Hutchens, J.J.; DAngelo, D.J. 1999. What happens to allochthonous material that falls into streams? A synthesis of new and published information from Coweeta. Freshwater Biology. 41: 687-705.
  • Webster, Jackson R.; Mulholland, Patrick J.; Tank, Jennifer L. [and others].2003. Factors affecting ammonium uptake in streams- an inter-biome perspective. Freshwater Biology. 48: 1329-1352.
  • Wolman, M. Gordon; Emmett, William W.; Verry, Elon S.; Marion, Daniel A.; Swift, Lloyd W., Jr.; Kappesser, Gary B. 2003. [Video]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. [VHS closed captioned, 46-min.].
  • Gibson, C.A.; Ratajczak, R.E., Jr.; Grossman, G.D. 2004. Patch based predation in a southern Appalachian stream. Oikos. 106:158-166.
  • Greenland, David. 2003. An LTER network overview and introduction to El-Nino-southern oscillation (ENSO) climatic signal and response. In: Greenland, David; Goodin, Douglas G.; Smith, Raymond C., eds. Climate variability and ecosystem response at long-term ecological research site. New York, NY. Oxford University Press. 102-116. Chapter 6.
  • Grossman, Gary D.; McDaniel, Kathleen; Ratajczak, Robert E., Jr. 2002. Demographic characteristics of female mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, in the Coweeta Creek drainage, North Carolina. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 63: 299-308.
  • Hagen, Elizabeth Mary. 2004. Influence of Agricultural land use on allochthonous input and leaf breakdown in southern Appalachian streams. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA. 94 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Hayden, Bruce P.; Hayden, Nils R. 2003. Decadal and century-long changes in storminess at long-term ecological research sites. . In: Greenland, David; Goodin, Douglas G.; Smith, Raymond C., eds. Climate variability and ecosystem response at long-term ecological research site. New York, NY. Oxford University Press. 262-285. Chapter 14.
  • Heneghan, Liam; Salmore, Alissa; Crossley, D.A., Jr. 2004. Recovery of decomposition and soil microarthropod communities in an Appalachian watershed two decade after a clearcut. Forest Ecology and Management. 189: 353-362.
  • Hunter, Mark D.; Linnen, Catherine R.; Reynolds, Barbara C. 2003. Effects of endemic densities of canopy herbivores on nutrient dynamics along a gradient in elevation in the southern Appalachian. Pedobiologia. 47: 231-244.
  • Hunter, Mark; Keys, Hunter; Spaine, Pauline; Lumpkin, Sharon V.; Vose, Jim. 2004. Measuring responses of southern Appalachian ecosystems to Hemlock Woolly Adeligid at the Coweeta Watershed. In: 2004 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station All Scientist Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2004, March 2-4. USDA Forest Service. [Poster]
  • Jurgelski, William Martin. 2004. A new plow in old ground: Cherokees, whites, and land in western North Carolina, 1819-1829. Athens, GA. The University of Georgia. 320 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Kloeppel, Brian D.; Mazzarelli, Lisa; Swank, Wayne T. [and others] 2004. Vegetation and forest floor responses to southern Pine Beetle impacts in a southern Appalachian white pine watershed. In: 2004 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station All Scientist Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2004, March 2-4. USDA Forest Service. [Poster]
  • Kloeppel, Brian D.; Mazzarelli, Lisa; Swank, Wayne T.; Vose, James M.; Wentworth, Thomas R.; Elliott, Katherine J. 2004. Vegetation and forest floor responses to southern Pine Beetle impacts in a white pine ecosystem. In: 2004 Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Portland, OR. 2004, August 2-5. Ecological Society of America. [Poster]
  • Knoepp, Jennifer D.; Reynolds, Barbara C.; Crossley, D.A., Jr.; Swank, Wayne T. 2003. Long-term changes in hardwood litter decomposition in southern Appalachian mixed hardwood forests. [Abstract] In: Tenth North American Forest Soils Conference.
