Progress 03/01/11 to 02/28/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience is the general public in developing cost-effective agricultural practices for reducing off target drift of herbicides and atmospheric emissions of fumigants to residential areas. WSDA, Cal Depart of Pesticide Registrations, US EPA OPP, US EPA Region 10, potato producers, crop consultants, pesticide applicators, industry, and the general public are audiences for the technical information that was generated by this fumigation assessment work. These efforts have opened opportunities to develop new sampling technologies and effective product stewardship programs to reduce human inhalation exposure from fumigants in agriculturally important regions in the Pacific Northwest. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate students have received their Masters degrees and were all first authors in peer reviewed journals for original research performed under this multistate collaborative project (Donna Trott-Matt Littke WSU, and Zhu Lu (University of Nevada). Two (Matt Littke and Zho Lu) gave presentations at national scientific conferences. Four undergraduate interns have benefited from training and have moved forward in their careers in health and agricultural sciences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The outputs from this project have been widely disseminated to regional growers, commodity commisions, state public health, national, and international agencies.These outputs have been shared at grower workshops, pesticide applicator training sessions, national-international conferences, proceedings, and in the peer-reviewed literature. This exchange of information has aided in making changes in agricultural practices mitigating adverse impacts of agrochemicals to bystanders and residential communites. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This project has come to fruition and all of the above stated goals were accomplished. We started before 2011 by identifying if there was a concern for public heath from field movement of fumigants and steadilly progressed assessing adverse public health impacts of fumigant transformation products in air. The grower community now have fully adopted changes in application technology that our field flux research helped advance minimizng fumigant inhalation exposure to bystandards and communites. The 2011-2016 listing of "Products" in this report also outlines our efforts during this reproting period in fumigant air monitoring and basic atmospheric reaction chemistry research. The combination of our efforts with OSU extension, the University of Nevada, Washington-Oregon State Potato Commissions has led to a significant change in grower BMP adoption retaining product efficacy while mitigating off-target movement that can impact public health.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Lu Z, Hebert VR, Miller GC. Laboratory Measured Emission Losses of Methyl Isothiocyanate at Pacific Northwest Soil Surface Fumigation Temperatures. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Woodrow, JE, LePage, JT, Miller, GC, Hebert, VR. Determination of methyl isocyanate in outdoor residential air near metam-sodium soil fumigations. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 8921-8927
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Lu, Z, Hebert, VR., Miller, GC. Gas-phase reaction of methyl isothiocyanate and methyl isocyanate with hydroxyl radicals under static relative rate conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62(8):1792-1795.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Hebert, V., Hamm, P.B., Horneck, D., & Johnson, D.A. (2011). Metam sodium field-scale shank infection-water run efficacy demonstration. Proceeding of Washington State Potato Conference , 2011, pp 5.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Woodrow JE, Hebert V, LePage J, Miller GC. Assessment of methyl isothiocyanate and methyl isocyanate in residential air during field soil fumigation. 248th ACS National Meeting and 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry. San Francisco CA, August 10-14, 2014
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hebert V. South Franklin County 2013 Update: Residential Metam Sodium Air Emissions Monitoring Program. US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. Crystal City, Arlington Virginia. June 25, 2014
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hebert V. South Franklin County 2013 Update: Residential Metam Sodium Air Emissions Monitoring Program. 2014 Western Region Pesticide Meeting. Seattle Washington. March 6-8, 2014
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Hebert, V, LePage, J, & Trott, D. Assessing natural isothiocyanate air emissions after field incorporation of a mustard cover crop. The 244th ACS National Meeting Philadelphia, PA, August 19-23, 2012
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Littke, MH; LePage, J, Sullivan, D, Hebert, VR. Comparison of field methyl isothiocyanate flux following Pacific Northwest surface-applied and ground-incorporated fumigation practices. Pest Manage. Sci. 69(5):620-626.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Trott, D*, LePage J**, Hebert, VR. Assessing Natural Isothiocyanate Air Emissions after Field Incorporation of Mustard Cover Crop. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2012, 88:482-485.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Knight, AL, Stelinski, LL Hebert V, Gut L, Light D, Brunner J. Evaluation of novel semiochemical dispensers simultaneously releasing pear ester and sex pheromone for mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae. .J. Appl. Entomol. 2012, 136:79-86.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
