Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The goal of this research project was to develop-disease resistant hard white, specialty, and sawfly-resistant spring wheat varieties for North Dakota and the surrounding region. There is substantial interest in the production of specialty wheats, and both domestic and export end-users are requesting the development of high-protein specialty spring wheat varieties. Research into the development of disease- and insect- resistant hard white, specialty, and sawfly-resistant spring wheat varieties resulted in the performance evaluation of approximately 40 to 50 advanced breeding lines, several of which are at advanced stages or pre-release. Approximately 200 hybridizations were made among parental germplasm lines to establish segregating breeding populations from which lines with the desired agronomic and quality traits can be selected. Regional and statewide field trials were conducted to evaluate these lines at approximately 20 to 30 different locations. Collaborative field trials were conducted at 3 regional nurseries with high natural sawfly infestation levels, and solid-stemmed breeding lines were compared with varietal checks for their level of stem infestation. Previous study by a graduate student resulted in combined two scab resistance sources into a single genotype, and this genotype was evaluated for its level of resistance. The development of this line was achieved by backcrossing a genotype with a Triticum dicoccoides source of resistance to Alsen spring wheat, an adapted spring wheat with a Chinese source of resistance. Molecular markers closely linked to both genes for resistance were used to identify their presence in the single genotype. This line is being tested in regional uniform scab nursery to evaluate its level of resistance and to determine if it should be released as germplasm for regional breeders. In 2008, a graduate student study to evaluate the hard white spring wheat varieties for resistance to preharvest sprouting was conducted, while another graduate student study was focusing on determining if genes for both Type I and Type II resistance to scab are involved in the resistance of Frontana spring wheat. The later study is making use of a previously developed set of reciprocal backcross monosomic lines produced from Frontana and Chris, scab resistant and susceptible spring wheat varieties, respectively. Research results produced by the project are being disseminated at various scientific meetings with wheat researchers, commodity groups, meetings with overseas buyers of US spring wheat, and a grower Field Day/ Wheat Quality Tour at different Research/Extension Centers and locations in ND. PARTICIPANTS: The project included the P.I., one research specialist, and three graduate students (2MS candidates). The P.I. was responsible for designing experiments, overseeing all aspects of field evaluations of breeding lines, and reporting research results. The research specialist was responsible for implementing breeding techniques and strategies towards the development of improved spring wheat varieties. Graduate students participated in plant breeding educational training activities and conducted research pertaining to their specific projects. The P.I. was very active as part of a "Combine-to-Kitchen" effort to help students better understand the application of agricultural research and production to end-product manufacturing. The above activities included both graduate and undergraduate student participants. The project collaborated with North Dakota State University Research Extension Centers in the evaluation of wheat genotypes for agronomic and end-use quality performance. There was additional collaboration with other NDSU departments (Entomology) and the USDA-ARS Northern Plains Research Lab in the evaluation of breeding lines for sawfly resistance as well as with the UDSA-ARS, University of Minnesota for regional evaluation of advanced breeding lines for disease and agronomic performance characteristics. The project collaborated with the USDA-ARS NCSL in the evaluation and development of breeding lines with insect resistance. A collaboration was initiated with the USDA-ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center (Engineering Research Unit) to purify seed of a low-amylose spring wheat breeding line. Partner organizations involved in the regional evaluation of hard white spring wheat breeding lines included Montana State University, South Dakota State University, Ag Canada, Westbred LLC, and AgriPro Wheat. TARGET AUDIENCES: Audiences included North Dakota and regional wheat growers, producers, and end-users as well as international buyers of US spring wheat. Formal and informal education and training efforts targeted undergraduate and graduate students, and a partnership between the project P.I. and an agricultural sciences librarian was formed in an effort to educate undergraduate students in the proper validation and use of online scientific literature. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The PI resigned and left NDSU. This position/research project will be combined with the other wheat breeding projects at NDSU. There will no longer be a separate research project concerning Hard White Spring Wheat, Specialty Wheat and Sawfly Resistant Wheat.
