Progress 12/01/02 to 11/30/06
Outputs
Phosphorus runoff from manure amended soils is a major cause of accelerated freshwater eutrophication, a widespread water quality problem in the US. For many dairy farms this is due to an imbalance of phosphorus inputs and outputs at the farm gate and the over application of manure P to meet crop nitrogen needs. Although one solution is to better match feed phosphorus and cow needs, little information is available on the effect of feed and manure management on cow performance, amount and form of phosphorus excreted, loss in runoff, and overall farm profitability. This project investigated short- and long-term solutions to the problem of phosphorus losses from dairy farms in the northeastern US, by (a) determining the effect of alternative dairy feeding practices on the amount and chemical form of phosphorus excreted in manure; (b) assessing the potential for phosphorus runoff from soils treated with different manures; (c) developing a routine manure P test that
estimates the potential for phosphorus runoff; and (d) assessing long-term effects of these feeding and manure management practices on dairy-farm production, economic viability, and phosphorus losses using the Integrated Farming Systems Model (IFSM). Controlled feeding studies were conducted with dietary P (0.30 and 0.42% of dry mater intake) and forage source (alfalfa hay and soybean hulls) as variables. Diets were fed to 32 mid-lactation Holsteins for 14 weeks. Dietary P content did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk composition. Feeding the lower amount of P resulted in approximately 35% less manure P excretion. At the same dietary P level, cows fed alfalfa hay excreted about 10% more P than cows fed soybean hulls. Manure from the feeding trial was used to develop a protocol for a water-based extraction analysis of manure that can be used to estimate the availability of manure P to runoff water, and therefore, the potential for land applied manures to enrich runoff
with P. Rainfall-runoff studies showed that runoff P was greater after applying feeding trial manure from high P and high fiber diets than from low P and low fiber diets. A commercial test for manures was developed for use with P Indices in North America to minimize the potential of runoff P enrichment when manures are land applied. The P Index is widely regarded as a critical tool in protecting water quality, particularly with regard to land application of manure. Wide spread adoption and use of the P Index is resulting in the first significant reduction in the threat to water quality from nonpoint sources of P. A component model for predicting P loss at the field and farm scale was developed and integrated into IFSM, then validated against field data. IFSM was used to compare P loss from farm production systems using various cropping, grazing, and feeding strategies. Simulation of dairy farms in southeastern New York showed that implementation of feed management strategies to better
utilize P could reduce annual soluble and sediment P losses by about 25% and eliminate long-term accumulation of soil P on the farm while improving farm profitability.
Impacts
1. Provided comprehensive evaluation of alternative feeding programs based on animal performance; amount, chemical form, and potential loss of the excreted P; and farm level economic and environmental impacts. 2. Provided technology to reduce impact of land-applied dairy manure on soil and water resources typical to northeast U.S. agriculture. Project results adopted in P Indices is resulting in first significant reductions in nonpoint P inputs and degradation of surface water quality. 3. Guidance (fact sheets, field days, on-farm training) given to dairy producers on economical alternatives for feeding, manure management, environmental risk and strategic planning for sustainable nutrient management. This has reduced supplementary diet P in major dairy production areas of New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. 4. Feeding a lower amount of P did not affect milk yield or milk composition but resulted in approximately 35% less manure P excretion. At the same dietary P
level, cows fed alfalfa hay excreted about 10% more P than cows fed soybean hulls. 5. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) refined to more accurately predict P runoff from land applied manures and risk of surface water quality degradation. SWAT is now being used to evaluate nutrient flows in the Mississippi River Basin at their impact on Gulf hypoxia. 6. Integrated Farming Systems Model developed and delivered to Cornell Cooperative Extension to help farmers within P-restricted Cannonsville Reservoir Watershed (New York City drinking water supply) evaluate alternative precision feeding systems.
