Progress 07/01/08 to 06/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Grape Growers (includes Hispanic and Native American growers and field workers) Fieldmen and Crop Consultants working in Viticulture State and Federal Scientists and Extension Personel. Changes/Problems: While this project is completed from a funding perspective, additional work is needed to finalize publications. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project has provided opportunities for student training with graduate students learning to be able to recognize the differences between different nutrient deficiencies in wine grapes as well as learning about the impact of nutrients on canopy architecture. There have been several opportunities for growers and field crop consultants to view the plants as they developed symptoms. One of the deficiencies (phosphorus, P) helped a grower to identify the same problem in his field and other field people have developed a better ability to differentiate between nutrient, biotic, and other environmental stress responses in grape. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Grower talks both in the field (pot study) as well as in classroom settings. Recorded lectures for online classroom training. Portion of a regional IPM manual. Website highlights. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? This is a final report for this project. However, additional videos, extension, and research publications will be completed in the future.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Induce mineral nutrient deficiencies on both red and white grapevines and document visual symptoms. Control (full nutrition) and nutrient deficient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magenesium, sulfur, boron, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, chloride) conditions were examined. Weekly photos were taken for two growing seasons documenting the progression of different grape vine deficiencies in Red (Cabernet Sauvignon) and White (Semillion) wine grapes. The photographic record shows plant development, changes in plant size and architecture, and changes in foliage color with time as a result of the induced deficiencies. Photographs of the symptoms from this project have been used in the recently completed Grape IPM Guide for the Pacific Northwest. Additional efforts are ongoing to develop time lapse photo sequences and videos for educational and extension efforts. Analyze tissues of deficient red and white grapevines to establish true low-end standards of deficiency. Whole plants were harvested at bloom and concurrent with commerical grape harvest for 1 to 2 years. Plants were separated into different types of organs (roots, leaves, whoots, trunks, and fruit when present), dried, ground, and chemically analyzed for all of the plant micro and macro nutrients being evaluated (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magenesium, sulfur, boron, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, chloride). There are differences in shoot to root ratio as well as nutrient partitioning based on the element that was withheld from the plants. The data has been formatted for analysis.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Moyer, M., and G. Hoheisel (eds). Grape IPM. PNW644.
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2008, 150 Cabernet Sauvignon and 150 Semillion grape plants were planted in pots in sand culture. During the intervening winters these plants were stored in cold storage, pruned to 3 buds in the spring, and from the summer of 2009 to 2011 were treated by either providing a complete nutrient solution (30 reps per variety) or a solution lacking 1 essential nutrient (10 reps per variety/nutrient). During 2010 and 2011, each plant was photographed weekly using a black background for contrast. At the end of 2010, three replicates per variety and deficiency were harvested as whole plants, roots washed, plants separated into different organs, and analyzed for nutrient content. This was repeated post bloom in 2011 and with the remaining plants at the end of the 2011 growing season. All plant tissue was analyzed for nutrient concentration in 2012 and data has been complied and preliminary analysis conducted. In addition, photographs are being adjusted to a black and white color contrast to effectively display the symptoms. PARTICIPANTS: Joan R. Davenport, Professor, Crop and Soil Science Dept.
