Progress 06/01/03 to 05/31/05
Outputs
objective one: Mating disruption using pheromones. Mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth using 30 and 100 wax drops per tree was outstanding. Only these two treatments provided 100 % mating disruption of tethered females and > 99 % inhibition of moth catch in traps. This disruption occurred under high densities of Oriental fruit moth in test and control plots and high levels of female mating (55 %) in control plots. In plots receiving less than 30 drops per tree, female mating ranged from 7 to 20 %. Codling moth disruption was not improved over the commercial standard by increasing the numbers of pheromone point sources per tree as was observed for Oriental fruit moth. objective two: Monitoring key pests of cherry and alternative management strategies. In anticipation of the registration of Actara for plum curculio (PC) control in cherry in 2004, we tested this compound in large block trials at two locations. In the southwest trial, PC densities were high, with 5.6%
of the fruit damaged in the untreated plot. Under this level of pest pressure, Actara and Guthion both limited PC damage to 0.4%. The northwest trial was conducted in a commercial orchard with low PC densities. In this situation, Actara, Pounce and Guthion all provided 100% control of PC. Several new insecticides with activity against cherry fruit fly (CFF) were also evaluated in commercial orchards. Provado was registered for CFF control just prior to the emergence of this pest in 2003. The organically approved formulation of spinosad, Entrust, was also registered for use in 2003. Calypso is an experimental compound with activity similar to Provado. Tests in two tart cherry orchards that were not harvested in 2003 were conducted. Total CFF captures in traps in plots treated with Provado or Calypso ranged from 12 to 110, indicating substantial pest pressure. Up until harvest, no infested fruit were recovered from plots treated with either of these materials.
Impacts
We anticipate insect mating disruption (pheromone) and reduced-risk insectide use for tree fruit pest control in Michigan will more than triple in the next five years. Using these techniques, results indicate high potential for reduced fruit injury, providing increased revenues of $20 to $100 per acre.
Publications
- Stelinski, L.L., L.J. Gut, K.J. Vogel and J. R. Miller. 2004. Behaviors of naive vs. pheromone exposed leafroller moths in plumes from high dosage pheromone dispensers in a sustained-flight wind tunnel: implications for mating disruption of these species. J. Insect Behavior 17: 533-554.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Mating disruption using pheromones. Mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth using 30 and 100 wax drops per tree was outstanding. Only these two treatments provided 100 % mating disruption of tethered females and > 99 % inhibition of moth catch in traps This is quite exciting considering the high densities of Oriental fruit moth during these trials and high levels of female mating (55 %) in control plots. In plots receiving less than 30 drops per tree, female mating ranged from 7 to 20%. Codling moth disruption was not improved over the commercial standard by increasing the numbers of pheromone point sources per tree as was observed for Oriental fruit moth. Monitoring key pests of cherry and alternative management strategies. In anticipation of the registration of Actara for plum curculio (PC) control in cherry in 2004, we tested this compound in large block trials at two locations. In the southwest trial, PC densities were high, with 5.6% of the fruit damaged in the
untreated plot. Under this level of pest pressure, Actara and Guthion both limited PC damage to 0.4%. The northwest trial was conducted in a commercial orchard with low PC densities. In this situation, Actara, Pounce and Guthion all provided 100% control of PC. Several new insecticides with activity against cherry fruit fly (CFF) were also evaluated in commercial orchards. Provado was registered for CFF control just prior to the emergence of this pest in 2003. The organically approved formulation of spinosad, Entrust, was also registered for use in 2003. Calypso is an experimental compound with activity similar to Provado. Tests in two tart cherry orchards that were not harvested in 2003 were conducted. Total CFF captures in traps in plots treated with Provado or Calypso ranged from 12 to 110, indicating substantial pest pressure. Up until harvest, no infested fruit were recovered from plots treated with either of these materials.
Impacts
Mating disruption using pheromones. Effectiveness of pheromone disruption will be much better predicted so that it can be properly integrated into overall pest control. We anticipate pheromone use for pest control in Michigan tree fruit will more than triple in the next five years with considerable positive impact on the environment. Monitoring key pests of cherry and alternative management strategies. New compounds show promise in the control of key pest of cherry that require extremely high levels of control. This project is helping growers identify new compounds with demonstrated ability to control key pests of cherry and that are environmentally friendly. These data will increase good strategic placement of these compounds into grower pest management programs.