  • Knoepp, Jennifer D.; Reynolds, Barbara C.; Crossley, D.A., Jr.; Swank, Wayne T. 2004. Forest floor processes and microarthropod populations in southern Appalachian forest. In: 2004 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station All Scientist Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2004, March 2-4. USDA Forest Service. [Poster]
  • Martin, Lara A.; Mulholland, Patrick J.; Webster, Jackson R.; Valett, H. Maurice. 2001. Denifrification potential in sediments of headwater streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Journal of North American Benthological Society. 20(4): 505-519.
  • McTammany, M.E.; Webster, J.R.; Benfield, E.F.; Neatrour, M.A. 2003. Longitudinal patterns of metabolism in a southern Appalachian river. Journal of North American Benthological Society. 22(3): 359-370.
  • McTammany Matthew E. 2004. Recovery of southern Appalachian streams from historical agriculture. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA. 145 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Beckage, Brian; Clark, James S. 2003. Seedling survival and growth of three forest tree species: the role of spatial heterogeneity. Ecology. 84(7):1849-1861.
  • Burton, A.J.; Pregitzer, K.S.; Ruess, R.W.; Hendrick, R.L.; Allen, M.F. 2002. Root respiration in North American forests: effects of nitrogen concentration and temperature across biomes.Oecologia.131:559-568.
  • Cho, Seong-Hoon; Newman, David H.; Wear, David N. 2003.Impacts of second home development on housing prices in the southern Appalachian highlands. RURDS. 15(3):208-225.
  • Clinton, Barton D. 2003.Light, temperature, and soil moisture responses to elevation, evergreen understory, and small canopy gaps in the southern Appalachians. Forest Ecology and Management. 186: 243-255.
  • Clinton, Barton D.; Yeakley, J. Alan; Apsley, David K. 2003. Tree growth and mortality in a southern Appalachian deciduous forest following extended wet and dry periods. Castanea. 68(3):189-200.
  • Crenshaw, C.L.; Valett, H.M.; Webster, J.R. 2002.Effects of augmentation of coarse particulate organic matter on metabolism and nutrient retention in hyporheic sediments. Freshwater Biology. 47:1820-1831.
  • Crocker, Tracey L.; Hendrick, Ron L.; Ruess, Roger W.; Pregiter, Kurt S.; Burton, Andrew J.; Allen, Michael F.; Shan, Jianping; Morris, Lawrence A. 2003. Substituting root numbers for length: improving the use of minirhizotrons to study fine root dynamics. Applied Soil Ecology. 23:127-135.
  • Eggert, S.L.; Wallace, J.B. 2003. Litter breakdown and invertebrate detritivores in a resource-depleted Appalachian stream. Archive of Hydrobiology. 156(3):315-338.
  • Wooten, Richard M.; Latham, Rebecca L.; Clinton, Barton D.; Reid, Jeffrey C.; Idol, Tami. 2004. The August 13, 1916 Lake Toxaway dam failure: a retrospective from the Geologic record in Gorges State Park, Transylvania County, North Carolina. In: The 12th David S. Snipes/Clemson Hydrogeology Symposium. Clemson, SC. Clemson University. [Poster]
  • Worrall, F.; Swank, W.T.; Burt, T.P. 2003. Changes in stream nitrate concentrations due to land management practices, ecological succession, and climate: developing a systems approach to integrated catchment response. Water Resources Research. 39(7): 1-14.


Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03

Outputs
Riparian zones-the area of land between the upland forest and the stream-are the locations of direct interaction between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Riparian zones act as filters for nutrients and sediments flowing along the surface and subsurface from upland areas to streams. Riparian zones are one of the key watershed components that determine the quality of water draining headwater ecosystems. In the southern Appalachians, forested riparian zones are often indicated by the presence of dense Rhododendron thickets. Studies suggest that Rhododendron populations have expanded and thus, may have an increasing influence on watershed processes. In order to protect and sustain water resources, land managers need to understand how both Rhododendron and disturbance affect riparian zone nutrient filtering capacity. Using a long-term study, researchers examined the impacts of Rhododendron removal and overstory tree disturbance from Hurricane Opal on the transport of nutrients to headwater streams. Results of the study showed that removing Rhododendron had very little impact on nutrient movement and no impact on streamwater quality. By contrast, the uprooting of trees by Hurricane Opal resulted in large and persistent increases in streamwater nutrients, especially stream nitrate nitrogen. This research indicates that management strategies for sustaining water quality should minimize riparian zone disturbances that cause uprooting of large overstory trees.

