Progress 03/22/04 to 03/22/09
Outputs
The work in this area involves several programs aimed at using bio-based adhesive components and removing hazardous chemicals from wood. Although formaldehyde levels have been dramatically decreased in wood products though the hard work of adhesive users and producers, there is still interest in having even lower formaldehyde emission levels and formaldehyde-free adhesives. The second program described in Problem 3 is aimed at formaldehyde-free products. Most processes for converting agriculture products to fuel also produce substantial amounts of low value by-products. Dr. Paul Weimer at USDA Dairy Forage, University of Wisconsin is using rumen bacteria for the fermentation of agriculture materials to fuel while producing a by-product that has adhesive utility. This work has led to two papers and a patent application on the use of these glycocalax-coated cellulosics as wood adhesive components. This work is continuing as we try to make the product formaldehyde free.
Through flooding and other disasters wood products can become contaminated with hazardous chemicals. Ways to remove these chemicals from wood in an environmental acceptable manner is being investigated by Drs. E. I. Kozliak and W. S. Seames at the University of North Dakota in conjunction with FPL. These experiments are providing useful technology for the decontamination of wood, but also for helping us to understand the migration of chemicals through wood.
Impacts
The formaldehyde-free technology is part of that described in Problem Area 3.The work on making adhesives from the residue after bio-fermentation has generated some industrial interest in the technology. The wood decontamination has provided useful applied and basic technology.
Publications
- Popova, I.E.; Beklemishev, M.K.; Frihart, C.R.; Seames, W.S.; Sundstrom, T.J.; Kozliak, E.I. 2006. Penetration of naphthalene, n-hexadecane, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene into southern yellow pine under conditions modeling spills and foods. Forest Products Journal. 56(6): 68-75.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Wood products are generally considered environmentally benign. However, there are several exceptions; a main issue related to wood bonding has been the formaldehyde emissions that exist with the most common wood adhesives. The formaldehyde issue was mainly with the urea-formaldehyde resins, but has also been of concern with phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and mixed resins. We are addressing this issue by exploring formaldehyde-free adhesives from soybean flour, covered in problem 3. We also have been examining the bonding of acetylated wood that is uses no heavy metals for wood protection and is more easily recycled than those containing heavy metals.
Impacts
Some adhesive users are evaluating our formaldehyde-free soybean flour adhesives for the indoor plywood market. Our work on bonding to ACQ and copper azole treated wood has been much appreciated by the adhesive producers, including AF&PA members and producers of the treatment chemicals. We are pursuing bonding to other treated woods that are less hazardous than those treated with heavy metals.
Publications
- Kozliak, Evguenii I.; Popova, Inna E.; Renner, Julie N.; Seames, Wayne S.; Phutane, Sachin R.; Jalan, Nidhi N.; Frihart, Charles R. 2005. Removal of toxic chemicals trapped in wood: bio- and photoremediation. In: Biographies and abstracts Forest Products Society 59th International convention; 2005 June 19-22; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society. http://www.forestprod.org/confpast.html.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Wood products are generally considered environmentally benign. However, there are several exceptions; a main issue related to wood bonding has been the formaldehyde emissions that exist with the most common wood adhesives. The formaldehyde issue was mainly with the urea-formaldehyde resins, but has also been of concern with phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and mixed resins. We have looked at emissions from particleboard and found that, in addition to the formaldehyde, there are methanol and higher molecular weight aldehydes that come from the wood. Another environmental issue is the preservative used to make the wood more degradation resistant. We showed that the HMR primer developed under Problem 2 worked for improving the bonding to CCA. With phase out of CCA in some applications, we have also looked to bonding some of the replacements, such as ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper azole. Due to the different chemistry,
these treated woods have a more detrimental effect on the adhesive. These effects were determined and this information has been published and passed on to the adhesive and treatment chemical companies. Acetylation and propoxylation to provide durable wood products are other approaches that avoid the hazards associated with using heavy metals as preservatives. Bonding to wood treated with organic chemicals can also be difficult; thus, we are examining the types of adhesives that can be used with these organically modified woods.
Impacts
Our work on bonding to ACQ and copper azole treated wood has been much appreciated by the adhesive producers, including AF&PA members and producers of the treatment chemicals. We are pursuing bonding to other treated woods that are less hazardous than those treated with heavy metals.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Wood products are generally considered environmentally benign. However there are several exceptions. One main related to adhesives has been the formaldehyde emissions that exist with the most common wood adhesives. The formaldehyde issue was mainly with the urea-formaldehyde resins, but has also been of concern with phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde and resorcinol-formaldehyde, and mixed resins. We have looked at emissions from particleboard and found that in addition to the formaldehyde, there are methanol and higher molecular weight aldehydes that come from the wood. Another environmental issue is the preservative used to make the wood more degradation resistant. We showed that the HMR primer developed under Problem 2 worked for improving the bonding to CCA. With the phaseout of CCA in some applications, we have also looked to bonding some of the replacements, such as ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper azole. Due to the different chemistry, these
treated woods have a more detrimental effect on the adhesive. These effects were determined and this information has been published and passed onto the adhesive and treatment chemical companies. The third area is the mold growth on adhesives. This area is under investigation.
Impacts
Our work on bonding to ACQ and copper azole treated wood has been much appreciated by the adhesive producers, including the American Forest and Paper Association members, and producers of the treatment chemicals. The work on volatile characterization has been appreciated by industry and they have asked us to continue our work in this area. Our work has led to research programs with the University of North Dakota.
Publications
- Wang, Wenlong; Gardner, Douglas J.; Baumann, Melissa G.D. 2003. Factors affecting volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard. Forest Products Journal. 53(3): 65-72.
- Frihart, Charles R. 2003. Interaction of copper wood preservatives and adhesives. In: Proceedings 26th annual meeting of the Adhesion Society, Inc. Adhesion Fundamentals: from molecules to mechanisms and modeling; 2003 February 23-26; Myrtle Beach, SC. Blacksburg, VA: The Adhesion Society: 244-245.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Wood products are generally considered environmentally benign. However there are several exceptions. One main area related to adhesives has been the formaldehyde emissions that exist with the most common wood adhesives. The formaldehyde issue was mainly with the urea formaldehyde resins, but has also been of concern with phenol formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde and resorcinol formaldehyde, and mixed resins. We have looked at emissions from particleboard and found that in addition to the formaldehyde, there are methanol and higher molecular weight aldehydes that come from the wood. Another environmental issue is the preservative used to make the wood more degradation resistant. We showed that the HMR primer developed under Problem 2 worked for improving the bonding to CCA. With phase out of CCA in some applications, we are also looking at bonding some of the treated wood replacements, such as ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper azole.
Impacts
The industry appreciated our work to show that except for formaldehyde emissions, most of the emissions come from the wood, not the adhesive. Further work is awaiting industry input on needs since they feel that they have adequately addressed the formaldehyde emissions problem.
Publications
- Jiang, Ting; Gardner, Douglas J.; Baumann, Melissa G.D. 2002. Volatile organic compound emissions arising from the hot-pressing of mixed-hardwood particleboard. Forest Products Journal. 52(11/12): 66-77.
- Wang, Wenlong; Gardner, Douglas J.; Baumann, Melissa G.D. 2002. Volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard: panel size effects and trade-off between press time and temperature. Forest Products Journal. 52(4): 24-30.
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