Technicians: A. Leonhard and T. Winkler. TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine grape producers and the scientific community PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
There is great interest in understanding visual nutrient deficiency symptoms in wine grape plants. One reason is to be able to manage plant nutrients to overcome the deficiency and produce quality wine. The other is to be able to differentiate the symptoms from other plant stresses - such as disease and pest pressure or other environmental stresses. To date, this project has resulted in two field presentations (one in 2009, the other in 2011) as well as one oral presentation (Nov., 2011) to growers and end users. In addition, the results and color adjusted photographs have been submitted and will be published in the forthcoming grape IPM manual. The results were also disseminated in the Nutrient Management Newsletter of the WERA-103 group. Efforts are underway to complete the following: Develop a print media (PDF) bulletin of symptoms; develop an interactive media output for viewing symptoms and their progress (videos, DVDs, webcasts all being considered); complete data analysis and revise tissue testing bulletin accordingly; and develop refereed journal publications from the data on nutrient partitioning in wine grape plants.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2008, 150 Cabernet Sauvignon and 150 Semillion grape plants were planted in pots in sand culture. During the intervening winters these were stored in cold storage, pruned to 3 buds in the spring, and from the summer of 2009 - 2011 were treated by either providing a complete nutrient solution (30 reps per variety) or a solution lacking 1 essential nutrient (10 reps per variety/nutrient). During 2010 and 2011, each plant was photographed weekly using a black background for contrast. At the end of 2010, three replicates per variety and deficiency were harvested as whole plants, roots were washed, plants were separated into different organs, and organs were analyzed for nutrient content. This was repeated post bloom in 2011 with the remaining plants at the end of the 2011 growing season. PARTICIPANTS: Markus Keller, Professor, WSU Prosser TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine Grape Growers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
There is great interest in understanding visual nutrient deficiency symptoms in wine grape plants. One reason is to be able to manage plant nutrients to overcome the deficiency and produce quality wine. The other is to be able to differentiate the symptoms from other plant stresses - such as disease and pest pressure or other environmental stresses. To date, this project has resulted in two field presentations (one in 2009, the other in 2011) as well as one oral presentation (Nov., 2011) to growers and end-users. Efforts are underway to complete the following: Develop a print media (PDF) bulletin of symptoms. Develop an interactive media output for viewing symptoms and their progress (Videos, DVDs, Webcasts all being considered). Complete data analysis and revised tissue testing bulletin accordingly. Develop refereed journal publications from the data on nutrient partitioning in wine grape plants.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Third year of pot study looking at inducing 12 different nutrient deficiencies on red and white wine grapes (Cabernet Sauvignon and Semillion). Each plant was photographed weekly to develop a photo record of any symptoms that may develop. Symptoms of calcium deficiency were visible early in the growing season on both cultivars and selected plants from this and from the complete nutrient treatments were harvested. Other symptoms did appear during the growing season, although symptoms manifested differently on red and white cultivars. Three plants from each treatment plus 5 control (no deficiency induced) plants were harvested and separated into different plant components for nutrient analysis. The chemical analysis is ongoing. PARTICIPANTS: J. Davenport, J. Lunden, T. Winkler, A. Leonhard, WA State University TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers and producers world wide; students of viticulture and enology PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Project expected to continue into 2011 growing season for pictoral record of plant symptoms.
Impacts
A photographic record of the development of nutrient deficiency symptoms in both red and white wine grapes has been initiated. This weekly record shows symptom development as well as the differences between red and white grape cultivars. This is very significant since the symptoms manifest differently in the red vs. white grapes, likely related to pigment (anthocyanin) development in the red variety.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This experiment was initiated in 2008 and was ongoing in 2009 and is expected to continue through 2010 and possibly 2011. Grape plants of two varieties (one red, Cabernet Sauvignon and one white, Semillion; 150 plant each) were established in pots. In year one nutrients were withheld and the plants were prepared for inducing the deficiency symptoms. However, very few flowered and fruited, so although a single nutrient was withheld from 10 replicates of each plant in 2009, the plants were allowed to grow through the season. Plants will be pruned for fruit development in 2010 and a record of symptoms should be started. PARTICIPANTS: J.R. Davenport, Soil Scientist and Professor, WSU-Prosser; M. Olmstead, Extension Horticulturist, WSU-Prosser. TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine and juice grape growers in irrigated areas of WA. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: M. Olmstead has since resigned from WSU
Impacts
To date there are few outcomes from this project. However, it was the topic of a field tour during the summer of 2009, and there is a great deal of interest by stakeholders and scientists in seeing the results of this project.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A project was initiated to develop a photographic guide to nutrient deficiency symptoms in winegrape. Over 150 white (Semillon) and 150 red (Merlot) grapevines were planted in pots in sand culture and grown through the 2008 growing season. The plants were maintained on a starvation diet and are now dormant. Single element deficiencies will be imposed in the 2009 growing season. PARTICIPANTS: J. Davenport, M. Olmstead, J. Lunden, T. Winkler TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine Grape Growers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This is the initiation phase of a multi-year project. The plants are alive and ready for implementing the treatments.