Impacts
This research indicates that management strategies for sustaining water quality should minimize riparian zone disturbances that cause uprooting of large overstory trees.

Publications

  • Benfield, E.F. 1998. Leaf breakdown in stream ecosystem. In: Hauer, F.R.; Lamberti, G.A. eds. Methods in stream ecology. San Diego, CA: Academic press. 579-589. Chapter 27.
  • Sponseller, R.A. 2000. Influences of land use on the structure and function of headwater streams: a multiple scale analysis. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 79 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Bonito, G.M.; Coleman, D.C.; Haines, B.L.; Cabrera, M.L. 2003. Can nitrogen budgets explain differences in soil nitrogen mineralization rates of forest stands along an elevation gradient? , Forest Ecology and Management. 176: 563-574.
  • Grossman, G.D.; Rincon, P.A.; Farr, M.D.; Ratajczak, R.E., Jr. 2002. A new optimal foraging model predicts habitat use by drift-feeding stream minnows. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 11: 2-10.
  • Clark, J.S.; Carpenter, S.R.; Barber, M.; [and others] 2001. Ecological forecasts: an emerging imperative. Science. 293(657-660.
  • Clark, J.S.; Lewis, M.; Horvath, L. 2001. Invasion by extremes: population spread with variation in dispersal and reproduction. The American Naturalist. 157(5): 537-554.
  • Clark, J.S.; Mohan, J.; Dietze, M.; Ibanez, I. 2003. Coexistence: how to identify trophic trade-offs. Ecology. 84(1): 17-31.
  • Clinton, B.D.; Horton, J.L.; Nilsen, E.T.; [and others] 2003. The influence of ericaceous shrubs on forest floor and soil properties in the southern Appalachians [Poster]. The Ecological Society of America 88th annual meeting. Savannah, GA: The Ecological Society of America: 67.
  • Gardiner, E.P. 2002. Geospatial techniques for stream research in the southern Blue Ridge mountains. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia. 195 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Hicks, N.G.; Pearson, S.M. 2003. Salamander diversity and abundance in forests with alternative land use histories in the southern Blue Ridge mountains. Forest Ecology and Management. 177: 117-130.
  • HilleRisLambers, J. 2001. Dormancy, dispersal, and density-dependent mortality: coexistence of temperate forest tree species. Durham, NC: Duke University. 184 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • HilleRisLambers, J.; Clark, J.S.; Beckage, B. 2002. Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gradient in species diversity. Nature. 417: 732-735.
  • Hunter, M.D.; Adl, S.; Pringle, C.M.; Coleman, D.C. 2003. Relative effects of macroinvertebrates and habitat on the chemistry of litter during decomposition. Pedobiologia. 47: 101-115.
  • Jones, E.B.D.I.; Helfman, G.S.; Harper, J.O.; Bolstad, P.V. 1999. Effects of riparian forest removal on fish assemblages in southern Appalachian streams. Conservation Biology. 13(6): 1454-1465.
  • Kokkonen, T.S.; Jakeman, A.J. 2001. A comparison of metric and conceptual approaches in rainfall-runoff modeling and its implications. Water Resources Research. 37(9): 2345-2352.
  • Kokkonen, T.S.; Jakeman, A.J.; Young, P.C.; Koivusalo, H.J. 2003. Predicting daily flows in ungauged catchments: model regionalization from catchment descriptors at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. Hydrological Processes. 17: 2219-2238.
  • Lei, T.T.; Semones, S.W.; Walker, J.F.; [and others] 2002. Effects of Rhododendron Maximum thickets on tree seed dispersal, seedling morphology, and survivorship. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 163(6): 991-1000.
  • Mac, M.J.; Opler, P.A.; Puckett Haecker, C.E.; Doran, P.D. 1998. Land use. In: Status and trends of the nation's biological resources. 2. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 37-61.