James, D, Hebert V, LePage, J**. The prosternal gland in Pacific Northwest butterfly larvae with preliminary chemical analyses of emissions. J. Lepidop. Soc. 2012, 66(3):137-142.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Hebert, V., Johnson, D.A., Hamm, P., & Horneck, D. (2011). Five-Year Overview of WSU-Collaborative Efforts in MITC Mitigation. EPA SOIL FUMIGATION TRAINING WSDA Session, TRAC Pasco WA
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Hebert, V., Johnson, D.A., Hamm, P., & Horneck, D. Metam Sodium Field Efficacy Trials: Best Management Practices for Application: 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 Combined WSU-OSU Research Extension Efforts. 2nd Annual Oregon Washington Potato Conference, Kennewick WA
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2011
Citation:
Hebert, V. (2011). PNW regional off target movement of SUs & Phenoxy herbicides to susceptible plants during air and ground application. Franklin Co. Weed Board Franklin Co. Weed Board Meeting, Connell WA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Todd Rodgers, Joe Sears, Vince Hebert. Real time detection of methyl isothiocyanate fumigant drift from potato fields American Society for Mass Spectroscopy 2015 - 63rd ASMS Conference St. Louis 2015. June 5 9.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience is the general public in developing cost-effective agricultural practices for reducing off target drift of herbicides and atmospheric emissions of fumigants to residential areas. WSDA, Cal Depart of Pesticide Registrations, US EPA OPP, US EPA Region 10, potato producers, crop consultants, pesticide applicators, andindustry are audiences for the technical information that is generated by this fumigation assessment work. These efforts have opened opportunities to develop new sampling technologies and effective product stewardship programs to reduce injury to sensitive crops and human inhalation exposure in agriculturally important regions in the Pacific Northwest. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One undergraduate interns have benefited from training and have moved forward in their careers in health science. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Technical breakthroughs for measuring in real time fumigant air emissions have been presented at professional society conferences. State agency leads are working directly with the FEQL on issues regarding fumigant registrations in WA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The major focus will be directed towards working closely with the agrochemical industry and WSDA for developing near-field air monitoring programs that can better insure public safety near communities where fumigant applications are occuring. I will be delivering a message in February 2016 at the Pesticide Stewardship Alliance to the agrochemical industry to be more vigilant in regards to their new formulated product claims that these materials are safe when applied close to non-target cropping systems and also work more closely with state agencies/land grants.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This project is coming to its final phase of completion. We started by identifying if there was a concern for public heath from field movement of fumigants. The grower community, regulatory agencies have now adopted changes in technology that have led to mitigation. I will continue to explore novel sampling approaches such as proton transfer mass spectroscopy (PtrMS) that can aid registrants in gathering near real time residential exposure information for important fumigants used in potato production. Registrants are also now seeking fast-track 24c use of chloropricrin as a fumigant in PNW large production agriculture and are requesting relaxation of field edge buffers for potato, mint, and onion fields based on modeled data. My participation in 2015 and 2016 with WSDA will help insure that growers get due consideration for a 24c use but without compromising public safety. We continue with providing key information to multistate government agencies on the off-target movement in air of field applied herbicides to sensitive cropping systems. 2,4-D injury to wine grapes will continue to be a major concern in the PNW especially with new glyposhate/2,4-D formulations being more available and more widely applied near sensitive crops.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Todd Rodgers, Joe Sears, Vince Hebert. Real time detection of methyl isothiocyanate fumigant drift from potato fields American Society for Mass Spectroscopy 2015 - 63rd ASMS Conference St. Louis 2015. June 5 9.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Zhou Lu, Vince Hebert, Glenn Miller. Laboratory Measured Emission Losses of Methyl Isothiocyanate at Pacific Northwest Soil Surface Fumigation Temperatures. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Dec 2015.