Impacts
Various domestic and international end-use products are made specifically from hard white spring wheat and a higher flour milling yield. Hence, US growers stand to profit from the development of varieties that are competitive in yield and quality performance to other spring wheat varieties. In regional field tests, we found that several North Dakota advanced hard white wheat breeding lines were highly competitive for grain yield when compared with several adapted spring wheat varieties. However, these same lines exhibited generally lower pre-harvest resistance and lower test weights whether due to lack of resistance to disease, differences in kernel morphology, or a lack of adaptation to regional growing conditions. Our results indicate that some progress is being made in developing yield-competitive hard white spring wheat varieties, but additional breeding is necessary to improve yield potential, pre-harvest sprouting resistance, disease and insect resistance, and regional adaptation. The release of publicly developed hard red spring scab-resistant varieties is estimated to have saved spring wheat growers millions of dollars over the last several years. Resistance to scab might be increased by combining different genes for resistance. We measured a lower level of scab severity and DON content in a wheat genotype in which we combined two different genes for resistance. Low-amylose spring wheat has the potential to positively impact the quality of biodegradable products such as extruded fish food product for aquaculture, and modified food starches. We demonstrated that a low-amylose wheat genotype, developed by combining three gene mutations, had approximately a 10 to 15% higher water absorption compared with wheat genotypes with normal levels of amylose starch. In addition, the low amylose wheat genotype exhibited competitive grain yield when compared with adapted spring wheat varieties with normal starch characteristics. Sawfly is a serious insect pest of spring wheat, which is estimated to cause millions of dollars in regional economic losses each year. Studies have demonstrated an economic benefit to growing solid-stemmed varieties that resist sawfly stem cutting. We identified several advanced spring wheat breeding lines that exhibit the solid-stemmed characteristic and lower levels of sawfly stem infestation compared with hollow-stemmed and other solid-stemmed varieties. Grain yield of these lines was measured, and they generally expressed a lower grain yield than hollow-stemmed varieties, but their yield was also superior or comparable with solid-stemmed varieties. Therefore, more breeding efforts are needed to improve the yield potential of the solid and semi-solid-stemmed wheat lines.
Publications
- Berzonsky, W. A., Gebhard, B.L., Ganotin, E., Leach, G.D., and Ali, S. 2007. A reciprocal backcross monosomic analysis of the scab resistant spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, 'Frontana'. Plant Breed. 126:234-239.
- Gamotin E.L., Berzonsky, W.A. Berzonsky, Ali, S., Adhikari, T., and Leach, G.D. 2007. Pyramiding different sources of Fusarium head blight resistance into spring wheat. Proc. Plant and Animal Genome Conf. XV, San Diego, CA (Jan. 13-17).
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Goals of this research project are to develop disease resistant hard white and red, specialty, and sawfly resistant spring wheat varieties for North Dakota and the surrounding region. There is substantial interest in the production of specialty wheats, and both domestic and export end-users are requesting the development of high protein specialty spring wheat varieties. Research into the development of disease and insect resistant hard white, specialty, and sawfly resistant spring wheat varieties resulted in the performance evaluation of approximately 40 to 50 advanced breeding lines, several of which are at the stage of variety pre-release. Approximately 200-300 hybridizations were made among parental germplasm lines to establish segregating breeding populations from which lines with the desired agronomic and quality traits can be selected. Regional and statewide field trials were conducted to evaluate these lines at approximately 20-30 different locations. Collaborative field trials were conducted at 3 regional nurseries with high natural sawfly infestation levels, and solid-stemmed breeding lines were compared with varietal checks for their level of stem infestation. A graduate student completed a study in which two different sources of scab resistance were combined into a single genotype, and this genotype was evaluated for its level of resistance. The development of this line was achieved by backcrossing a genotype with a Triticum dicoccoides source of resistance to Alsen spring wheat, an adapted spring wheat with a different source of resistance. Molecular markers closely linked to both genes for resistance were used to identify their presence in the single genotype. This line was also included in a regional uniform scab nursery to evaluate its level of resistance and to determine if it should be released as germplasm for regional breeders. A second graduate student study involved evaluating hard white spring wheat varieties for resistance to preharvest sprouting, while a third graduate student study was initiated to determine if genes for both Type I and Type II resistance to scab are involved in the resistance