Progress 07/01/08 to 06/30/13
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Nothing to report for 2011. This project was funded by the Wine Advisory Board. PARTICIPANTS: D.B. Walsh, W. Peng, Dan Gorenendale, WSU-Prosser TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine and juice grape producers of the Pacific Northwest PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
No longer funded.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: There is nothing to report. This project is technically over. PARTICIPANTS: Doug Walsh, PI, WSU TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine and juice grape producers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
We developed and implemented a barrier spray technology, resulting in an annual 25,000 lb reduction in organophosphate use in wine and juice grape vineyards. The overwhelming majority of cutworm controls are conventional. Very few growers have adopted our organically acceptable recommendations.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Delayed-dormant barrier applications with the pyrethroid insecticides is the standard treatment applied for climbing cutworm control in Washington State vineyards. This insecticide is applied to the soil/vine/trellis interface to repel cutworms from climbing into vines and feeding on swelling buds. Third-party certifiers based in Europe are vehemently opposed to pyrethroid insecticides and the industry in general would like to move toward adoption of organically acceptable practices. Walsh demonstrated in 2004, 2005, and 2008 that hot pepper wax could effectively repel cutworms if applied in vineyards in late winter/early spring. Typically two applications would be required to provide full economic control. Unfortunately, at $40 per application this adds up to $80 per acre. Walsh has also demonstrated that hot pepper wax combined with garlic powder and sulfur provided repellency against cutworms with just a single concentrated application. Technology is under development at the WSU Center for Precision Agriculture that will reduce labor inputs, target applications more precisely, and reduce the amount of product used while maintaining efficacy. Additionally, a banding device is under development that will automate application. We demonstrated the efficiency of wick technology for its potential to deliver candidate organically acceptable and traditional pest control chemistries in a technique that eliminates most potential off-target pesticide drift as it applies the product to the vine. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
There has been very little adoption of the organic treatments. The conventional treatments are too effective, cheap and easy. They cost less then $7 per acre. Organic treatments like pepper wax cost in excess of $40 per acre. Till the cost of organic treatments becomes economically competitive there will be very little adoption.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Wick pesticide application technology is used for herbicide applications in field crops for repelling cutworms in vineyards. With some minor modifications to this existing technology a wick application could mimic the "paint-on Hot Pepper Wax" treatment described above. This treatment was effective and would be considered as being organically acceptable under USDA regulation. We will test the wick application of Hot Pepper Wax technique in prototype in vineyards in spring 2009. PARTICIPANTS: Ste Michele Wine Estate, Washington Association of Wine Grape Growers, Wine Advisory Committee TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: In 2009 we will modify wick applicators and test it in vineyards for efficacy for applying hot pepperwax and subsequently repelling cutworms
Impacts
This wick pesticide treatment could be considered as being organically acceptable under USDA regulation.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A public and private research team in Washington State has developed a technique of target-spraying only the trunk of vines and supporting posts at the soil interface in Pacific Northwest vineyards with pyrethroid insecticides using a red-eye motion sensor-controlled diaphragm sprayer. This technique leaves a chemical barrier on the trunk and posts that repels soil-dwelling cutworms and keeps them from climbing up into the cordons to feed on swelling buds in late winter and early spring. This targeted "barrier treatment" technique that the PNW Vineyard IPM Team developed has been extremely effective. By 2005 adoption of this practice had reduced the total amount of insecticide used by 84% in wine grape vineyards and 51% in juice grape vineyards compared to insecticide use in the 1990's. Adoption of this technique has reduced outbreaks of secondary pests including spider mites and mealybugs. Industry acknowledges increased returns of $7 million per year from decreased pest
control costs and improved yields.
PARTICIPANTS: Doug Walsh, Tim Waters, Holly Ferguson, Ron Wight, Karen Weller, Marcus Keller, Carolyn Ross, Washington State University and vineyard owners
TARGET AUDIENCES: Viticulture Industry.
Impacts
Adoption of this technique has reduced outbreaks of secondary pests including spider mites and mealybugs. Industry acknowledges increased returns of $7 million per year from decreased pest control costs and improved yields.
Publications
- Ross, C., H.J. Ferguson, M. Keller, D. Walsh, K.M. Weller, and S. Spayd. 2007. Determination of ortho-nasal aroma threshold for multicolored Asian Lady Beetle in a Concord grape juice. J. of Food Quality. 30:855-863.