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The primary target audience is the general public in developing cost-effective agricultural practices for reducing fumigant atmospheric emissions of fumigants (MITC) and their toxic reaction by-products (MIC) to residential areas near soil fumigation operations. US EPA OPP; US EPA Region 10; Potato producers; Crop consultants; pesticide applicators are audiences for the technical information that is generated by this fumigation assessment work. These efforts have opened opportunities to develop new sampling technologies and effective product stewardship programs to reduce human inhalation exposure in agriculturally important regions in the Pacific Northwest that exist near residential communities. We have also recently characterized low-level toxic atmospheric fumigant by-products that may deserve greater risk consideration. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One student received his MS degrees in Environmental Sciences as a direct result of this project. Two undergraduate interns have also benefited from training and have moved forward in their careers in health science. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of the 2012-2013 residential air monitoring has been disseminated at Washington State sponsored pesticide applicator training venues. These presentations were directed towards applicators who conduct soil fumigant applications where this residential air monitoring project took place. Various 2014 venues with EPA-OPP (Western Region Pesticide Meeting, Seattle WA and EPA-OPP teleconferences) and multistate regulatory agencies (Northwest Pesticide Inspector Training, Spokane WA) were also delivered. This residential inhalation exposure information was also presented at the 2014 13th International Congress on Pesticide Chemistry IUPAC-ACS conference is San Francisco whose audience represented a wide array of experts in pesticide chemistry from industry, health agencies, and academic research institutions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? This project is coming to its final phase of completion. We started by identifying if there was a concern for public heath from field movement of fumigants. The grower community, regulatory agencies have now adopted changes in technology that have lead to mitigation. I will continue to explore novel sampling approaches such as proton transfer mass spectroscopy (PtrMS) that can aid registrants in gathering near real time residential exposure information for important fumigants used in potato production.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Near-field MITC-MIC conversion assessments have aided Washington State and multi-state public health agencies for continuing to make available a mechanism for communicating exposure risks to the community, state and federal public health agencies. Recently reported emission data from the fall of 2013 indicate that EPA Phase II metam sodium label changes and buffer zones are improving residential air quality. This is an important observation that indicates there is a change in condition benefiting public health. Two peer-reviewed publications and a EPA-Office of Pesticide Programs technical report on MITC and MIC in residential air was completed and stimulated further public health discussions.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Woodrow, JE, LePage, JT, Miller, GC, Hebert, VR. Determination of methyl isocyanate in outdoor residential air near metam-sodium soil fumigations. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 8921-8927 (2014)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Lu, Z, Hebert, VR, Miller, GC. Gas-phase reaction of methyl isothiocyanate and methyl isocyanate with hydroxyl radicals under static relative rate conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62(8):1792-1795
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: The primary target audience is the general public in developing cost-effective agricultural practices for reducing fumigant atmospheric emissions to residential areas near soil fumigation operations. US EPA OPP; US EPA Region 10; Potato producers; Crop consultants; pesticide applicators are audiences for the technical information that is generated by this fumigation assessment work. These efforts have opened opportunities to develop new sampling technologies and effective product stewardship programs to reduce human inhalation exposure in agriculturally important PNW regions that exist near residential communities. Changes/Problems: The major change was that the project was expanded to include air monitoring in 2013. This was not originally anticipated or funded. However, the need for monitoring after complete adoption of EPA Phase II label provisions was important to enhance the overall value of this inhalation exposure assessment. The second change was to employ newly developed and mobile sampling techniques to compare side-by-side to traditional high volume time averaged trapping media studies. The additions of 2013 air monitoring together with field validation of new sampling technology has strengthen the intent of the original study and will lead to future improvements in mitigating fumigant off-target movement. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? In 2012-2013, this project led to opportunities for a graduate student researcher (Ned Hasting MS in Env Sciences, 2013) to be trained in the field and in the lab. This student also authored an EPA-OPP technical deliverable in 2013. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of Year 2012 residential air monitoring has been disseminated at WSU sponsored pesticide applicator training venues in the winter of 2012 and spring of 2013. These presentations were directed towards applicators who conduct soil fumigant applications where this residential air monitoring project took place. An EPA-OPP technical project report was delivered. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Residential air monitoring was continued in the fall of 2013 in Franklin Co. WA to further evaluate EPA Phase II label mitigation of off-target fumigant air concentrations to residential areas. These traditional adsorbent trapping monitoring results will be reported together with innovative mobile sampling technology results. These side-by-side traditional with new sampling show proton transfer mass spectroscopy (PtrMS) can be a reliable mobile tool for registrants and public health professionals to rapidly assess trace-level fumigant concentrations in air both near-field and at more distant residential locations.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This project report represents the near-end for my participation in investigating and aiding in mitigating soil fumigant emissions from large production potato operations near communities. This work was initiated in 2005 by asking a simple question: Is there really a problem with off-target fumigant movement to residential communities? The consequences from this question not only led to residential air monitoring but also agronomically relevant application practices that enhanced bystander and public safety. Much of the investigative work could not have been performed if not for the cooperation among product manufacturers, growers, crop consultants, and state/federal regulatory agencies. Phase II MS label changes now specify shank injection near residential areas and should greatly aid in reducing exposure, but only if performed to a depth that will minimize surface fumigant emissions. Ascertaining associated inhalation hazards resulting from gaseous fumigant transformation products in regions of large-scale pre-plant fumigations, however, remains an important area still deserving investigative attention. This study shows that more than one fumigant product (MIC together with MITC) deserves risk assessment consideration.