Publications
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.M. Wolf, A.N. Sharpley and D.B. Beegle. 2002. Survey of water extractable phosphorus in manures. Soil Science Society of America, 2002 Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
- Kleinman, P.J.A. 2003. Phosphorus and Manure Management: Understanding the P Index. Invited presentation at Maryland Department of Agricultures Managing Nutrients in Pasture Operations training symposium, Februrary 2003, Laurel, MD.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., and A.M. Wolf. 2003. Developing a water extractable phosphorus test for manures. Soil Science Society of America, 2003 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., W.L. Stout, and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. Grazing and environmental quality. Invited presentation at Maryland Department of Agricultures Managing Nutrients in Pasture Operations training symposium, Februrary 2003, Laurel, MD.
- Kleinman, P., J. Weld, D. Beegle, and A. Sharpley. 2004. Development and implementation of Phosphorus Indices in the United States. Invited oral presentation for the 2004 SERA 17-IEG 17 Annual Meeting, New Bern, NC, July 2004.
- Anderson. M.A. 2004. NEEDs Program Arrives. Lancaster Farming. 50(4): A1, A28.
- Allen, A., P.J. Kleinman, A. Sharpley, R. Maguire, J.T. Sims, and W.L. Stout. 2005. Manure nutrient management of phosphorus and nitrogen on a Coastal Plain soil. Soil Science Society of America. Salt Lake City, Utah. November 2005.
- Baum, K., G. Pierzynski, P. Kleinman, J. Kovar, R. Maguire, P.A. Moore and T. Zhang. 2006. Evaluating the influence of storage time, sampling handling method and filter paper on the measurement of water extractable phosphorus in animal manures. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37: 451-463.
- Beegle, D.B., W.J. Gburek, P.J.A. Kleinman, A.N. Sharpley, and J.L. Weld. 2005. The Pennsylvania Phosphorus Index: Integrating farm management options. Lancaster Farming: Nutrient Age: Phosphorus Planning. A reference guide to nutrient management. May 2005.
- Beegle, D.B., W.J. Gburek, P.J.A. Kleinman, A.N. Sharpley, and J.L. Weld. 2005. The Phosphorus Index and phosphorus nutrient management in Pennsylvania. Lancaster Farming: Nutrient Age: Phosphorus Planning. A reference guide to nutrient management. May 2005.
- Beegle, D.B., J.L.Weld, W. J. Gburek, P. J. A. Kleinman, and A.N. Sharpley. 2005. The Pennsylvanioa Phosphorus Index Version 1: User Documentation. Publications Distribution Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
- Brock. E.H., Q.M. Ketterings, and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2007. Phosphorus leaching through intact soil cores as influenced by type and duration of manure application. Nutr. Cycl. Agroec. Accepted for publication.
- Dell, C.J. 2004. Short-term impacts of manure application rates on n-cycling: Nitrous oxide emissions. Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Seattle, WA.
- Dell, C.J., J.P. Schmidt, and R.H. Skinner.2005. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from rotationally-grazed pasture soils. Soil Science Society of America. Salt Lake City, Utah. November 2005.
- Dell, C.J., J.P. Schmidt, and R.H. Skinner. 2005. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from rotationally-grazed pasture soils. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, November, 2005.
- Elliott, H.A., R.C. Brandt, P.J.A. Kleinman, A.N. Sharpley, and D.B. Beegle. 2006. Estimating source coefficients for phosphorus site indices. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 2195-2201
- Gitau, M.W., T.L. Veith, and W.J. Gburek. 2004. Farm-level optimization of BMP placement for cost-effective pollution reduction. Transactions ASAE 47(6): 1923−1931.
