Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1)13 half udder studies were completed to evaluate novel new teat dips for winter to help alleviate cracking and dehydration of teat skin. Our studies focused on maintaining teat skin and teat end health and integrity. Results of these studies have been disseminated in Animal Industry Reports, technical papers and abstracts at meetings, and at my field extension meetings. 2) 4 half udder studies were completed to evaluate effects of novel lactating cow teat dips on teat health and integrity. Results of these studies have been disseminated in Animal Industry Reports, technical papers and abstracts at meetings, and at my field extension meetings. 3) Research was conducted to clone and express uterocalin and evaluate it's role in inflammatory responses and prevention of bovine mastitis. Results of these studies have been presented at scientific meetings and published in peer reviewed journals. 4) A study was conducted on a commercial dairy using 200 springing heifers to evaluate the use of intramammary antibiotic administration 7 days prior to calving on intramammary infections (IMI) at calving and subsequent udder health and milk production. Results of these studies have been disseminated in Animal Industry Reports, technical papers and abstracts at meetings, peer review journals, and at my field extension meetings. 5) 6 studies were conducted to evaluate persistency of new dry cow sealant teat dips designed to prevent IMI in the early and late dry periods. Results of these studies have been disseminated in Animal Industry Reports, technical papers and abstracts at meetings, and at my field extension meetings. 6) 2 studies were conducted to evaluate management factors related to teat closure and dry period mastitis and the use of the California Mastitis Test at calving to evaluate udder health. PARTICIPANTS: Leo Timms was principal investigator on all projects except the uterocalin project. His projects have encompassed 8 undergraduate salaried students who were responsible for data collection, milk and animal sampling, and data entry. These studies also provided opportunities for 6 undergraduate research projects and students with most resulting in published abstracts, reports, and presentations by these students. University partnering organizations include University of Guelph, Kansas State University and Cornell University (teat closure work) and University of Missouri (heifer mastitis treatment). Industry partners include Hydromer, West Agro, DeLaval, Ecolab, IBA, Boumatic, and Westfalia-Surge. Marit Nilsen-Hamilton was PI on the uterocalin work. Her work encompassed graduate students and laboratory technicians. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audiences for the end results of most of this work are dairy producers trying to prevent mastitis and maximize milk quality and safety. The ultimate benefactor ( and also a target audience for education on best dairy management practices) as this provides the framework for an abundant supply of safe, nutritious, and healthy dairy products.The work has been published and presented in a variety of print and visual media and oral presentations, and this work has resulted in development and implementation of products and strategies to enhance animal performance, farm profitability, and dairy product quality and safety. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
1) Winter conditions can create rapid changes in teat condition with increased mastitis risks. Our research resulted in the final teat health data necessary to commercialize 6 of these dips. However, most teat dips created especially for winter only provide similar results as other commercial lactating cow dips and best management practices. 2) Our studies and final data on teat integrity and health associated with new teat dips resulted in commercialization of 1 product and rejection of 3 others. More importantly, our intense observational half udder design model has become an industry standard for evaluating effects of compounds on teat end and skin health and integrity. 3) Uterocalin has been cloned and expressed and initially evaluated in some mastitis models. Uterocalin's ability to bind bacterial sideophores may be useful in preventing environmental mastitis. 4) Treating heifers with a single lactating tube 7-10 days prepartum decreased new infections post calving and resulted in increased milk production and may be a practice for producers with existing best management practices for heifer mastitis prevention. 5) Most new dry cow teat sealant dips failed to provide adequate persistency to be used commercially for preventing dry period mastitis. One dip was comparable to industry standards and was commercialized with particular focus on the organic market. 6) Our results showed that 25% of teats failed to close or seal during the dry period (8-67% herd range) and factors like high milk production at dry off increased this risk. (95% of all mastitis at calving occurred in non sealed quarters). Our work provided the first evidence for this and was instrumental in developing and implementing strategies (management factors to decrease production, use of teat sealants at dry off) to prevent dry period IMI. Our work also validated the use of the CMT at calving as an excellent mastitis screening test and this has been implemented in > 20% of all herds. This area for prevention of mastitis is very important because 50% of all mastitis occurs during this period.
Publications
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Milk quality programs for transition cows and heifers. NW IA Dairy Herd Management Meeting. Proceedings.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Milk quality programs for transition cows and heifers. Dairy Focus Proceedings 2006. Nova Scotia, CA.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Milk quality programs for dry/ transition/ fresh cows and heifers. WVMA Ann. Mtg. Proc.