Publications
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During 2012, a grant was accepted, a presentation was given at the 244th American Chemical Society National Conference, and a submission to Pest Management Sci. was published. All of the above activities addressed the movement and environmental fate of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), a gaseous by-product of the soil fumigant metam sodium. Littke, a graduate student successfully published his findings on MITC flux, and Zhio Lu a graduate researcher who I advise, presented his findings on the rapid conversion of OH radical MITC to methyl isocyanate (MIC)(with hours) under laboratory conditions to the ACS National Conference. In 2012, specialized adsorbents were developed to abstract/assess MIC from residential air. The field residential work shows that a 1:10 MITC:MIC proportion existed in air. Maximum air residues for MITC were reported at 90 part per billion. Maximum 2 ppb MIC air residues were observed. The findings of this residential air study will be provided to EPA-OPP as a analytical summary report in spring 2013. Other outputs: Hebert V., Reducing the Risk from Fumigation Practices at the Rural/Urban Interface, US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Funding Opportunity Announcement: Regional Agricultural IPM Grants (EPA-OPP-11-003), funded in the amount of $ 44,659. Grant period July 2012 - August 2013. Zhou Lu, Vincent Hebert, and Glenn Miller. Gas phase reaction of methyl isothiocyanate with hydroxyl radicals under static relative rate conditions, 244th ACS National Meeting & Exposition - August 19-23, 2012, Philadelphia, PA. Hebert V., An update on fumigant volatility, WSU-Pesticide Applicator Training, Pasco, WA, December 3, 2012. 180 attendees. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Glenn Miller University of Nevada (multistate W-2045 member) TARGET AUDIENCES: US EPA OPP; US EPA Region 10; Potato producers; Crop consultants; pesticide applicators are audiences for the technical information that is generated by this fumigation assessment work. The primary target audience, however,remains the general public in developing cost-effective agricultural practices for reducing fumigant atmospheric emissions to residential areas near soil fumigation operations. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our Washington State field flux evaluation for MITC have helped change federal fumigant labels making fumigant applications efficacious but safer to nearby residential communities and bystanders. Starting in December 2012, soil incorporated shank applications will now be mandatory near homes and residential communities. Our MITC residential air monitoring evaluations, that have been conducted in 2005, 2007, 2008, and now 2012 are consistent in seeing increased MITC air concentrations towards the last days of allowed fumigation in late October. Our preliminary finding of MIC in air in this 2012 study suggest that MIC together with MITC should be considered in the future as part of EPA-OPP's soil fumigant risk assessment for metam sodium.
Publications
- Littke M., J.LePage, D.A.Sullivan, V.Hebert. 2012. Comparison of field methyl isothiocyanate flux following Pacific Northwest surface-applied and ground-incorporated fumigation practices. Pest Management Science. doi: 10.1002/ps.3414
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We have concluded examining soil surface flux of MITC to air after fumigant application. A manuscript has been submitted to Pest Management Science November 2011 and is under review. I have been acting PI of a joint WSU-OSU collaborative effort examining reduction in fumigant air emissions from changes in fumigation practices. This work has been completed in the form of a peer-reviewed manuscript submitted to Atmospheric Environment in October 2011. This joint efficacy effort also resulted in an Oregon-Washington Commission potato proceeding. Five oral presentations were delivered to public, crop grower, and regulatory stakeholders in 2011. We have also concluded our work looking at naturally occurring isothiocyanates (NITCs) in air that are produced by the incorporation of certain mustard cover crops that can be employed in soil-borne pathogen control. The results of this air monitoring work indicates that NITCs do not pose a human inhalation exposure concern. PARTICIPANTS: Drs. Dennis Johnson (WSU Plant Path), Phi Hamm and Don Horneck (OSU-Hermiston) were co-PIs. Ed Schneider of Schneider Farms donated use of his land-chemigation equipment for two planting seasons, Monte Spence and his crew at WindFlow Fertilizer retrofitted center pivot drizzle boom operations/multi-application rate oversight, Jim Ossman and his group at Crop Production Services performed shank application. Jim Owens and Kurt Volker from Tessenderlo Kerley provided product support and field oversight for the field efficacy demonstrations. TARGET AUDIENCES: Grower community and state/federal regulatory agencies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The work completed on fumigant flux has resulted in changes to fumigant product labels and has appreciably reduced field-edge buffers in potato-producing fields in the PNW. This will have huge public health and economic benefits for our public and producer stakeholders. The work completed on field efficacy demonstrates the importance of developing near-surface application practices that also can effectively reduce fumigant surface emissions and human inhalation exposure.