- Gitau, M., T. Veith, W. Gburek and A. Jarrett. 2004. Optimization of BMP selection and placement for phosphorus pollution control: Town Brook Watershed, New York. Northeast Agricultural and Biological Engineering Conference, University Park, PA, June 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, R. Stedman, and W. Gburek. 2004. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Presentation at National Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Forum. Hershey, PA. June 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, R. Stedman, and T. Veith. 2004. Impact of cattle access to streams: phosphorus loadings and CREP benefits in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Poster presentation at SERA-IEG 17 Annual Meeting. New Bern, NC. July 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, R. Stedman, and W. Gburek. 2004. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Paper presented at CRP: Planting for the Future Conference, Fort Collins, CO, June 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, and R. Stedman. 2004. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Presentation at monthly meeting of Watershed Agriculture Council. Delhi, NY, March 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman and R. Stedman. 2005. Keep your cows out of streams and ponds. Hoards Dairyman 150: 472.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, T. Veith, R. Stedman and A. Sharpley. 2007. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams of the Cannonsville Watershed, New York. J. Soil and Water Conserv. Accepted for publication.
- Jokela, W.E., Clausen, J.C., Meals, D.W., Sharpley, A.N. 2004. Effectiveness of agricultural best management practices in reducing phosphorus loading to Lake Champlain. The Science and Management of Soil and Water: Lake Champlain. 14 p.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, and J.L. Weld. 2002. Phosphorus management tools for maintaining yields and protecting water quality. Soil Science Society of America, 2002 Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
- Sharpley, A.N., and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2003. Effect of rainfall simulator and plot scale on overland flow and phosphorus transport. J. Environ. Qual. 32:2172-2179.
- Sharpley, A. N., J.L. Weld, Beegle, D.B., Kleinman, P.J.A., Gburek, W.J., Moore, P.A. and Mullins, G. 2003. Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the U.S. J. Soil Water Conserv. 58:137-152.
- Sharpley, A.N. 2004. Manure management in cropping systems. Water Quality, Security and Sustainability of the Food and Agricultural System: Research, Education and Extension Issues, Mid-Atlantic Regional Listening Session of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, Education, and Economics Advisory Board, Princess Anne, MD, July 2004.
- Sharpley, A., A. Allen, P. Kleinman, L. Saporito, and W. Stout. 2004. Changing from N- to P-based manure management can decrease soil and runoff P. Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Seattle, WA, November 2004.
- Sharpley, A. N., McDowell, R. W., and Kleinman, P. J. A. 2004. Amounts, forms and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:2048-2057. 2004.
- Sharpley, A.N., Kleinman, P.J.A., Weld, J.L. 2004. Assessment, selection, and targeting best management practices to minimize the impacts of manures and phosphorus on surface water quality. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 47:461-477.
- Logan, J.A., H.A. Elliott, R.C. Brandt, P.J.A. Kleinman, and A.N. Sharpley. 2004. Assessing phosphorus loss from surface applied biosolids and manures during simulated rainfall. SERA-17 Annual Meeting. New Bern, NC, July 2004.
- McDowell, R. W., and Sharpley, A. N. 2004. Variation of phosphorus leached from Pennsylvanian soils amended with manures, composts or inorganic fertilizers. Agriculture Ecosystems and the Environment. 102:17-27.
- Penn, C.J., R.B. Bryant, and A.N. Sharpley. 2005. Land application of gypsum: agronomic and environmental implications. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, November 2005.
- Rotz, C.A., A.N. Sharpley, W.J. Gburek, M.A. Sanderson, and L.D. Satter. 2002. Production and feeding strategies for phosphorus management on dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3142-3153.
- Rotz, C.A. 2004. The Integrated Farm System Model: a tool for developing more economically and environmentally sustainable farming systems for the Northeast. Paper no. NABEC 04-0022. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. 11 pp.
- Rotz, C.A. 2004. Whole farm evaluation of Nutrient Management. p. 129-136. In - Proc. Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conf., October 5-7, Seattle. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
- Rotz, C.A. and J.Harrison. 2004. Computer simulation to evaluate farm nutrient management. p. 9-12. In Nitrogen management in a whole farm nutrient management context. WIN2ME Workshop October 7, Seattle. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
- Sedorovich, D., C.A. Rotz, and P.A. Vadas. 2005. Predicting management effects on phosphorus loss from farming systems. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Meetings Papers. Paper No. 053053.