  • McTammany, M.E. 1998. The impact of urbanization on benthic macroinvertebrates in southern Appalachian streams. Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 90 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Mitchell, C.E.; Turner, M.G.; Pearson, S.M. 2002. Effects of historical land use and forest patch size on myrmecochores and ant communities. Ecological Applications. 12(5): 1364-1377.
  • Naiman, R.J.; Turner, M.G. 2000. A future perspective on north america's freshwater ecosystems. Ecological Applications. 10(4): 958-970.
  • Parr, M.W. 1992. Long-term vegetation response to thinning in a southern Appalachian cove. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia. 126 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Petty, J.T. 1998. Mottled sculpin in a dynamic landscape: linking environmental heterogeneity, individual behaviors, and population dynamics in a southern Appalachian stream. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia. 156 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Powell, N.L. 2001. The role of crayfish in leaf decomposition across a range in litter quality. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 63 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Price, J.R. 2003. Allanite weathering and rare earth elements in mass balance calculations of clay genesis rates at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, western North Carolina, USA: the response times of changes in clay mineral assemblages to fluctuations in climate. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. 237 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Qualls, R.G.; Haines, B.L.; Swank, W.T.; Tyler, S.W. 2002. Retention of soluble organic nutrients by a forested ecosystem. Biogeochemistry. 61: 135-171.
  • Reynolds, B.C.; Crossley, D.A., Jr.; Hunter, M.D. 2003. Response of soil invertebrates to forest canopy inputs along a productivity gradient. Pedobiologia. 47: 127-1139.
  • Riedel, M.S.; Verry, E.S.; Brooks, K.N. 2002. Land use impacts on fluvial processes in the Nemadji river watershed. Hydrological Science and Technology. 18(1-4): 197-205.
  • Rivers, C.T.; Van Lear, D.H.; Clinton, B.D.; Waldrop, T.A. 1999. Community composition in canopy gaps as influenced by presence or absence of Rhododendron Maximum. Haywood, J.D. ed. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-30. Shreveport, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 57-60.
  • Sanchez de Boado, A.P. 1999. Regional scale analysis of select controls of dissolved inorganic nitrogen loss from five hardwood ecosystems in the eastern US. Syracuse, NY: State University of New York. 161 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Sankovski, A.; Pridnia, M. 1995. A comparison of the southern Appalachian (U.S.A.) and southwestern Caucasus (Russia) forests: influences of historical events and present environment. Journal of Biogeogrpahy. 22: 1073-1081.
  • Scott, M.C. 2001. Integrating the stream and its valley: land use change, aquatic habitat, and fish assemblages. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia. 166 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Scott, M.C.; Helfman, G.S.; McTammany, M.E.; Benfield, E.F. 2002. Multiscale influences on physical and chemical stream conditions across blue ridge landscapes., Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 38(5): 1379-1392.
  • Sponseller, R.A.; Benfield, E.F.; Valett, H.M. 2001. Relationships between land use, spatial scale and stream macroinvertebrate communities. Freshwater Biology. 46: 1409-1424.
  • Sun, G.; McNulty, S.G.; Amatya, D.M.; [and others] 2002. A comparison of the watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the southern, US. Journal of Hydrology. 263: 92-104.
  • Turner, M.G.; Collins, S.L.; Lugo, A.E.; [and others] 2003. Disturbance dynamics and ecological response: the contribution of long-term ecological. BioScience. 53(1): 46-56.
  • Van Lear, D.H.; Vandermast, D.B.; Rivers, C.T.; [and others] 2002. American chestnut rhododendron, and the future of Appalachian cove forests. Outcalt, K.W. ed. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-48. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 214-220.
  • Van Lear, D.H.; Vandermast, D.B.; Baker, T.T.; [and others] 2003. Rhododendron encroachment threatens health of southern Appalachian cove forests [Poster]. Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Biloxi, MS
  • Wagner, P.F. 2001. Legacies of early 20th century logging in southern Appalachian streams. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 203 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Walker, J.F. 1998. The inhibitory effect of Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) thickets on mycorrhizal colonization of canopy tree seedlings. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 93 p.