Publications
- Knight, A. L., L. L. Stelinski, V. Hebert, L. Gut, D. Light, and J. Bruner. 2011. Evaluation of novel semiochemical dispensers simutaneously releasing pear ester and sex pheromone for mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidea). Journal of Applied Entomology. Published on-line March 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2011.01633.x
- Trott, D., J.LePage, and V. Hebert. 2011. Assessing Natural Isothiocyanate Air Emissions after Field Incorporation of Mustard Cover Crop. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Article first published on-line Dec. 19, 2011. doi: 10.1007/s00128-001-0506-6
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2010, we have conducted/completed various field/analytical technical publications to better understand the transport and fate of pesticide management chemicals in air. The major laboratory research effort was towards understanding soil column volatilization flux of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) at incremental temperatures under laboratory air flow-through conditions. The output of this effort resulted in a technical publication (FEQL-0809; Temperature dependent emission loss of MITC following surface application 90pp). This technical publication was prepared for the Washington State Potato Commission. This report was advanced in the summer of 2010 to the USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs. In 2010, we continued our evaluations under the direction of Dr. Jay Brunner from the WSU-Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center on release kinetics of existing and new solid matrix codling moth mating disruption devices. This work is supported by a 3-year grant (2009-2012) through the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission. In 2010 we provided a technical summary (FEQL-0709-2009; Evaluation of Release Rates from Field-aged Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection, 30pp.)in support of this grant. PARTICIPANTS: Jay Brunner, Mike Doerr (WSU-TFREC); Jane LePage (FEQL) TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal public health regulatory agencies, growers, and manufacturers of mating disruption devices. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
FEQL's 2010 research on MITC temperature dependence can impact how EPA chooses to set 2012 field-edge public health buffer zone criteria for cooler fall-early spring soil temperatures that typify PNW field fumigation conditions. Our continued work with Dr. Brunner in understanding release rates from solid matrix mating disruption devices continues to supply key information to the grower community and manufacturers on products that can be efficacious over the entire codling moth mating season.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2009, we have conducted/completed various field/analytical evaluations to better understand the transport and fate of pesticide management chemicals in air. The focus of most of our 2009 research attention was on near-field and residential fumigant emission. Funding from the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, Washington State Potato Commission, and EPA Region-10 Farm Land Trust was well utilized for gathering near-field volatilization flux density measurements after 2 types of reduced-emission application practices in Franklin County, WA. The field and analytical work was completed in 12/08 and was reported/published in early spring 2009 (FEQL Study No. 0808 "Estimating Methyl Isothiocyanate Emission Rates following Soil Incorporated Shank and Modified Center Pivot Chemigation Metam Sodium Applications." 69 pp). Funding from a 2007-2009 WA legislative Biennium Omnibus grant was also employed to assess 2008 residential air quality in south Franklin Co., WA. The air monitoring work has been completed and again indicates that fumigant air emissions during the active fumigation season are significantly above EPA human inhalation exposure levels of concern, up to 10-fold (FEQL Report 1008. 2008 MITC Residential Community Air Assessment; Franklin County, Washington. 98 pp). In 2009, we continued our evaluations under the direction of Dr. Jay Brunner from the Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center on release kinetics of existing and new solid matrix codling moth mating disruption devices. In 2009 we provided an ASR on our 2008 emission findings for solid matrix flakes and fibers (LePage J and V Hebert. FEQL 1608-2008 Evaluation of Release Rates from Field-Aged Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection. 27 pp). PARTICIPANTS: Jay Brunner, WSU-Tree Fruit Extension and Research Center; Jane LePage, WSU-Food and Environmental Quality Laboratory; Matt Littke, WSU Graduate Researcher; and Donna Trott, WSU Graduate Researcher. TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal public health regulatory agencies (i.e., Washington State Department of Health and EPA-OPP), growers and manufacturers of mating disruption devices. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our residential evaluations show that there is a human health inhalation concern with fumigant emissions from traditional application methods. Our 2009 reported research on reduced-emission application technologies will have immediate impact on how EPA chooses to set field-edge buffer zone criteria for these new technologies. It is likely that current buffer zones in the 2008 Fumigant Reregistration Eligibility Decision of 2008 will be modified to allow greater flexibility for the grower. Improvements in air quality from changes in application tactics should also be evident in future residential air monitoring evaluations. Our continued work in understanding release rates from solid matrix mating disruption devices continues to supply key information to the grower community and manufacturers on products that can be efficacious over the entire codling moth mating season.