- Sharpley, A.N, and J.L. Weld. 2003. Using and interpreting manure phosphorus analysis for nutrient management planning. Soil Science Society of America, 2003 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
- Sharpley, A.N., and R.W. McDowell, and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2003. Applying manure changes the form and solubility of phosphorus in soil. Soil Science Society of America, 2003 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
- Sharpley, A.N. 2003. Soil mixing to reduce surface stratification of phosphorus in manured soils. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1375-1384.
- Sharpley, A., and J.T. Sims. 2004. How we develop and support P-based regulations for land-applied residuals. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, November 2005.
- Sharpley, A.N., T. Daniel, G. Gibson, L. Bundy, M. Cabrera, T. Sims, R. Stevens, J. Lemunyon, P. Kleinman and R. Parry. 2006. Best management practices to minimize agricultural phosphorus impacts on water quality. ARS-163. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. July 2006.
- Sharpley, A.N.2006. Agricultural Phosphorus and the Environment: Integrating Science and Policy. Conference Exploring the Scientific Findings Relating to Nutrient Loading, at the Frontier Conference, sponsored by the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, February 2006.
- Sharpley, A.N. 2006. Phosphorus loss from agricultural land: Understanding the processes and developing BMPs. Conference Exploring the Scientific Findings Relating to Nutrient Loading, at the Frontier Conference, sponsored by the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, February 2006.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., Sharpley, A.N., Veith, T.L., Maguire, R.0., Vadas, P.A. 2004. Evaluation of phosphorus transport in surface runoff from packed soil boxes. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:1413-1423.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, A.M. Wolf and D.B. Beegle. 2004. National Phosphorus Project: Implications to Soil and Manure Testing. Invited oral presentation for the 2004 NCR-IEG 13 Annual Meeting, Des Moines, IA, February 2004.
- Kleinman, P.J.A. 2004. Managing Manure for Water Quality Protection. Invited oral presentation for Centre Agricultural Forum, Pleasant Gap, July, 2004.
- Kleinman, P.J.A. and A.N. Sharpley. 2004. Agricultural Phosphorus Management: From Paradigm Shift to Place Holders. Invited presentation, Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences weekly colloquium, University of Pittsburgh, September, 2004.
- Kleinman, P.J., Wolf, A.M., Sharpley, A.N., Beegle, D.B., Saporito, L.S. 2005. Survey of water extractable phosphorus in livestock manures. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 69:701-708.
- Kleinman, P.J.A. 2006. Agricultural non-point source pollution: from paradigm shift to pragmatism. Invited presentation to the University of Sao Paulo, Dept. of Plant and Soils, Pericicaba, Brazil. May 2006.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, F. Shigaki and L. Prochnow. 2006. Agriculture, phosphorus management and water quality in Brazil: Options for the Future. Invited presentation at the 3rd International Symposium on Phosphorus in the Soil-Plant Continuum, Uberlandia, Brazil. May 2006.
- Kleinman, P. J. A., Srinivasan M. S., Dell, C. J., Schmidt, J. P., Sharpley, A. N., and Bryant, R. B. 2006. Role of rainfall, seasonal hydrology and landscape factors on phosphorus and nitrogen in surface runoff. J. Environ. Qual 35:1248-1259. 2006.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, A.M. Wolf, D.B. Beegle, H.A. Elliott, J.L. Weld and R. Brandt. 2006. Developing an environmental manure test for the Phosphorus Index. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37: 2137-2155.
- Shigaki, F., Sharpley, A.N., and Prochnow, L. I. 2006. Source-related transport of phosphorus in surface runoff. J. Environ. Qual. 35:2229-2235.
- Sporre, J., Lanyon, L., and Sharpley, A. N. 2004. Low-intensity sprinkler for evaluating phosphorus transport from different landscape positions. Applied Eng. in Agric. 20(5):599-604.