Publications
- Davenport, J.R., and R.G. Stevens. 2008. Spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in drip irrigated vineyards. HortScience 43(1):229-235.
- Bair, K., J.R. Davenport, and R.G. Stevens. 2008. Release of available nitrogen after incorporation of a legume cover crop in Concord grape. HortScience 43:875-880.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Currently the standards used to evaluate fertilizer needs in wine grape plants by testing plant tissue are adopted values from other growing areas and, in some cases, from table rather than wine grapes. The objective of this research is to begin to develop guidelines for plant tissue sampling in wine grapes in Washington State that reflect the yield, quality, climatic, and management aspects of this growing area. To that end, plots were set up on two different soils and two different varieties each with four nitrogen (N) rates. Plant tissue was sampled at key growth stages and fruit was harvested to determine the effects of the N treatments on yield, Brix and titratable acidity. Leaf petiole and blade tissue analysis from 2003-2007 is complete. In 2006 and 2007, berry samples were also collected for analysis of amino acids to determine if low N rates may have an adverse effect on these. Low amino acid concentrations in wine grape are often the cause of stuck fermentation
which can lead to off flavors and flaws in the end product. After five years of being fertilized with consistent N rates (zero, low, medium, or high), plant tissue N was affected. However, petiole tissue NO3-N was extremely low in sand soils and very high in silt soils. In the sand soil, petiole NO3-N was often significantly lower than published critical values for this nutrient, yet fruit yield, Brix, pH, and TA were not substandard in these vineyards. Although there were some differences by soil with blade tissue total N, these were less pronounced. The relationship between petiole NO3-N and blade total N were very vineyard specific, again, suggesting an influence of soil type. Analysis of other plant nutrients, both from the plot tissue and field collections from vineyards throughout WA, showed that average petiole tissue concentrations of two macronutrients were above published critical concentrations. Conversely, when compared to published critical concentrations, the average
concentration of same nutrients in blade tissue was below normal. Micronutrient levels were routinely below published standards. Findings from both of these components of the research suggest that Washington specific critical nutrient ranges are needed for wine grape to reduce the possibility of under or over fertilizing relative to plant need.
PARTICIPANTS: J. Davenport, R. Stevens, K. Shellie, M. Keller, Washington State University.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Wine grape growers and fieldmen
Impacts
Plots have been established in two different wine grape varieties (Merlot, White Riesling) and on two different soil types (silt loam, sand) to begin developing different nitrogen status in the plants via differential nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate applications. After five years of study, differences in tissue N status were found in both leaf blade and petiole tissue. The data suggest that for early season monitoring, blade tissue N concentration is more consistent with plant N status than petiole tissue. In addition, tissue was collected for analysis of nutrients other than N, both from the N plots and from a number of irrigation-dependent commercial vineyards in WA, OR, and ID. Funding was secured through the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research in 2004 and 2006. Although continued funding was recommended for 2007, it was not available to this project due to lack of USDA Special Grant funding in 2007. The results from the tissue survey work show that average leaf
petiole and blade tissue nutrient concentrations differ from published critical ranges. These differences are of concern in interpreting tissue data based on the published standard values which could result in under or over application of fertilizer in WA wine grape vineyards. These findings strongly support the need for PNW specific tissue nutrient standards.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Currently the standards used to evaluate fertilizer needs in wine grape plant by testing plant tissue are adopted values from other growing areas and, in some cases, from table rather than wine grapes. The objective of this research is to begin to develop guidelines for plant tissue sampling in wine grapes in Washington State that reflect the yield, quality, climatic, and management aspects of this growing area. To that end, plots were set up on two different soils and two different varieties each with four nitrogen (N) rates. Plant tissue was sampled at key growth stages and fruit was harvested to determine the effects of the N treatments on yield, Brix and titratable acidity. Leaf petiole and blade tissue analysis from 2003-2005 is complete; analysis of 2006 samples is ongoing. In 2006, berry samples were also collected for analysis of amino acids to determine if low N rates may have an adverse effect on these. Low amino acid concentrations in wine grape are often