  • Wear, D.N.; Turner, M.G.; Naiman, R.J. 1998. Land cover along an urban-rural gradient: implications for water quality. Ecological Applications. 8(3): 619-630.
  • Wooten, R.M.; Clinton, B.D. 2002. The August 13, 1916 lake toxaway dam failure: the geologic record and tree ring evidence in gorges state park. [Poster]. 2002 Natural Areas Conference. Asheville, NC
  • Wychoff, P.H.; Clark, J.S. 2002. The relationship between growth and mortality for seven co-occurring tree species in the southern Appalachian mountains. Journal of Ecology. 90: 604-615.
  • Wyckoff, P.H. 1999. Growth and mortality of trees in the southern Appalachian mountains. Durham, NC: Duke University. 183 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Yeakley, J.A.; Coleman, D.C.; Haines, B.L.; [and others] 2003. Hillslope nutrient dynamics following upland riparian vegetation disturbance. Ecosystem. 6(2): 154-167.


Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02

Outputs
Several long-term studies of both the hydrology and ecology of forested watersheds in the southern Appalachians continue. One such study is an examination of the role that American chestnut played in southern Appalachian forests.Prior to the chestnut blight, American chestnut was the most common overstory tree in eastern deciduous forests. Chestnut's dominance has most often been attributed to fire tolerance, and rapid sprouting and growth response to disturbance. Research was initiated to test an alternative hypothesis; i.e., the potential role of allelopathic substances (leachate) produced in American chestnut leaves for reducing competition from co-occurring species. Results suggest that leachate from American chestnut leaves could have suppressed germination and growth of competing shrub and tree species and that allelopathy is a potential mechanism whereby American chestnut controlled species composition and dominated eastern forests. Current vegetation composition in southern Appalachian forests may be attributable, in part, to the disappearance of American chestnut as an allelopathic influence. Research results are especially relevant for recent attempts to re-introduce blight resistant chestnuts to the region. The potential importance of allelopathy in American chestnut dominance suggests that allelopathic potential of resistant strains should be carefully evaluated.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Pearson, Scott M. 2002. Landscape Context. In: Gergel, Sarah E.; Turner, Monica G., comps., eds. Learning Landscape Ecology A Practical Guide To Concepts And Techniques. New York, NY/USA: Springer-Verlag: 199-207. Chapter 14.
  • Pearson, Scott M.; Turner, Monica G.; Urban, Dean L. 1999. Effective exercises in teaching landscape ecology. In: Klopatek, Jeffrey M.; Gardner, Robert H., comps., eds.Landscape ecological analysis issues and applications. New York: Springer-Verlag: 335-368. Chapter 15.
  • Reynolds, B. C.; Hunter, M. D. 2001. Responses of soil respiration, soil nutrients, and litter decomposition to inputs from canopy herbivores. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 33: 1641-1652.
  • Rincon, Pedro A.; Grossman, Gary D. 2001. Intraspecific aggression in rosyside dace, a drift-feeding stream cyprinid. Journal of Fish Biology. 59: 968-986.
  • Roberts, J. H.; Grossman, G. D. 2001. Reproductive characteristics of female longnose dace in the Coweeta Creek drainage, North Carolina, USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 10: 184-190.
  • Rosi-Marshall, Emma Josephine. 2002. Quality Of Suspended Fine Particulate Matter And Its Role As A Conduit For Metals In Riverine Food Webs. The University of Georgia: Ph.D. Dissertation. 1-154. Rosi-Marshall, Emma Josephine; Wallace, J. Bruce. 2002. Invertebrate food webs along a stream resource gradient. Freshwater Biology. 47: 129-141.
  • Salmore, Alissa K.; Hunter, Mark D. 2001. Elevational Trends In Defense Chemistry, Vegetation, And Reproduction In Sanguinaria canadensis. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 27(9): 1713-1727.
