Progress 07/31/02 to 07/30/07
Outputs
Research continues on understanding the performance and failure of corrugated containers. The bulk of this effort has been modeling of container strength, creep (a slow movement of fibers that causes a progressive failure) and failure mechanisms in columns and tubes. Recently, research has started on using image analysis to understand localized strain in paper. This involves using a pattern recognition process to understand how millimeter sized sections of paper shift during tensile failure. The movement of these recognizable features relative to each other provides information on localized strain that is used to evaluate how the paper compensates for weak areas, and how basis weight uniformity effect sheet performance. Research has also started to look at horizontal positioning of fibers in paper. This can affect properties like friction, delamination and compression strength, bulk, fiber bonding and even optical properties. The thought is that this property may
provide clues to subtle differences in paper performance from different types of papermachine forming sections. Due to the merger of the research work unit with RWU 4709, this problem area is being closed. Research on fiber properties and paper performance will be continued in the new RWU as problem area 4.
Impacts
The container modeling provides manufactures with tools to evaluate manufacturing options to reduce the amount of fiber needed to meet a given container application. It can also reduce product loses from container failures. Work on fundamental strength properties of paper will help manufactures increase the square feet of paper manufactured from a ton of wood, without sacrificing physical or optical performance.
Publications
- Urbanik, Thomas J.; Lee, Sung K.; Johnson, Charles G. 2006. Column compression strength of tubular packaging forms made from paper. 2006. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 34(6): Paper IDJTE100030. 7 pp. Avaliable online: www.astm.org.
- Urbanik, Thomas J.; Frank, Benjamin. 2006. Box compression analysis of world-wide data spanning 46 years. Wood and Fiber Science 38(3): 399-416.
- Urbanik, Thomas J.; Won, Jong Myoung. 2006. Principles of minimum cost refining for optimum linerboard strength. Progress in Paper Recycling. 15(4): 13-21.
- Rahman, Adeeb A.; Urbanik, Thomas J.; Mahamid, Mustafa. 2006. FE analysis of creep and hygroexpansion response of a corrugated fiberboard to a moisture flow: a transient nonlinear analysis. Wood and Fiber Science. 38(2): 268-277.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Research in this problem area has focused on the quantification of precision and accuracy to be expected from modeling worldwide box strength data, the modeling of moisture flow through corrugated fiberboard, and the modeling of tubular corner posts used in corrugated containers. Reported research is supported with software tools to assist the practitioner with readily implementing and extending the results. Industrial and academic partners Packaging Corporation of America, Sonoco Products Company, and the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee have collaborated with the FPL in these developments. New research effort has been focused on paper formation on paper mechanical properties. A digital imaging correlation technique has been developed to study the spatially resolved time dependent strain variation when a sheet is under tension. The imaging correlation reveals strain waves propagates in tension direction. The technique provided tools for future study on paper
formation on paper mechanical properties. It also can help to develop paper failure precursors for predicting paper failure.
Impacts
United States and Forest Service issues include the utilization of wood waste and wood residuals per national priorities and utilization of overstocked, small diameter stands. Our attainments provide the tools for quantifying the economics of corrugated fiberboard from issue-causing materials and for finding evidence of fabrication variables that interact with such materials.
Publications
- Considine, J.M.; Scott, C.T.; Gleisner, R.; Zhu, J.Y. 2005. Use of digital image correlation to study the local deformation field of paper and paperboard. In: Proceedings of the advances in paper science and technology 13th fundamental research symposium. 2005 September 11-16; Cambridge, UK. Cambridge, UK: The Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Society. Session 3: 613-630.
- Switzer III, Leonard H.; Klingenberg, Daniel J.; Scott, C. Tim. 2004. Handsheet formation and mechanical testing via fiber-level simulations. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. 19(4): 434-439.
- Rong, Xiaoying; Qi, Dewei; Zhu, Junyong; Scott, Tim. 2005. Single curved fiber sedimentation under gravity. In: Proceedings of the 2005 TAPPI practical papermaking conference. 2005 May 22-26; Milwaukee, WI. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: Available: CD Rom-ISBN: 1-59510-094-6. Available online: http://www.tappi.org.
- Tozzi, Emilio J.; Klingenberg, Daniel J.; Scott, C. Tim; Miettinen, Pasi. 2005. Simulations of flexible fiber suspensions. In: Proceedings of the 2005 TAPPI practical papermaking conference. 2005 May 22-26; Milwaukee, WI. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: Available: CD Rom-ISBN: 1-59510-094-6. Available online: http://www.tappi.org.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Research in this problem area has focused on the interlaboratory precision and accuracy to be expected from the models and computer tools that have been reported on in previous years. Our reported models have been proven to match specific data sets well. However, the goal of developing a predictive model should not be an equation or algorithm that describes a limited data set exceptionally well but rather one with consistently good precision and accuracy, one that can adequately address all of the available data well. Industrial practitioners seek such precision and accuracy criteria to establish quality control procedures rationally and to ferret out under-performing practices. Producers and users of corrugated fiberboard are normally interested in selecting the lowest cost component materials and understanding the fabrication variables that might impede their use. Our modeling tools and the statistical procedures for implementing them are being developed in this
research with an objective toward the cost selection process that producers and users go through. At least one industrial partner (Packaging Corporation of America) has contributed non-paid collaboration in an effort toward attracting greater industrial involvement and two academic partners (Lafayette College and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) have continued to collaborate in the development of fundamental modeling tools.
Impacts
United States and Forest Service issues include the utilization of wood waste and wood residuals per national priorities and utilization of overstocked, small-diameter stands. Our attainments provide the tools for quantifying the economics of corrugated fiberboard from issue-causing materials and for finding evidence of fabrication variables that interact with such materials.
Publications
- Rahman, Adeeb A.; Urbanik, Thomas J.; Mahamid, Mustafa. 2003. Response of corrugated fiberboard to moisture flow: a 3-D finite element transient nonlinear analysis. In: Proceedings of 2003 international paper physics conference; 2003 September 7-11; Victoria, B.C., Canada. Montreal, Canada: PAPTAC; 277-281. ISBN 1-896742-90-4.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Research in this problem area continues with the development of models and computer tools reported on for the previous year. Two publications will be published shortly and least two other studies of how pulping variables affect paper properties are under way. It is generally known that a lower freeness level during the pulping process leads to a better linerboard by virtue of increasing overall strength. Greater linerboard strength is thus obtainable at a lower freeness achieved by more refining, but at a higher energy cost. Greater linerboard strength is also obtainable at a higher basis weight with an accompanying higher material cost. When the linerboard is considered as a component in corrugated fiberboard and the compression strength of a box is important, the best linerboard is one with the minimum total cost of material and energy that yields a specified box compression strength. The generalization that lower freeness is better is not as evident. The research
during this reporting period focuses on expanding the strength models of corrugated fiberboard to include papermaking variables and enable the important variables of a minimum cost paper to be determined.
Impacts
United States and Forest Service issues include the utilization of wood waste and wood residuals per national priorities and utilization of overstocked, small diameter stands. Our attainments quantify the economics of corrugated fiberboard from issue-causing materials and characterize the benefits at optimum pulping conditions.
Publications
- Urbanik, Thomas J.; Saliklis, Edmond P. 2003. Finite element corroboration of buckling phenomena observed in corrugated boxes. Wood and Fiber Science. 35(3): 322-333.
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