- Timms, L. 2006. Teat problems caused by winter conditions what have we learned. Midwest Dairy Health Conference Proceedings.
- Lago, A., S. Godden, R. Bey, K. Leslie, R. Dingwell, P. Ruegg, and L. Timms. 2006. Preliminary validation of an on-farm culture system. J. Dairy Sci. 89 (Suppl. 1):199.
- Huprich, C. and L.L. Timms. 2007. Method and composition for coating wound or protecting animal skin. Canadian Patent # 2,283,852. May 29, 2007.
- Lago, A., K. Leslie, R. Dingwell, P. Ruegg, L. Timms, and S. Godden. 2006 Preliminary validation of an on-farm culture system. NMC Proceedings:290.
- Boll, A. and L. Timms. 2006. Use of the California mastitis test and an on-farm culture system for strategic identification and treatment of clinical and fresh cow subclinical intramammary infections. Honors project final report.
- Huprich, C. and L.L. Timms. 2006.Method and composition for coating wound or protecting animal skin. Japanese Patent # 3716336. Feb. 2006.
- Timms, L.L. 2007. Nutrition and mastitis: food for thought. ISU Extension publication.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Milk Quality Programs for Transition Cows and Heifers. ISU Extension publication.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Maintaining healthy teats: problems and solutions. ISU Extension publication.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Teat problems caused by winter conditions: what have we learned ISU Extension publication.
- Schnitzler,J., D. Stendel, and L. Timms. 2006. Evaluation of a novel winter teat dip compared to commercially available winter dips to enhance teat integrity during winter. ISU Animal Industry Report. ASL-R2099.
- Ehrman, C., N. Slater, and L. Timms. 2006. Evaluation of two barrier teat dips to maintain / enhance teat end and skin integrity during winter / spring. ISU Animal Industry Report. ASL-R2100.
- Mondak, C. and L. Timms. 2006. Addressing an acute milk quality problem through a strategic targeted management team approach. ISU Animal Industry Report. ASL-R2105.
- Timms, L.L. 2007. Clean, screen, and turn down the heat: a focus on fresh cow mastitis, especially during summer. ISU Extension View Dairy Newsletter. July 2007.
- Timms, L.L. 2007. To dip or not to dip That is the question (in winter). ISU Extension View Dairy Newsletter. December 2007.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Prevent winter teat problems. NMC Newsletter. Vol. 29:5, Oct 2006.
- Timms, L.L. 2006. Winter teat dips no substitute for good management. Farm Flash. Hoards Dairyman. February 25, 2005
- Timms, L.L. 2007.Do not let winter teat problems throw you off course. Hoards Dairyman. January 25, 2007.
- Timms, L.L. 2007. Control winter teat problems. Dairy Herd Management. February, 2008.
- Timms, L.L. 2007. Take back your profits: (special milk quality section): Dairy Herd Management. August, 2007.
- Lim, G., D. Kelton, K. Leslie, L. Timms, C. Church, and R. Dingwell. 2007. Herd management factors that affect the mean duration and variation of adherence of an external teat sealant in commercial Ontario dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1301.
- Lim, G., K. Leslie, Kelton, D., T.F. Duffield, L. Timms, and R. Dingwell. 2007. Adherence and efficacy of an external teat sealant to prevent intramammary infections in the dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1289.
- Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2007. Subclinical mastitis is common among Ghanaian women lactating 3 to 4 months postpartum. Journal of Human Lactation (accepted 10/2007, in press).
- Aryeetey, R., G. Marquis, L. Timms, A. Lartey, and L. Brakohiapa. 2007. Evaluating simple diagnostic tests for subclinical mastitis among Ghanaian lactating women. The FASEB Journal. 21:678-9.
- Schnitzler, J. and L. Timms. 2006 Effect of prepartum intramammary treatment with pirlimycin hydrochloride on prevalence of early first lactation mastitis. ISU Animal Industry Report. ASL-R2101.
- Boll, A. and L. Timms. 2006. Use of the California mastitis test and an on-farm culture system for strategic identification and treatment of clinical and fresh cow subclinical intramammary infections. ISU Animal Industry Report. ASL-R2102.