  • Schofield, Kate A.; Pringle, Catherine M.; Meyer, Judy L.; Sutherland, Andrew B. 2001. The importance of crayfish in the breakdown of rhododendron leaf litter. Freshwater Biology. 46: 1-14. Schofield, Katherine Ann. 2001. Top-Down Interactions In Southern Appalachian Streams: An Examination Of Temporal And Spatial Variability. The University of Georgia: Ph.D. Dissertation. 1-237.
  • Scott, Mark C.; Helfman, Gene S. 2001. Native Invasions, Homogenization, and the Mismeasure of Integrity of Fish Assemblages. Fisheries. 26(11): 6-15.
  • Siler, Edward R.; Wallace, J. Bruce; Eggert, S. L. 2001. Long-term effects of resource limitation on stream invertebrate drift. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 58: 1624-1637.
  • Walker, John F. 1998. The Inhibitory Effect of Rhondodendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) Thickets on Mycorrhizal Colonization of Canopy Tree Seedlings. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: M.S. Thesis. 93.
  • Wallace, J. B.; Webster, J. R.; Eggert, S. L.; Meyer, J. L. 2000. Small wood dynamics in a headwater stream. Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnology. 27: 1361-1365.
  • Wallace, J. Bruce; Webster, Jackson R.; Eggert, Sue L.; Meyer, Judy L.; Siler, Edward R. 2001. Large Woody Debris in a Headwater Stream: Long-Term Legacies of Forest Disturbance. International Review of Hydrobiology. 86(4-5): 501-513.
  • Webster, J. R.; Benfield, E. F.; Hutchens, J. J.; Tank, J. L.; Golladay, S. W.; Adams, J.C. 2001. Do Leaf Breakdown Rates Actually Measure Leaf Disappearance from Streams?. International Review of Hydrobiology. 86(4-5): 417-427.
  • Wright, C. J.; Coleman, D. C. 2002. Responses of soil microbial biomass, neamtode trophic groups, N-mineralization, and litter decomposition to disturbance events in the southern Appalachians. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 34: 13-25.
  • Rosi-Marshall, Emma Josephine; Wallace, J. Bruce. 2002. Invertebrate food webs along a stream resource gradient. Freshwater Biology. 47: 129-141.
  • Schofield, Katherine Ann. 2001. Top-Down Interactions In Southern Appalachian Streams:An Examination Of Temporal And Spatial Variability. The University of Georgia: Ph.D. Dissertation. 1-237.
  • Meyer, J. L.; Wallace, J. B. 2000. Lost linkages and lotic ecology: rediscovering small streams. In: Ecology: Achievement and Challenge The 41st. Symposium of the British Ecological Society jointly sponsored by the Ecological Society of America.; 2000 APRIL 10-13; Orlando, USA. Blackwell Science: 295-317.
  • Meyer, Judy L. 1999. Conserving Ecosystem Function. In: Pickett, S.T.A.; Ostfeld, R.S.; Shachak, M.; Likens, G.E., comps., ed. The Ecological Basis of Conservation Heterogeneity, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity. New York, NY/USA: International Thomson Publishing: 136. Chapter 10.
  • Mulholland, P. J.; Fellows, C. S.; Tank, J. L. Grimm, N. B.; Webster, J. R.; Hamilton, S.K.; Marti, E.; Ashkenas, L.; Bowden, W.B.; Dodds, W.K.; McDowell, W.H.; Paul, M.J.; Peterson, B.J. 2001. Inter-biome comparison of factors controlling stream metabolism. Freshwater Biology. 46: 1503-1517.
  • Pearson, Scott M. 2002. Interpreting Landscape Patterns From Organism-Based Perspectives. In: Gergel, Sarah E.; Turner, Monica G. comps., eds. Learning Landscape Ecology. New York, NY/USA: Springer-Verlag: 187-198. Chapter 13.
  • Addington, Robert Norris. 2001. Water Use Patterns And Stomatal Responses To Environment In Longleaf Pine On Contrasting Sites. Athens, GA: University of Georiga: M.S. Thesis. 68.
  • Alverson, Andrew J.; Courtney, Gregory W.; Luttenton, Mark R. 2001. Niche overlap of sympatric Blepharicera larvae (Diptera: Blephariceridae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 20(4): 564-581.