the cause of stuck fermentation which can lead to off flavors and flaws in the end product. After three years of being fertilized with consistent N rates (zero, low, medium, or high), plant tissue N was affected. However, petiole tissue NO3-N was extremely low in sand soils and very high in silt soils. In the sand soil, petiole NO3-N was often significantly lower than published critical values for this nutrient, yet fruit yield, Brix, pH, and TA were not substandard in these vineyards. Although there were some differences by soil with blade tissue total N, these were less pronounced. The relationship between petiole NO3-N and blade total N were very vineyard specific, again suggesting an influence of soil type. Analysis of other plant nutrients, both from the plot tissue and field collections from vineyards throughout WA, show that average petiole tissue concentrations of 4 nutrients were above published critical concentrations. Conversely, when compared to published critical
concentrations, the average concentration of 4 nutrients in blade tissue was below normal. Findings from both of these components of the research suggest that Washington specific critical nutrient ranges are needed for winegrape to reduce the possibility of under or over fertilizing relative to plant need.
Impacts
Plots have been established in two different wine grape varieties (Merlot, White Riesling) and on two different soil types (silt loam, sand) to begin developing different nitrogen status in the plants via differential nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate applications. After three years of study, differences in tissue N status were found in both leaf blade and petiole tissue (fourth year tissue currently being analyzed). After three years of continuous N rate treatments, preliminary ranges for non-destructive leaf tissue N monitoring with a commercially available hand held leaf reflectance meter have been established. In addition, tissue was collected for analysis of nutrients other than N both from the N plots and from a number of irrigation dependent commercial vineyards in WA, OR, and ID. Funding this was secured through the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research in 2004 and 2006. The results from the tissue survey work show that average leaf petiole and blade tissue
nutrient concentrations differ from published critical ranges. These differences are of concern since interpreting tissue data based on the published standard values could result in under or over application of fertilizer in WA winegrape vineyards. These findings strongly support the need for Pacific Northwest specific tissue nutrient standards.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Currently the standards used to evaluate fertilizer needs in wine grape plants by testing plant tissue are adopted values from other growing areas and, in some cases, from table rather than wine grapes. The objective of this research is to begin to develop guidelines for plant tissue sampling in wine grapes in Washington State that reflect the yield, quality, climatic, and management aspects of this growing area. To that end, plots were set up on two different soils and with two different varieties, each with four nitrogen (N) rates. Plant tissue was sampled at key growth stages and fruit was harvested to determine the effects of the N treatments on yield, Brix and titratable acidity. Leaf petiole and blade tissue analysis from 2003 and 2004 is complete; analysis of 2005 samples is ongoing. After two years of being fertilized with consistent N rates (zero, low, medium, or high), plant tissue N was affected. However, petiole tissue NO3-N was extremely low in sand soils
and very high in silt soils. In the sand soil, petiole NO3-N was often significantly lower than published critical values for this nutrient, yet fruit yield, Brix, pH, and TA were not substandard in these vineyards. Although there were some differences by soil with blade tissue total N, these were less pronounced. The relationship between petiole NO3-N and blade total N were very vineyard specific, again, suggesting an influence of soil type. Analysis of other plant nutrients, both from the plot tissue and field collections from vineyards throughout WA, shows that average petiole tissue concentrations of 4 nutrients were above published critical concentrations. Conversely, when compared to published critical concentrations, the average concentration of 4 nutrients in blade tissue was below normal. Findings from both of these components of the research suggest that Washington-specific critical nutrient ranges are needed for wine grape to reduce the possibility of under or over
fertilizing relative to plant need. Plots were established in two different wine grape varieties (Merlot and White Riesling) and on two different soil types (silt loam and sand) to begin developing different N status in the plants via differential N fertilizer rate applications. After two years of study, differences in tissue N status were found in both leaf blade and petiole tissue (third-year tissue currently being analyzed). After three years of continuous N rate treatments, preliminary ranges for non-destructive leaf tissue N monitoring with a commercially-available hand-held leaf reflectance meter were established. In addition, tissue was collected for analysis of nutrients other than N both from the N plots and from a number of irrigation-dependent commercial vineyards in WA, OR, and ID. Funding for this was secured through the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research in 2004 and has tentatively been approved for 2006.