of Frontana spring wheat. This study is making use of a previously developed set of reciprocal backcross monosomic lines produced from Frontana and Chris, scab resistant and susceptible spring wheat varieties, respectively. Research results produced by the project were disseminated at a plant and animal genome conference in San Diego, meetings with wheat commodity groups, meetings with overseas buyers of US spring wheat, a Functional Foods Conference in Hettinger ND, and a grower Field Day/ Wheat Quality Tour at Casselton, ND. PARTICIPANTS: The project included the P.I., one research specialist, and three graduate students (3 MS candidates). The P.I. was responsible for designing experiments, overseeing all aspects of field evaluations of breeding lines, and reporting research results. The research specialist was responsible for implementing breeding techniques and strategies towards the development of improved spring wheat varieties. Graduate students participated in plant breeding educational training activities and conducted research pertaining to their specific projects. The P.I. organized a grant-sponsored tour of wheat mills and barley processing facilities as part of a "Combine-to-Kitchen" effort to help students better understand the application of agricultural research and production to end-product manufacturing. The tour included both graduate and undergraduate student participants. The project collaborated with North Dakota State University Research Extension Centers in the evaluation of wheat genotypes for agronomic and end-use quality performance. There was additional collaboration with the USDA-ARS Northern Plains Research Lab in the evaluation of breeding lines for sawfly resistance as well as with the UDSA-ARS, University of Minnesota for regional evaluation of advanced breeding lines for disease and agronomic performance characteristics. The project collaborated with the USDA-ARS NCSL in the evaluation and development of breeding lines with insect resistance. A collaboration was initiated with the USDA-ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center (Engineering Research Unit) to purify seed of a low-amylose spring wheat breeding line. Partner organizations involved in the regional evaluation of hard white spring wheat breeding lines included Montana State University, South Dakota State University, Ag Canada, Westbred LLC, and AgriPro Wheat. TARGET AUDIENCES: Audiences included North Dakota and regional wheat growers, producers, and end-users as well as international buyers of US spring wheat. Formal and informal education and training efforts targeted undergraduate and graduate students, and a partnership between the project P.I. and an agricultural sciences librarian was formed in an effort to educate undergraduate students in the proper validation and use of online scientific literature.
Impacts
Domestic and International end-use products are made specifically from hard white spring wheat and a higher flour milling yield can be achieved using white wheat. Hence, US growers stand to profit from the development of varieties which are competitive in yield and quality performance to hard red spring wheat varieties. In regional field tests, we found that several North Dakota advanced hard white wheat breeding lines were highly competitive for grain yield when compared with several adapted hard red spring wheat varieties. However, these same lines exhibited generally lower test weights whether due to lack of resistance to disease, differences in kernel morphology, or a lack of adaptation to regional growing conditions. Results indicate that progress is being made in developing yield-competitive hard white spring wheat varieties, but additional breeding is necessary to improve disease resistance and regional adaptation. The release of publicly developed scab resistant varieties is estimated to have saved spring wheat growers approximately 25 million dollars over the last several years. Resistance to scab might be increased by combining different genes for resistance. We measured a lower level of scab severity and DON content in a wheat genotype in which we combined two different genes for resistance. Low-amylose spring wheat has the potential to positively impact the quality of a biodegradable pet litter product, an extruded fish food product for aquaculture, and modified food starches. We demonstrated that a low-amylose wheat genotype, developed by combining three gene mutations had approximately a 10 to 15% higher water absorption compared with wheat genotypes with normal levels of amylose starch. In addition, the low amylose wheat genotype exhibited competitive grain yield when compared with adapted hard red spring wheat varieties with normal starch characteristics. Sawfly is a serious insect pest of spring wheat, which is estimated to cause millions of dollars in regional economic losses each year. Studies have demonstrated an economic benefit to growing solid-stemmed varieties which resist sawfly stem cutting. We identified several advanced spring wheat breeding lines which exhibit the solid-stemmed characteristic and lower levels of sawfly stem infestation compared with hollow-stemmed and other solid-stemmed varieties. Grain yield of these lines was measured, and they generally expressed a lower grain yield than hollow-stemmed varieties, but their yield was also superior or comparable with solid-stemmed varieties.