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2008, we conducted/completed various field/analytical evaluations to better understand the transport and fate of pesticide management chemicals in air. The focus of most of our 2008 research attention was on near-field and residential fumigant emission. Funding from the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, Washington State Potato Commission, and EPA Region-10 Farm Land Trust was utilized for gathering near-field volatilization flux density measurements after 2 types of reduced-emission application practices in Franklin County WA. The field and analytical work was completed in 12/08 and will be reported/published in early spring 2009. Funding from a 2007-2009 WA legislative Bienium Omnibus grant was also employed to assess 2008 residential air quality in south Franklin Co. WA. The air monitoring work has been completed and again indicates that fumigant air emissions during the active fumigation season are above EPA human inhalation exposure levels of concern. Fumigant air monitoring studies have been reported as 2008 Analytical Summary Reports (ASRs) and are as follows: 1) Methyl Isothiocyanate Air Sampling Breakthrough Evaluation; FEQL 0208; 13 pp, 2) 2007 Evaluation of Release Rates from Field-Aged Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection; FEQL 0608; 27 pp, 3) Quantification of MITC in Activated Charcoal Air Cartridges from Two Chemigated Circles in Eastern Washington State; FEQL 0708; 27 pp, 4) Near Field Emissions of MITC Following Shank Injection and Chemigation Metam Applications; FEQL 1207B; 42 pp, and 5) 2007 MITC Residential Community Air Assessment; Franklin County, Washington; FEQL 1207A; 96 pp. In 2008, we continued our evaluations under the direction of Dr. Jay Brunner from the Washington State University (WSU)-Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center on release kinetics of existing and new solid matrix codling moth mating disruption devices. In 2008 we provided an ASR on our 2007 emission findings for solid matrix flakes and fibers ("2007 Evaluation of Release Rates from Field-Aged Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection" FEQL 0608; 27 pp). In 2008, we continue to work with Dr. David James (PI), WSU-Entomology Department for investigating the role of naturally occurring methyl salicylate plant emission after insect herbivory. The work with David James has shown that plants chemically communicate to inform other plants in insect predation. As a consequence, plant manufactured insect repellents may reduce injury from predation. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Jay Brunner, WSU-Tree Fruit Research Extension Center; Dr. David James, WSU-Department of Entomology; Wind Flow Fertilizer Inc.; Western Farm Service TARGET AUDIENCES: Grower community; Pacific Northwest crop commodity commission representatives, state and federal agriculture and environmental health agencies PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our residential evaluations show that there is a human health concern with fumigant emissions from traditional application methods. In July 2008, EPA-OPP released the fumigant reregistration eligibility decision (RED). This document will have immediate consequences for the grower community and potato industry in WA state and nationally and potentially restrict fumigant use. Our 2008 research on reduced-emission application technologies will have immediate impact on how EPA chooses to set field-edge buffer zone criteria for these new technologies. It is likely that current buffer zones in the 2008 fumigant RED will be modified to allow greater flexibility for the grower. Improvements in air quality from changes in application tactics should also be evident in future 2008-2010 residential air monitoring evaluations. Our continued work in understanding release rates from solid matrix mating disruption devices continues to supply key information to the grower community (and manufacturers) on products that can be efficacious over the entire codling moth mating season. Our work with David James' group will continue to provide plant chemical ecology emission profile data that may lead to biological control tools useful in IPM.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2007, we conducted various studies to better understand the transport and fate of pesticide management chemicals in air. Many of these studies have been reported as technical documents and are as follows: 1) FEQL-0806 Year 2006 Evaluation of Release Rates from Field-Aged Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection, (3/2007); 2) FEQL-0107 Butterfly Osmeterium Extract and Whole Gland Analysis by GC/MS; 3) FEQL-0207 Evaluation of Release Rates from Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection (4/2007) -USDA ARS study; 4) FEQL-0807 2007 Evaluation of Release Rates from Field-Aged Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection (12/2007) Wilbur Ellis work; 5) FEQL-0507 2007 Interim Summary of Work: Evaluation of volatile organics from juvenile hop plants after exposure to methyl salicylate (8/2007). The emphasis of the above technical reports was to 1) examine alternative pest control tactics using mating disruption and, 2) investigate the role of kairomones for attracting
beneficial insects. We will be continuing this area of research in 2008. In 2007 we received $ 20K funding from the Washington State University-Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (WSU-TFREC) for conducting the pheromone mating disruption investigations. In 2007 (and again in 2008), we received funding through the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration (WSCPR) (David James, PI) for investigating the role of methyl salicyate in encouraging greater beneficial insect tactics for controlling injury to hop yards. We also continue to provide efficacy studies for pheromone dispenser manufacturers in assaying pheromone release from conventional and newly developed field-aged dispensers.