Impacts
Results from the tissue survey work show that average leaf petiole and blade tissue nutrient concentrations differ from published critical ranges. These differences concerning interpreting tissue data based on the published standard values could result in under or over application of fertilizer in WA wine grape vineyards. These findings strongly support the need for PNW-specific tissue nutrient standards.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Replicated plots were established in 2003 two different sites, one sand soil and one silt loam, on both Merlot and White Riesling grapes, grown under drip irrigation. N was applied at 4 rates - 0, 22, 44, and 67 kg/ha on the sand and 0, 11, 22, 33 kg/ha on the silt loam. Applications were split across four separate additions from bloom through post-harvest. Tissue samples, both leaf petiole and blade, were collected at bloom and veraison; analysis of 2004 samples is ongoing. Fruit was harvested from the center 6 vines in each plot and weighed for yield with Brix and Titratable Acidity measured and, in 2994, clusters were counted during harvest to determine average cluster weight. Yield, Brix and titratable acidity were correlated with N rate and year across both varieties. Cluster weight was related to N rate alone. Higher N rates were not necessarily related to increased yield or decreased quality. In year 1 (2003) late season petiole nitrate nitrogen was
significantly correlated with N rate at the sandy site. In addition, tissue samples from the project had an array of values of other essential plant nutrients and can be utilized to being assessing the validity of tissue nutrient standards developed in other growing regions (e.g., California, Australia) to Washington State conditions. This project is expected to be continued for an addition year to establish multi year response to N.
Impacts
Different nitrogen fertilizer rates in wine grape have been established on two different vineyards and two different varieties: 1 each red and white. The first year of the study showed results that are promising toward the development of tissue nutrient standards that are specific to the irrigated areas of the Pacific Northwest, particularly for nitrogen. This has the potential to improve the grower's ability to monitor plant nutrients throughout the season and adjust nutrient addition to improve wine grape quality by better meeting crop needs. Wine growers receive a premium price for high quality fruit and thus have a potential positive economic impact
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Replicated plots were established at two different sites, one sand soil and one silt loam, on both Merlot and White Riesling grapes, grown under drip irrigation. N was applied at 4 rates: 0, 22, 44, and 67 kg/ha on the sand and 0, 11, 22, 33 kg/ha on the silt loam. Applications were split across four separate additions from bloom through post-harvest. Tissue samples, both leaf petiole and blade, were collected at bloom and veraison; analysis is ongoing. In addition, leaf spectral reflectance was monitored with a hand held meter at veraison. The values from this were significantly related to N rate and variety. Fruit was harvested from the center 6 vines in each plot and weighed for yield with Brix and Titratable Acidity measured. Yield was correlated with N rate in the Merlot on the silt loam soil only. This project is expected to be continued for two more years to establish multi year response to N.
Impacts
Due to the multi-year nature of perennial crops when responding to nutrient management, no significant impacts are expected until next year.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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