- Schultz, L. and L. Timms. 2006. Case study of prevention and therapy strategies for a high somatic cell count herd. ISU Animal Industry Report. ASL-R2104.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
1) 6 half udder studies were conducted during winter (trials 5-10). Trials 5-7 compared a 1% iodine, 50% glycerin dip (Triumph, West Agro, Inc.) to a .5 % iodine, 74% conditioner dip (Derma- Kote, Westfalia-Surge) (64 cows, trial 5, EW barn), a 1.5% heptanoic acid, 78% skin conditioner dip (Artec, Ecolab, Inc.) (48 cows, trial 6, WW barn), and a fatty acid germicide, 70% skin conditioner dip (Dermasept, Westfalia Surge) (60 cows, trial 7, FS barn). Both teat end and teat skin condition were scored, and subclinical and clinical mastitis were monitored. There were no significant differences between dips within trials except for teat skin in trial 5 where teats dipped in the .5% iodine, 74% emollient dip had significantly higher teat skin scores. Trials 8-10 involved dipping with a chlorous acid, iodine barrier, and non-iodine barrier, respectively compared to a .5% iodine, 8% skin conditioning dip. Teat dipping in winter with chlorous acid, iodine, and a non iodine
barrier teat dips showed no significant differences in teat end health unless milkers failed to fully remove the chlorous acid barrier dip. Teat skin condition was significantly decreased with the non-iodine barrier product. 2) The mRNA sequence for bovine Uterocalin (Utc/lcn2) was identified in a cDNA library (Jeanne Burton ,Michigan State) and cDNA was subcloned into a bacterial expression vector and the protein expressed. The protein was found to be present in two forms, which appear to be monomer and dimer. Studies are currently in progress to determine the nature of the uterocalin forms and whether they bind bacterial siderophores as do mouse and human proteins. 3)A trial was competed in a 1200 cow commercial dairy to investigate the effect of intramammary administration of a single commercial lactating cow antibiotic tube to heifers approximately 7-14 days prepartum on IMI post calving, SCC, and milk production. Odd numbered heifers form the treated group while even numbered
heifers served as controls. Weekly, heifers that were 7-14 days prepartum (based on breeding records) were enrolled. Aseptic quarter samples were obtained from all quarters of all heifers. Each quarter of treated heifers then received 1 tube pirlimycin hydrochloride ( Pirsue, Pharmacia). All teats were dipped with a persistent barrier dip (Stronghold, West Agro, Inc). All quarters of all heifers were California Mastitis Tested during the first day postpartum and aseptic samples taken from CMT + quarters. Aseptic quarter samples were taken on all heifers during the first week postpartum and between 3-4 weeks postpartum. Daily milk production data was also collected and stored in Dairy Comp. 180 heifers were enrolled, with 120 with complete data for proper analysis. Treated heifers had a higher overall cure rate and cure rate for CNS (P < 0.017), but post-partum CMT scores and number of chronic IMIs did not differ from control (P > 0.057). A trend towards higher mature equivalent (ME)
305-day milk production was seen between groups (P = 0.08). No pirlimycin milk residues were detected by a commercial test kit (Delvo) when milk was tested within 3 days of calving.
Impacts
1) Winter conditions can create rapid changes in teat condition with increaded mastitis risks and most teat dips created especially for winter only provide similar results as other commercial lactating cow dips and best management practices. 2) Uterocalin's ability to bind bacterial sideophore's may be useful in preventing environmental mastitis. 3) Treating heifers with a single lactating tube 7-10 days prepartum decreased new infections post calving and resulted in increased milk production and may be a practice for producers with existing best management practices for heifer mastitis prevention.
Publications
- Schultz, L., and L.L. Timms. 2005. Case study of prevention and therapy strategies in a high somatic cell count herd. J. Dairy Sci., 88(Suppl. 1).
- Timms, L.L. 2005. Teat problems caused by winter conditions:what have we learned? NMC Regional Meeting Proc.:44.
- Timms, L.L. 2005. Mycoplasma: mastitis and more. Four State Professional Dairy Management Seminar. MWPS-4SD18:127.