Publications
- Berzonsky, W.A., and K.D. Richardson. 2007. Referencing science: Teaching undergraduates to identify, validate, and utilize peer-reviewed online literature. J. Nat. Res. Sci. Edu. 37 (in press).
- Berzonsky, W. A., B.L. Gebhard, E. Gamotin, G.D. Leach, and S. Ali. 2007. A reciprocal backcross monosomic analysis of the scab resistant spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, 'Frontana'. Plant Breed. 126:234-239.
- Singh, P.K., M. Mergoum, S. Ali, T.B. Adhikari, E.M. Elias, J.A. Anderson, K.D. Glover, and W.A. Berzonsky. 2006. Evaluation of elite wheat germ plasm for resistance to tan spot. Plant Dis. 91:1310-1315.
- Gamotin E.L., W.A. Berzonsky, S. Ali , T. Adhikari, and G.D. Leach. 2007. Pyramiding different sources of Fusarium head blight resistance into spring wheat. Proc. Plant and Animal Genome Conf. XV, San Diego, CA (Jan. 13-17).
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Goals of our research project are to develop white, specialty, and sawfly resistant wheat varieties for North Dakota and the surrounding region. There is substantial interest in the production of specialty wheats, and both domestic and export end-users are requesting the development of high protein hard white spring wheat varieties. This project includes the P.I., one research technician, and three graduate students (2 MS candidates and 1 PhD candidate). Fusarium head blight (FHB) research on specialty wheat involved the continued rapid development of specialty wheats with diverse sources of FHB resistance. One MS student continued efforts to combine two sources of FHB resistance into a single genotype to elevate the level of durable resistance. In 'Alsen' backcross lines, molecular markers were used to identify the presence of FHB resistance genes derived from the wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, and 'Sumai-3' wheat. Release of germplasm combining these two sources
of resistance is anticipated in 2007. Another MS student study resulted in the identification of 'Frontana' spring wheat chromosomes carrying genes for resistance to FHB. Results were published in the journal, Plant Breeding. The PhD student completed a study comparing selection techniques for high grain protein. Compared with using molecular markers, selection using phenotype generally resulted in higher grain protein levels. Results were published in the plant breeding journal, Euphytica. In this reporting period, two breeding lines, NDSW0449 and NDSW0481, were entered into the 2006 Uniform Regional Spring Wheat Nursery for agronomic and disease evaluations. NDSW0449 exhibited an excellent level of sawfly resistance and agronomic performance in spring 2006 trials, and NDSW0481 is a low-amylose wheat, which has the potential to enhance the quality of a pet litter product as well as modified food starch products. One hard white spring wheat breeding line with high grain protein,
NDSW0601, was equivalent in grain yield to 'Alsen' hard red spring wheat in a regional yield trial grown at seven locations across ND, MT, SD, and Canada. NDSW0601 was also rated as having low/moderate resistance to leaf rust and to be resistant to stem rust compared with red spring wheat controls. The controls were all generally more susceptible to leaf and stem rust. Spring wheat farmers are paid premiums for high grain protein. We tested the effectiveness of selecting varieties for high grain protein content by using markers compared with near infra-red reflectance (NIR) technology. Selecting for high grain protein was more effective using NIR technology. We demonstrated that a low-amylose wheat genotype could produce a quality biodegradable pet litter product.