- Waters, T.D., H.J. Ferguson, R.P. Wight, and D. Walsh. 2007. Insecticide efficacy against lygus on alfalfa grown for seed in Washington State, 2006. Arthropod Management Tests 32. http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT31/resultsgood.asp
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
This project proposed to take a two-pronged approach towards cutworm control in Pacific Northwest vineyards that would provide environmental benefits and increased economic returns to grape producers. Both of these key objectives were accomplished. In the completion of the first tactic we demonstrated that delayed-dormant barrier applications of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in wine and juice grape vineyards, to the soil/vine/trellis interface, repels cutworms and prevents them from subsequently climbing into vines and feeding on swelling buds in spring. We demonstrated that the pyrethroid barrier reduces cutworm damage significantly (p<0.01) when compared with the traditional organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) standard. In total, only 38 acres of wine grapes were treated with chlorpyrifos in 2005. In 2001, over 15,000 acres of winegrapes were treated with chlorpyrifos.
Impacts
This information has been extended to the wine and juice grape industry via newsletters, presentations and research publications. The project documented a 25,000 lb per year reduction in the use of chlorpyrifos and increased grower returns of over $6 million per year from grower adoption of the research demonstrated over the course of this project. The project proposed to document a minimum of a 75% reduction in the use of chlorpyrifos in Washington State vineyards from base year 2001 by 2006. In 2005 grape producers were surveyed on their pest management practices with funds received from the Washington Wine Industry Foundation. Results of this survey will be released in fall 2006 through a Washinton State University Extension Bulletin. A 98% reduction in the use of chlorpyrifos on wine grapes and a 60% reduction in juice grapes were documented.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Cutworms, including spotted cutworm Xestia c-nigrum L and redbacked cutworm Euxoa ochrogaster Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are the key arthropod pest in Washington State grape production, causing direct damage to grapevines by feeding on buds and new growth. Traditional chemical controls have included airblast application of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E), phosmet (Imidan 70W) or fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4EC). These applications are both expensive and highly disruptive to non-target species. An April application of chlorpyrifos in vineyards often results in outbreaks of secondary pests including spider mites (Acari:Tetranychidae)and mealybugs(Homoptera). As cutworms access the grapevines by climbing up from the soil, it was hypothesized that targeting application of an insecticide to the soil/trunk/trellis interface as a chemical barrier could prevent the pests from climbing the vine and inflicting damage. In 2002, a barrier application of fenpropathrin was compared to
foliar-applied and bait insecticides; the pyrethroid barrier treatment showed consistently high levels of efficacy. In 2003, a number of registered, unregistered, and experimental chemistries, including other pyrethroids, were applied at the soil/trunk/trellis interface and efficacies compared. In 2004 the optimum timing was investigated. Bifenthrin (Capture 2EC) proved as effective and even less expensive than fenproprathrin, and the first half of March proved the most effective time for application in the Yakima Valley of Washington State, USA. Utilizing barrier treatment is compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) practices, reduces the overall amount of chemical used (therefore is cost-effective), preserves beneficial predators, reduces the likelihood of secondary pest outbreaks, and is extremely effective in managing cutworm. This combination of results has led to widespread adoption of the new technique by the industry in Washington State and significant reduction in the
use of organophosphate products.
Impacts
Delayed-dormant (early to mid March, prior to bud swell) barrier application of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides reduces cutworm damage significantly (p<0.01) when compared with the chlorpyrifos foliar treatment standard. Organophosphates and pyrethroids are broad spectrum in their activity and often disrupt populations of natural enemies present in vineyards. Additionally, pyrethroid insecticides repel most beneficial arthropods that fly into vineyards. The barrier treatment method reduces the overall volume of these insecticides, which benefits integrated pest management in vineyards. Additionally, this method targets the insecticide to the soil/trunk/trellis interface, an area considerably smaller than the overall vegetation canopy sprayed in a foliar application, therefore exposing fewer insects (i.e., foliage-dwelling, flying) to the chemical. Barrier treatment is cost-effective as well as efficacious in terms of control. Chlorpyrifos costs approximately $38 per
acre per application. Fenpropathrin (as a foliar or a barrier treatment?) costs approximately $15 per acre and bifenthrin, applied as a barrier treatment, provides extremely effective cutworm control for $5 per acre. As a result of our disseminating our research information to grape growers throughout the Yakima Valley, Washington, growers are readily adopting barrier treatment as the preferred technique for managing cutworm. We estimate that chlorpyrifos use will be reduced by over 15,000 pounds active ingredient per year in Washington State vineyards as a result of the shift to barrier treatment.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Grape growers have dramatically shifted from delayed-dormant broadcast spray of Lorsban to applying a targeted barrier trunk spray of the pyrethroid insecticides Danitol or Capture.
Impacts
This project has resulted in a net reduction of 15,000 pounds of organophosphate insecticide and an annual $5.5 million decrease in cost and increase in revenue.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The project demonstrated that pyrethroid barrier insecticide sprays applied to the soil-vine-trellis interface provides very effective control of pest cutworms.
Impacts
The use of the pyrethroid barriers versus organophosphate cover sprays has reduced costs to grape producers by approximately $187,000. Increased yields due to improved crop protection increased returns to growers by a conservative estimate of $1.9 million.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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