- Ehrman, C., N. Slater, L. Timms, and D. Perschbacher. 2005. Evaluation of two barrier teat dips to maintain / enhance teat end integrity during winter / spring. AABP Annual Mtg.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
1) A 2nd study (joint with Guelph/Cornell) to evaluate factors affecting teat closure and prevent mastitis during the dry period was completed with data being analyzed at Guelph. 180 cows completed the study at Iowa State. Teat end and teat skin condition, udder involution, and body condition were assessed at 14 days pre-dry off, at dry off, and at calving with aseptic quarter milk samples taken at this time. Milk production data was obtained 30 days pre-dry off and 30 days post calving. Teat end, teat closure, and udder involution were also assessed for 4 weeks into the dry period. Commercial persistent barrier teat dip sealants were applied at dry off, then starting 10 days pre-calving in trial 2 to assess the potential benefit of dipping on enhancing teat closure and teat end health, and preventing mastitis. Data showed 47% and 16% of teat ends open at 1 and 4 weeks post dry off, respectively. Dipping of teats with a persistent barrier dip post dry off and
pre-calving did not significantly impact teat closure, teat health, or new intramammary infections. Data on dip persistence showed failure to achieve complete protection for the last week pre-calving when dipping every 3.5 days. 2) A study evaluating prepartum heifer mastitis treatment (single tube of lactating cow antibiotic (Pirsue, Pfizer, Inc.)/quarter 8-14 days prepartum) was completed on a 1200 cow commercial dairy with 180 heifers completing the trial. Aseptic quarter milk samples were taken 8-10 days pre-dry off, and 1 and 4 weeks post calving, with all animals CMT tested on calving day. Milk production, reproduction, and health data was acquired through Dairy Comp 305 on the farm. Treated heifers had significantly higher overall cure rates and cure rates for coagulase negative staphylococci infections, but postpatum CMT scores, number of chronic infections, and milk production were not significantly different. 3)A trial evaluating the effects of powder teat dips on teat
condition during winter was completed and is being analyzed, while two trials evaluating effect of chlorous acid dips on teat end hyperkeratosis were completed and are being analyzed.
Impacts
1) 50% of all new intramammary infections occur in the early and late dry period and are associated with teat closure failure. Dipping teats once at dry off and every 3.5 days starting 1 week prior to calving failed to enhance teat closure and significantly reduce pre calving infections due to limited success in providing complete protection during the last week pre-calving. Enhanced dip persistency and/ or other technologies are necessary to reduce IMI during the dry period. 2) 60% of heifers were infected prepartum. Treating heifers prepartum with a single lactating antibiotic tube at 10 days pre-calving resulted in significant cure rates, but no differences in postpartum somatic cell counts and milk production. Based on economic returns, the practice of treating heifers prepartum is not recommended.
Publications
- Dingwell, R.T. , K.E. Leslie, Y.H. Schukken, J.M. Sargent, L.L. Timms, T.F. Duffield, G.P. Keefe, D.F. Kelton, K.D. Lissemore, and J. Conklin. 2004. Association of cow and quarter level factors at drying off with new intramammary infections during the dry period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 63:75-89.
- Timms, L. 2004. Mastitis diagnostics, prevention, and therapy technologies and strategies for transition cows and heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (Suppl. 2): 15.
- Timms, L.L. 2004. Milk quality programs for transition cows and heifers. Advances in Dairy Technology, Western Canadian Dairy Symposium: Vol.16:177.