Impacts
The release of publicly developed scab resistant varieties is estimated to have saved spring wheat growers approximately 25 million dollars over the last several years. Chromosomes from a resistant variety were analyzed, and we quantified a lower level of scab severity and fungal mycotoxin (DON) in the grain due to chromosomes 3A, 6A, and 4D. Resistance to scab might be increased by combining different genes for resistance. We measured a lower level of scab severity and DON in a wheat genotype in which we had combined two different genes for resistance.
Publications
- Davies, J., W.A. Berzonsky, and G.D. Leach. 2006. A comparison of marker-assisted and phenotypic selection for high grain protein content in spring wheat. Euphytica 152:117-134.
- Ransom, J.K., W.A. Berzonsky, and B.K. Sorenson. 2006. Hard white wheat: Producing North Dakota's next market opportunity. NDSU Ext. Serv. Publ. A-1310.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Goals of our research project are to develop white, specialty, and sawfly resistant wheat varieties for North Dakota and the surrounding region. There remains substantial interest in the production of specialty wheats, and both domestic and export end-users are especially desiring the development of high protein hard white spring wheat varieties. This project includes the P.I., one research technician, a part-time hourly employee, and three graduate students (2 M.S. and 1 Ph.D. candidate). FHB research involved the continued rapid development of specialty spring wheats with diverse sources of FHB resistance. Different sources of resistance are being pyramided into single genotypes in an effort to elevate the level of durable resistance. Additional backcrosses (BC4 and BC5 generations) were made to 'Alsen', an adapted FHB variety, using Alsen backcross-derived lines which were previously confirmed as having both a 'Sumai 3' and a Triticum dicoccoides source of
resistance. Doubled-haploid (DH) lines were produced from these backcrosses and other lines, including hybridizations with resistant 'Frontana' disomic chromosome substitution lines. In 2005 advanced yield trials at seven different ND locations, one full waxy line (NDSW0481) exhibited grain yields which equaled or exceeded the yields of spring wheat check varieties at many locations. Indirect selection for advanced lines with resistance to the wheat stem sawfly was practiced by rating lines for stem-solidness at North Dakota locations and testing lines under sawfly infestation at Beach, MT. If the lines exhibit a higher level of FHB resistance, they will be released as valuable spring wheat germplasm for use by other breeders, because they combine two different sources of resistance. Greenhouse trials of FHB resistant 'Alsen' BC lines are being completed by a graduate student.
Impacts
Based on its performance in 2005 yield trials, a full waxy wheat line, NDSW0481, exhibited promise as a specialty wheat release. A decision on its release will be made based on results of additional 2006 yield trial tests and end-use quality tests for non-food and food additive products. Approximately 900 unique hybridizations were made during this reporting period. Hybridizations were made among hard white and red spring wheat genotypes with disease resistant traits, solid-stem traits, and unique, waxy starch and high grain protein traits. A Uniform Regional Hard White Spring Wheat Nursery with 25 entries was coordinated and implemented for the second straight year and grown at 7 locations. This nursery has proven to be very valuable to breeders evaluating advanced breeding lines from around the region and as a means for exchanging seed of hard white wheat genotypes. In 2005, the first yield trials of hard white commercial spring wheat varieties were grown at several
ND RECs. At least 22 entries were included in these trials, and this nursery provided valuable comparisons of the agronomic performance of commercial hard white and red spring wheat varieties in ND. A specialty wheat website was established at: specialtywheat.ndsu.nodak.edu. The evaluation of sawfly lines under infestation and for the solid-stem trait identified several potentially resistant breeding lines. A study in collaboration with a molecular geneticist in Australia was initiated to use markers to verify genotypes with the solid-stem trait.
Publications
- Hartel, K.D., W.A. Berzonsky, S.F. Kianian, and S. Ali. 2004. Expression of a Triticum turgidum L. var dicoccoides sources of Fusarium head blight resistance transferred to synthetic hexaploid wheat. Plant Breed.123:516-519.