  • Baer, Sara G.; Siler, Edward R.; Eggert, Susan L.; Wallace, J. Bruce. 2001. Colonization and production of macroinvertebrates on artificial substrata: upstream-downstream responses to a leaf litter exclusion manipulation. Freshwater Biology. 46: 347-365.
  • Bardgett, R. D.; Anderson, J. M.; Behan-Pelletier, V.; Brussaard, L.; Coleman, D. C.; Ettema, C.; Moldenke, A.; Schimel, J.P.; Wall, D.H. 2001. The Influence of Soil Biodiversity on Hydrological Pathways and the Transfer of Materials between Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. Ecosystems. 4: 421-429.
  • Beckage, Brian. 2000. (Ecology) Seedling Recruitment In Southern Appalachian Forests: Does Spatial Heterogeneity Maintain Species Diversity?. Duke University: Ph.D. Dissertation. 1-179.
  • Beckage, Brian. 2000. A long-term study of red maple (acer rubrum L.) seedling survival in southern Appalachian forests: The effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories. Duke University: M.S. Thesis. 1-34.
  • Benfield, E. F.; Webster, J. R.; Tank, J. L.; Hutchens, J. J. 2001. Long-Term Patterns in Leaf Breakdown in Streams in Response to Watershed Logging. International Review of Hydrobiology. 86(4-5): 467-474.
  • Benfield, E.F.; Webster, J.R.; Hutchens, J. J.; Tank, J.L.; Turner, P. A. 2000. Organic matter dynamics along a stream-order and elevational gradient in a southern Appalachian stream. Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnologie. 27: 1341-1345.
  • Bruce, Richard C.; Castanet, Jacques; Francillon-Vieillott, Helene. 2002. Skeletochronological analysis of variation in age structure, body size, and life history in three species of desmognathine salamanders. Herpetologica. 58(2): 181-193.
  • Clinton, Barton D. 2002. Rhododendron maximum L. In: Francis, John K., ed. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-WB-1. Rmo Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry and Shrub Sciences Laboratory: 27-28. www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.htm. [Date accessed: August 2002].
  • Coleman, David C.; Hunter, Mark D.; Hutton, John; Pomeroy, Steven; Swift, Jr., Lloyd W. 2002. Soil respiration from four aggrading forested watersheds measured over a quarter century. Forest Ecology and Management. 157: 247-253.
  • Cooper, John E.; Schofield, Katharine Ann. 2002. Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tuckasegee, a new species of crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Little Tennessee River Basin, North Carolina. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 115(2): 371-381.
  • Fausch, Kurt D.; Taniguchi, Yoshinori; Nakano, Shigeru; Grossman, Gary D.; Townsend, Colin R. 2001. Flood Disturbance Regimes Influence Rainbow Trout Invasion Success Among Five Holarctic Regions. Ecological Applications. 11(5): 1438-1455.
  • Hall, Jr., Robert O.; Wallace, J. Bruce; Eggert, Susan L. 2000. Organic Matter Flow In Stream Food Webs With Reduced Detrital Resource Base. Ecology. 81(12): 3445-3463.
  • Swank, Wayne T.; Meyer, Judy L.; Crossley, Jr., Deyree (Dac) A. 2001. Long-term ecological research: Coweeta History and Perspectives. In: Holistic Science-The Evolution of the Georgia Institute of Ecology. New York, NY/USA: Taylor & Francis: 143-163. Chapter 8.
  • Vandermast, D.B.; Van Lear, D.H.; Clinton, B.D. 2002. American chestnut as an allelopath in the Southern Appalachians. Forest Ecology and Management. 165: 173-181.
  • Hunter, Mark D. 2001. Insect population dynamics meets ecosystem ecology: effects of herbivory on soil nutrient dynamics. Agricultural & Forest Entomology. 3: 77-84.
  • Hutchens, John J., Jr.; Wallace, J. Bruce. 2002. Ecosystem linkages between Southern Appalachian headwater streams and their banks: leaf litter breakdown and invertebrate assemblages. Ecosystems. 5: 80-91.