Publications
- Stelinski, L.L., L.J. Gut, K.J. Vogel and J. R. Miller. 2004. Behaviors of naive vs. pheromone-exposed leafroller moths in plumes from high-dosage pheromone dispensers in a sustained-flight wind tunnel: implications for mating disruption of these species. J. Insect Behavior 17: 533-554.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Mating disruption using pheromones. Hand-applied pheromone dispensers disrupt pest moth communication by first attracting males to the dispensers. False-plume-following (rather than camouflage) is a required first step in a process that then exposes moths to high pheromone concentrations near dispensers that may then cause some leafroller species to diminish response to lures and females, while this exposure heightens response of others to females. Pheromone dispensers, authentic females, and monitoring traps are all approximately equally attractive to responsive males in an orchard plot, and the number of pheromone dispensers needs to be raised considerably above one per tree that is now standard practice. Emulsifiable wax formulations of pheromone have highly desirable properties to become the next-generation release devices for pheromone disruption. Monitoring key fruit pests. We compared ammonium carbonate and ammonium acetate as baits for cherry fruit fly. The
lures were placed on standard yellow sticky boards in a standard vertical plane configuration. The ammonium carbonate lure captured more than nine times the number of cherry fruit flies that were caught in the acetate treatment. Traps baited with ammonium carbonate caught flies earlier than the acetate-baited panels. The carbonate lures also consistently caught more individuals throughout the season. Unbaited and baited pyramid traps for plum curculio were deployed, along with conventional screen and panel traps. Baited plastic pyramids caught significantly more plum curculio than all other trap types. The effect of trap placement on curculio damage in cherries was studied by placed traps either the border row alone, or in combination with traps in the adjacent wooded habitat. Control sections without trapping showed damage in all three rows of trees. Both trapping protocols reduced the amount of damage in the interior rows, with the border and wooded area trapping showing the least
interior damage. Work was begun on a system for illuminating cherries for visualizing insect infestation. However, the heat generated by the required light source was extreme, and visualization was poor. A comprehensive statistical modeling approach showed that even relatively high infestation thresholds of 0.5% required sampling in excess of 5,000 cherries. 99.9975% certainty of uninfested fruit demanded assessment of over 18,000 cherries. Alternative management: Six new insecticides were tested for control of plum curculio in a replicated trial. No damage occurred in plots treated with Assail, Actara, or Avaunt at the high rate, as compared with 7.5% damage in the untreated check. In anticipation of the registration of Actara, we also tested this compound in large block trials at two locations. Under a level of pest pressure of 5.6% fruit damage in the untreated plot, Actara and Guthion both limited PC damage to 0.4%. Investigating cherry fruit fly control in replicated trials, the
neonicotinoid insecticides, Provado, Actara, Calypso and Assail provided control equivalent to Guthion.
Impacts
Mating disruption using pheromones. By altering pheromone disruption formulations to increase mating disruption, cost of pest control for fruit growers will be lowered at least 20 % while effectiveness of pheromone disruption will be much better predicted so that it can be properly integrated into overall pest control. We anticipate pheromone use for pest control will more than triple in the next five years with considerable positive impact on the environment. Monitoring key fruit pests. New trapping technologies for two key infesting insect species for the Michigan cherry industry are effective at determining the presence of the pests, and work is continuing to match their use with developing control strategies. Alternative management. Efficacy data generated through this project have been instrumental in accelerating the registrations of reduced-risk control materials for use in cherry and apple, resulting in the registration for Provado and Actara in cherry, and
Codling moth granulosis virus in apple. This project is helping growers increase reliance on these environmentally friendly controls and to insert them into their current pest management programs in an economical and sustainable manner.
Publications
- de Lame, F. M. 2003. Improving mating disruption programs for the oriental fruit moth, grapholita molesta (busck): efficacy of new wax-based formulations and effects of dispenser application height and density. M.S. thesis. Michigan State University.
- Stelinski, L. L., Gut, L. J., Miller, J. R. 2003. Concentration of air-born pheromone required for long-lasting peripheral adaptation in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana. Physiol. Entomol. 28: 97-107.
- Stelinski, L. L., Miller, J. R., Gut, L. J.. 2003. Presence of long-lasting peripheral adaptation in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana and absence of such adaptation in the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana. J. Chem. Ecol. 29: 405-423.
- Stelinski, L. L., Miller, J. R., Ressa, N. E., Gut, L. J. 2003. Increased EAG responses of tortricid moths after prolonged exposure to plant volatiles: evidence for octopamine-mediated sensitization. J. Insect. Physiol : 49:845-856.
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