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Jay Brunner, WSU-TFREC Dr. David James, WSU Prosser
TARGET AUDIENCES: Hop and other agricultural producers.
Impacts
The work we perform on assess release kinetics from pheromone devices has a direct impact on improving the product. Our release examinations are essential for determining commercial product effectiveness in disrupting codling moth mating. Field failures will result in the grower relying on the use of organophosphorus insecticides. The work with David James has shown that plants communicate chemically to inform other plants of insect predation. As a consequence, plant manufactured insect repellents may reduce injury from predation.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
In 2006, we have conducted various studies to better understand the transport and fate of pesticide management chemicals in air. Many of these studies have been reported as technical documents and are as follows: 1) Evaluation of Release Rates from Emulsion Dispensers by Volatile Collection. LePage, J., V. Hebert, 2) Evaluation of Release Rates from Trece Pheromone Dispensers by Volatile Collection. LePage, J., V. Hebert, J. F. Brunner, 3) Year 2005 Evaluation of Release Rates from Isomate Field-Aged Dispensers. LePage, J., V. Hebert, 4) Year 2005 evaluation of release rates from field-aged Checkmate dispensers. LePage, J., V. Hebert, 5) Evaluation of Release Rates from Emulsion Dispensers by Volatile Collection. LePage, J., V. Hebert, 6) Pheromone mating disruption: assessment of commercial dispenser systems. Hebert, V., Invited presentation at the American Chemical Society Agrochemical meeting 2006.
Impacts
We have provided pheromone release information to manufacturers and growers. This emission information will lead to better product efficacy and continued use of this safer alternative approach to traditional organophosphorus insecticide use.
Publications
- Hebert, V., E. Culbert, J. F. Brunner, V. Jones, and M. D. Doerr. 2006. Evaluating the pheromone release rate characteristic of commercial mating disruption devices. Crop Protection Products for Organic Agriculture. Environmental, Health, and Efficacy Assessment. Ed.
- A. Felsot, K. Racke. Washington, DC. 2006 American Chemical Society Symposium Series. 144-157.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Pome fruit growers and crop consultants have raised questions and expressed concerns about the reliability of commercial codling moth mating disruption dispenser products. In part, this can be attributed to non-uniform chemical release behavior from field-aged dispensers under actual orchard conditions. Starting in 2001, we evaluated a series of commercially available dispensers by assessing the residual amount of pheromone after field-aging in the orchard. Our yearly evaluations have assisted orchards growers to quickly identify faulty dispenser products. These assessments have also directly aided dispenser manufacturers for improving season-long pheromone release. In 2005, we performed two field-aged dispenser release studies with WSU faculty and staff at the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (TFREC). The studies were developed to aid dispenser manufacturers (Suterra Ldt. and Pacific BioControl) better understand chemical release from their
dispenser technologies. The results of this work will be reported in 2006. In 2005, we also completed an analytical report of 2004 field-aged dispenser release information that was conducted in Oregon State and at the TFREC orchard. Year 2004 evaluation of release rates from field-aged dispensers by volatile trapping were published in Report No. FEQL-NG-0203. 47 pp (2005)). In 2005, one peer-reviewed publication and one peer reviewed book chapter was generated on pheromone mating disruption field and analytical method procedures.
Impacts
Our 2004 field-aged mating disruption research was completed as a summary report in 2005. This summary report provided dispenser manufacturers with release information for enhancing product efficacy in the 2006 orchard season. Our 2005 JAFC publication on volatile capture has been well received by land grant university researchers. We will be engaged in greater collaborative efforts on mating disruption dispenser release rates with UC California and Michigan State University researchers in 2006.
Publications
- Tomaszewska E, Hebert VR, Brunner J, Jones V, Doerr M. 2005. Evaluating Chemical Release from Commercial Codling Moth Mating Disruption Dispensers. J. Agric. Food Chem 53: 2399-2405.