- Chakraborty, M.K., K. Matkovic, D.G. Grier, E.L. Jarabek, W.A Berzonsky, M.S. McMullen, and D.C. Doehlert. 2004. Physiochemical and functional properties of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat starch. Starch/Staerke 56:339-347.
- Davies, J., and W.A. Berzonsky. 2005. Evaluation of marker-assisted selection for high grain protein content in spring wheat. Agr. Abstr. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
- Gamotin, E.L., W.A. Berzonsky, B.L. Gebhard, G.D. Leach, and S. Ali. 2005. A reciprocal backcross monosomic analysis of the FHB resistant cultivar 'Frontana'. pg. 28. In Canty, S.M. et al. Proceedings of the 2005 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. 11-13 Dec. Milwaukee, WI.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Goals of our research project are to develop white, specialty, and sawfly resistant wheat varieties for North Dakota and the surrounding region. There is increased interest in the production of specialty wheats and a federal government incentive plan to encourage production of hard white spring wheat. In addition to the P.I., this project includes one Research Technician, a part-time hourly employee, and three graduate students (2 M.S. candidates and 1 Ph.D. candidate). One M.S. graduate student is conducting research to help develop specialty wheat genotypes with resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), while the other M.S. student is surveying spring wheat genotypes for the presence of waxy starch mutations and their possible use in specialty wheat genotypes. The Ph.D. candidate is comparing the use of a molecular markers and marker-assisted selection for high grain protein with phenotypic selection for high grain protein in specialty wheat genotypes. FHB research
involved the continued rapid development of specialty spring wheats with diverse sources of FHB resistance. Hybrids were produced between 'Alsen', ND2710, ND2829, ND2831, and ND2891, all with the 'Sumai 3' source of FHB resistance, and white-kernel spring wheats, high grain protein spring wheats, and waxy spring wheats. Double-haploid (DH) lines were produced from these hybrids and seed was increased in an off-season nursery in New Zealand. Several of these putative FHB resistance DH lines were grown in statewide advanced yield trials to determine their agronomic adaptation to North Dakota. Four wheat synthetic hexaploids were produced in an attempt to transfer a QTL, Qfhs.ndsu-3AS, expressing FHB resistance from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides to a hexaploid genetic background. The synthetics were produced by hybridizing a 'Langdon' durum wheat 3A Triticum dicoccoides chromosome substitution line [LDN(Dic-3A)]-32 containing the QTL to two accessions of Triticum tauschii
(2n=2x=14, DD). To combine resistances, synthetic x 'Alsen' backcross-derived lines were also produced, and molecular markers were employed to try and confirm the presence of both QTL. The Xgwm2 marker for the T. dicoccoides source of FHB resistance and Xgwm533, a microsatellite marker linked to the 'Sumai 3' source of FHB resistance in 'Alsen' were successfully employed to confirm the likely existence of both loci in the 'Alsen' backcross-derived lines. Three full-waxy spring wheat lines were developed for possible release as specialty spring wheats. The full waxy genotypes were confirmed by using molecular markers for the waxy mutations and by staining seed with iodine. In 2004, lines were tested in yield trials along with spring wheat controls at Casselton and Prosper, ND. Indirect selection for advanced lines with resistance to the wheat stem sawfly was practiced by rating lines for stem-solidness at North Dakota locations and testing lines under severe sawfly infestation in
Flaxville, MT. Including control genotypes, twenty-five advanced lines were rated for stem-solidness and evaluated for resistance to the wheat stem sawfly under natural infestation.