- Timms, L.L. 2004. Winter conditions and teat health: why and what to do? NMC Ann. Proc.: 143.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Obj. 1: a) Uterocalin gene was shown to be strongly expressed in mammary tissue during involution, thus making it a strong potential host protection factor for inflammation. Protein products of this gene were shown to promote arachidonic acid uptake, which may have many implications for regulation of immune response and tissue response to infection. b) Undifferentiated bovine mammary gland progenitor cells (BMGPC) were shown to be resistant to Coliform mastitis organisms, while, in contrast, differentiated BMGPC were susceptible to E. coli infections. Preliminary research suggests a role for gap junction intercellular communication for susceptibility and resistance. c) A 2nd study (joint with Guelph/Cornell) to evaluate factors affecting teat closure and prevent mastitis during the dry period was completed with data being analyzed at Guelph. 180 cows completed the study at Iowa State. Teat end and teat skin condition, udder involution, and body condition were assessed
at 14 days pre-dry off, at dry off, and at calving with aseptic quarter milk samples taken at this time. Milk production data was obtained 30 days pre-dry off and 30 days post calving. Teat end, teat closure, and udder involution were also assessed for 4 weeks into the dry period. Results from trial 1 showed that teat end integrity (cracked) and milk production at dry off (> 21 kg) increased mastitis risks, and that 50% of teats were open 1 week post-dry off and 23% of teats never closing (herd range: 10-63%). Commercial persistent barrier teat dip sealants were applied at dry off, then starting 10 days pre-calving in trial 2 to assess the potential benefit of dipping on enhancing teat closure and teat end health, and preventing mastitis. California mastitis test results from trial 1 showed an overall sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of 68.8 and 71.5% the first week post calving. SE, SP, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values for day 1 and 4 post calving were 73.3,
66.5, 23.2, and 94.8, and 82.4, 80.6, 32.6, and 96.3, respectively. This shows the most accurate use for the CMT is to confirm uninfected animals, and other data such as cultures are critical before basing treatment on CMT. Data from trial 2 will be used to validate this. Obj. 3: d) A study evaluating prepartum heifer mastitis treatment (single tube of lactating cow antibiotic (Pirsue, Pfizer, Inc.)/quarter 8-14 days prepartum) was completed on a 1200 cow commercial dairy with 180 heifers completing the trial. Aseptic quarter milk samples were taken 8-10 days pre-dry off, and 1 and 4 weeks post calving, with all animals CMT tested on calving day. Milk production, reproduction, and health data was acquired through Dairy Comp 305 on the farm. Data are currently being analyzed. e) 4 separate trials evaluating teat dips specifically designed for winter were completed using randomized half udder designs. 3 trials evaluating a 1% iodine (I), 50% glycerine (G) prototype dip showed
significantly better skin condition than a 1% I, 75% propylene glycol (PG) dip, with no other significant differences in teat end or skinscors between prototype and commercial dips containing 75% PG and 60%PG/15%G w/out I.
Impacts
a) Uterocalin and its products may be useful in controlling the immune response and damage during mastitis. b) Understanding how cells interact with organisms (resistant or susceptible) can help develop systems to enhance disease prevention. c) 50% of mastitis occurs in non-lactating animals, and the CMT test provides an excellent screening tool at calving to assess udder health and mastitis. d) Cracked skin associated with winter is a major contributor to mastitis, and teat dips designed specifically to reduce this risk may be useful if positioned properly. e) The potential to cure and eliminate infection during the last 2 weeks precalving in heifers (milk tissue generation time) may be economically beneficial.
Publications
- Paulsen, D. and L.L. Timms. 2003. Evaluation of a salve or two novel winter teat dips to maintain or enhance teat end integrity during winter. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 2):14.
- Wedemeier, S.G., and L.L. Timms. 2003. Controlling Staphylococcus aureus and other mastitis and lowering somatic cell counts in a modern freestall dairy. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (Suppl. 2):90.
- Nilsen-Hamilton, M., Q. Liu, J. Ryon, L. Bendickson, P. Lepont, and Q. Chang. 2003. Tissue involution and the acute phase response. Annals of the NY Academy of Science. 995:94-108.
- Dingwell, R.T., K.E. Leslie, Y.H. Schukken, J.M. Sargent, and L.L. Timms. 2003. Evaluation of the california mastitis test to detect an intramammary infection with a major pathogen in early lactation dairy cows. Can. Vet. J. :44:413.
- Dingwell, R.T., L.L. Timms, , J.M. Sargent, D.F. Kelton, Y.H. Schukken, and K.E. Leslie. 2003. The association of teat canal closure and other risk factors for new dry period intramammary infections. NMC Ann. Proc.:298.
- Dingwell, R.T., K.E. Leslie, Y.H. Schukken, J.M. Sargent, L.L. Timms, and J. E. Shirley. 2003. Evaluation of the california mastitis test to detect intramammary infections in early lactation. NMC Ann. Proc.:294.
- Timms, L. L. and P. Ruegg. 2003. Chapter 13. Heifer mastitis and production of quality milk. Raising Dairy Replacements. MWPS RDR:101.
- Morelli, J., L. Timms, and J. Schnitzler. 2003. Split udder comparison of teat disinfectants on skin toleration during winter and spring. NMC Ann. Proc.:332.
- Paulsen, D., L.L. Timms, and M.A. Faust. 2003. Evaluation of a salve or two novel winter teat dips to maintain or enhance teat end integrity during winter. NMC Ann. Proc.:385
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