- Hebert, VR. 2005. Understanding the tropospheric transport and fate of semivolatile pest management chemicals. In: Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals ACS Symposium Book Series 899, ed. JM Clark, pp 70-82.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The Food and Environmental Quality Laboratory (FEQL) in Richland, WA evaluated the release kinetics of codlemone ((E,E) 8,10 dodecadien-1-ol) and other volatile compounds (when present) from six types of commercial pheromone dispensers exposed to typical orchard conditions in Wenatchee, WA. The objective of this study was to determine the relative amount of codlemone released from the hand-applied dispensers after field exposures of 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126, and 142 days. This work continues a monitoring program begun in 2002 in cooperation with Dr. Jay Brunner, Director of the Washington State University (WSU) Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (TFREC), Wenatchee, WA. The Codlemone reduced-risk food and feed exemption status has greatly accelerated the registration timeline from commercial dispenser development to field utilization by the grower. Unfortunately, the success of codling moth mating disruption has recently declined, especially over
the second mating flight generation. In part, this can be attributed to non-uniform chemical release behavior from field-aged dispensers under actual orchard conditions. Manufacturers continue to make formulation and dispenser material changes yearly for optimizing season-long dispenser release, especially after orchard growers report failures in moth mating disruption. This trial and error approach in the end may lead to greater grower reliance on chemical control strategies.
Impacts
Our yearly evaluations of commercial product performance directly assists orchards growers in quickly identifying faulty dispenser products and assists manufacturers understand pheromone release kinetics thereby aiding in the manufacture of dispensers that provide season-long release.
Publications
- LePage, J. V. Hebert. 2004. Evaluation of Release Rates from Field Aged Dispensers by Volatile Trapping. FEQL NG-0204. 35 pages.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Starting in 2001, we have been assessing product performance by residual analysis of field-aged commercial pheromone dispensers. Results to date indicate that not all of the products available to growers provide constant release adequate for season-long mating suppression. Certain commercial products were found to provide constant release, whereas, others were found to either stop releasing pheromone or were rapidly depleted. Results gathered in 2003, further indicate that certain commercial dispenser systems release pheromone at a near-constant rate where others are depleted more quickly or stop releasing during the season. In 2003, we have also developed a laboratory chamber volatile trapping system (VTS) to examine pheromone released in the gas-phase from field-aged commercial dispensers. This system provided similar release information when compared to field-aged commercial pheromone dispensers. To ascertain biologically relevant pheromone concentrations in the
canopy air, direct measurements of pheromone concentrations in air were performed in 2003 using high-volume air sampling in combination with highly sensitive instrumentational methods. The field results indicate other factors other than increasing the number of dispensers in the orchard account for increased pheromone air concentrations. As important, air temperature was found to have a major and near-exponential influence on chemical release increasing ambient air pheromone concentrations. In collaboration with the University of Nevada, a laboratory reaction chamber study was performed in 2003 for evaluating the photochemical and oxidative reactivity of codlemone under stable gas conditions. Before attempting photochemical or oxidative evaluations, a stable gas-phase concentration of codlemone first had to be established. We were not able to achieve a stable condition in air. In the dark, codlemone was observed to rapidly be loss (t1/2 at 0.5 hour) when compared to the gas-phase
internal standard) soon after administration into the system. To discount possible sorption onto the chamber walls, codlemone was re-introduced into the chamber but within a nitrogen gas environment. Under these conditions, the gas-phase concentration of codlemone was stable over a 4-hour experimental timeframe. Codlemone is a straight chain 12-carbon diene alcohol and would be expected to rapidly oxidize in the presence of hydroxyl radical (SAR model est. half-life at 0.5 hour) or possibly in the presence of other atmospheric oxidants such as ozone. In purified air, the rapid rate of loss was not anticipated. Based on our results, it can be reasonably assumed that triplet-state molecular oxygen may aid in its atmospheric degradation. However, since temperature dependent studies were not performed, this assumption remains speculative. From a chemical ecology viewpoint, rapid oxidation is highly desirable to the female codling moth. From the viewpoint of product efficacy, rapid
atmospheric oxidation is much less desirable.
Impacts
Residual evaluations of commercial field-aged dispensers continue to show that certain dispenser systems do not release pheromone at a constant rate. Some are depleted rapidly, while others stop releasing. The above residual observations on commercial dispensers were validated using a newly developed volatile trapping system (VTS). Implications to growers are that poor control of codling moth mating may be a direct result of poor dispenser design thus failing to release adequate amounts of the pheromone in the air over the entire mating season. Laboratory reactivity studies indicate that codlemone is highly reactive and will oxidize very rapidly when in contact with ground-state molecular oxygen. The orchard lifetime of this substance after chemical release may be in the order of 0.5 to 1 hour. Thus, rapid degradation together with inadequate dispenser release may explain the observed failure of hand-applied dispensers to disrupt mating at various orchard locations.
Publications
- Hebert, VR and G Miller. 2003. Understanding the tropospheric fate of agricultural pesticides, In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (G. Ware ed) Vol. 181 pp 1-48.
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