Impacts
One DH line developed from the FHB research, NDSW0345, is especially promising since it has a white kernel color, resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, and it exhibited FHB resistance due to its Alsen source of resistance. It was also entered in the 2004 Uniform Regional Yield Trial, the 2004 Regional Scab Nursery, and the 2004 ND statewide yield trials to obtain additional agronomic performance data. A Plant Breeding article was published to describe the results of screening the synthetic hexaploids for resistance to FHB, and a Crop Science germplasm release was made for the synthetic lines so that they would be available to other regional spring wheat breeders. Preliminary yield tests indicated that at least one of the full-waxy lines yielded as well or significantly higher than red spring wheat controls. End-use quality tests are being conducted to determine the impact of using these genotypes to delay bread staling, to improve a biodegradable cat litter product,
and to improve wheat flour tortilla products. A release of one or more of these waxy lines is anticipated if additional yield tests confirm their adaptation and yield competitiveness. One line developed from the sawfly research, NDSW0246, exhibits a semi-solid stem, moderate sawfly resistance, and consistently higher grain yield compared to other solid stem spring wheat genotypes. It has been approved for pre-release and will be proposed for release as a sawfly resistant spring wheat variety in January 2005.
Publications
- Chakraborty, M., K. Matkovic, D.G. Grier, E.L. Jarabek, W.A. Berzonsky, M.S. McMullen, and D.C. Doehlert. 2004. Physicochemical and functional properties of tetrapoid and hexaploid waxy wheat starch. Starch/Staerke 56:339-347.
- Hartel, K.D., W.A. Berzonsky, S.F. Kianian, and S. Ali. 2004. Expression of a Trilicum turgidum L. var dicoccoides sources of Fusarium head blight resistance transferred to synthetic hexaploid wheat. Plant Breed. (in press).
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Goals of our research project are to develop white, specialty, and sawfly resistant wheat varieties for North Dakota and the surrounding region. In addition to the P.I., this project included one Research Technician, a part-time hourly employee, and four graduate students (3 M.S. and 1 Ph.D. candidate). Two M.S. graduate students were conducting research to help develop specialty wheat genotypes with resistance to FHB, while the other M.S. student was surveying spring wheat genotypes for the presence of waxy starch mutations and their possible use in specialty wheat genotypes. The Ph.D. candidate was comparing the use of a molecular marker and marker-assisted selection for high grain protein with phenotypic selection for high grain protein in specialty wheat genotypes. In 2002 and 2003, double-haploid (DH) lines produced from crossing Alsen and its progenitor lines with specialty wheat lines were tested for agronomic performance in replicated yield trials at Casselton
and Prosper, ND for the first time. In 2003, one DH line, NDSW0345, was included in the project statewide yield trials. It exhibited a significantly reduced grain yield compared to the check varieties, but it also has the white kernel characteristic and excellent resistance to the wheat stem sawfly due to a solid-stem. Progress has been made in developing a possible replacement variety for Ernest in western North Dakota regions where sawfly is a problem. An advanced line, NDSW0246, with stem solidness and sawfly resistance nearly equal to Ernest was entered into the Uniform Regional Spring Wheat Nursery in 2002 and 2003. This line has consistently exhibited a superior grain yield to Ernest, and it has exhibited superior resistance to the orange wheat blossom midge for two seasons. Kirk Hartel, M.S. graduate student, produced three synthetic hexaploid wheat lines by combining a Langdon 3A Triticum dicoccoides substitution line with Triticum tauschii accessions. These synthetics were
released as FHB resistant germplasm so that breeders can readily hybridize adapted lines to the synthetics and introgress the Triticum dicoccoides source of resistance into hexaploid wheats without chromosome number segregation. Several of the synthetics have already been hybridized with Alsen spring wheat and backcrossed to Alsen to pyramid the Sumai 3 resistance with the resistance from Triticum dicoccoides. Another M.S. graduate student, Bryan Gebhard, is producing a set of reciprocal backcross monosomic lines using the Chris spring wheat monosomic lines and the FHB resistant spring wheat variety, Frontana. In 2004, he will be testing the lines with critical chromosomes from Frontana for resistance to FHB to determine what chromosome or chromosomes carry the major FHB resistance genes. John Eidenshink, M.S. graduate student, is involved in a non-thesis research project to identify spring wheat genotypes within the NDSU spring wheat breeding programs and those from regional spring
wheat breeding programs, which have waxy starch mutations. He is surveying these lines using molecular markers for the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) genes.
Impacts
In 2002 and 2003, an irrigated/dryland yield trial, including hard white and red spring wheat varieties was grown at Carrington and Williston, ND and Sidney, MT. Under low-disease conditions, several hard white spring wheat genotypes, such as AC Vista, exhibited grain yields as high or significantly higher than the red spring wheat check at all locations and under irrigated and dryland production. This indicates that in the absence of disease, white spring wheat genotypes can be competitive for grain yield with red spring wheat genotypes in North Dakota. However, because all white wheat genotypes exhibited significantly higher kernel ash content under irrigation, North Dakota producers should realize the possible negative impact of producing white wheat genotypes under irrigation for noodle end-uses. In 2002, spring wheat samples were taken to the American Institute of Baking (AIB) in Kansas City, MO to determine if high-quality wheat flour tortillas could be produced
from hard white spring (HWS) and hard red spring (HRS) wheat genotypes. Individual HWS and HRS wheats were found to produce flour tortillas with final product quality values that were similar or better than the commercial tortilla hard red winter (HRW) and HRS wheat flours used in the investigation. Spring wheat varieties with the highest quality values were Alsen, Parshall and Gunner, performing equal to or better than the ConAgra HRW tortilla control flour. This research demonstrates the possibility of using North Dakota spring wheat to produce high-quality wheat flour tortillas.
Publications
- Berzonsky, W.A., K.D. Hartel, S.F. Kianian, and G.D. Leach. 2003. Registration of four synthetic hexaploid wheat germplasm lines with resistance to Fusarium head blight. Crop Sci. (Accepted for publication).
- Berzonsky, W.A., S.L. Kleven, and G.D. Leach. 2003. The effects of parthenogenesis on wheat embryo formation and haploid production with and without maize pollination. Euphytica 133:285-290.
- Berzonsky, W. A., T.G. Shanower, R. J. Lamb, R. I. H. McKenzie, H. Ding, M. O. Harris, R.H. Ratcliffe, H. W. Ohm, F. L. Patterson, F. B. Peairs, S. D. Haley, D. R. Porter. 2003. Breeding wheat for resistance to insects: Wheat stem sawfly, wheat midge, Hessian fly, Russian wheat aphid, Greenbug. Plant Breed. Rev. 22:221-296.
- Bhattacharya, M., T.M. Langstaff, and W.A. Berzonsky. 2003. Effect of frozen storage and freeze-thaw cycles on the rheological and baking properties of frozen doughs. Food Res. Int. 36:365-372.
- Boehm, D.J., W.A. Berzonsky, and M. Battacharya. 2003. Influence of nitrogen fertilizer treatments on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour characteristics and the effect on fresh and frozen dough quality. Cereal Chem. (In press).
- Davies, J., and W. A. Berzonsky. 2003.Evaluation of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality traits and genotypes for the production of Cantonese Asian noodles. Crop Sci. 43:1313-1319.
- del Blanco, I.A., R. C. Frohberg, R. W. Stack, W. A. Berzonsky, and S. F. Kianian. 2003. Detection of QTL linked to Fusarium head blight resistance in Sumai 3-derived North Dakota bread wheat lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106:1027-1031.
- Graybosch, R. A., E. Souza, W. A. Berzonsky, P. S. Baenziger, and O. Chung. 2003. Functional properties of waxy wheat flours: genotype and environmental effects. J. Cereal Sci. 38:69-76.
- Graybosch, R. A., E. J. Souza, W. A. Berzonsky, P.S. Baenziger, D. J. McVey and O. K. Chung. 2003. Release of nineteen waxy spring wheats. Crop Sci. (In press).
- Francki, M. G., W. A. Berzonsky, and H. W. Ohm. 2002. Physical location of a HSP70 gene homologue on the centromere of chromosome 1B of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 104:184-191.
- Hartel, K.D. 2002. Evaluation of fusarium head blight resistance from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides in synthetic hexaploids. M.S. thesis. North Dakota State University. Fargo, ND.
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