- Vadas, P. 2004. Distribution of phosphorus between liquid and solid fractions of manure slurry. Annual SERA-17 meeting, New Bern, NC, July 2004.
- Vadas, P. A., Kleinman, P. J. A., and Sharpley, A. N. 2004. A simple method to predict dissolved phosphorus in runoff from surface-applied manures. J. Environ. Qual. 33:749-756.
- Sharpley, A.N. and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2006. The National Phosphorus Research Project. Annual Meeting of the Organization to Minimize Phosphorus Loss from Agriculture (SERA-17). Ithaca, NY. July 2006. Sharpley, A. N. 2006. Modeling phosphorus movement from agriculture to surface waters. p. 3 - 19. In D. Radcliffe and M. Cabrera (eds.), Modeling phosphorus in the environment, State of the art. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
- Sharpley, A. N., Schmidt, J. P., and Hergert, L.2006. Nutrient management practices. In M. Schnepf and C. Cox (eds.), Conservation Effects Assessment Program. Published by Society of Soil and Water Conservation, Ankeny, IA. In press. 2006.
- Vadas, P.A., B.E. Haggard, and W.J. Gburek. 2005. Predicting phosphorus in runoff from manured field plots. J. Environ. Qual. 34:1347-1353.
- Vadas, P.A., and P. J. A. Kleinman. 2006. Effect of methodology in estimating and interpreting water-extractable phosphorus in animal manures. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 1151-1159.
- Vadas, P. A., T. Krogstad, and A. N. Sharpley. 2006. Modeling phosphorus transfer between labile and non-labile soil pools: Updating the EPIC model. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:736-743.
- Veith, T.L. 2005. Parameter value uncertainty in SWAT Northeast Agricultural/Biological Engineering Conference (NABEC), Lewes, DE. August 2005.
- Veith, T.L. 2005. On- and Off-site environmental impacts of runoff and erosion. International Symposium for COST Action 634. Lublin, Poland. September 2005.
- Wolf, A.M., P.J.A. Kleinman, D.B. Beegle and A.N. Sharpley. 2002. Development of a water extractable phosphorus test for manures: An interlaboratory study. Soil Science Society of America, 2002 Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
- Wolf, A.M., Kleinman, P.J., Sharpley, A.N., Beegle, D.B. 2005. Development of a water extractable phosphorus test for manure: An inter-laboratory study. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 69:695-700.
- Weld, J.L., R.L. Parsons, D.B. Beegle, A.N. Sharpley, W.J. Gburek, and W.R. Clouser. 2002. Evaluation of phosphorus management strategies in Pennsylvania. J. Soil Water Conserv. 56:448-454.
- Weld, J.L., D.B. Beegle, W.L. Gburek, P.J.A. Kleinman, and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. The Pennsylvania phosphorus index: Version 1. CAT UC 180 5M3/03ps4591. Publications distribution center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
- Weld, J.L., and C.M. Shupe-Espenshade. 2003. Comment period allows farmers a voice in nutrient management law. Lancaster Farming. 49(4):A1, A37. A39-40.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Extension Meeting, Dairy Management and Nutrition. Presentation - Why is the Phosphorus-Index important? The purpose of the meeting and presentation was to provide farmers with information about P management and about how to incorporate the P Index into their nutrient management plan, February and March 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Dairy Phosphorus and Regulations (PR) Meeting. Presentation - Why is the Phosphorus-Index important? The Dairy-Phosphorus and Regulations cooperative extension education program sponsored by the Penn State Department of Dairy and Animal Science. February 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Annual Water Environment Federation Conference. Presentation - Development of the national Phosphorus Index: The potential role of WTR. The audience for this meeting was primarily wastewater and drinking water industry representatives, February 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. Meeting with PA USDA-NRCS nutrient management coordinators. This meeting provided technical updates and information to Pennsylvania USDA-NRCS staff on field practices including the development and review of P Index based nutrient management plans. February 2004.
- Weld, J.L.2004. Regional P Index comparison between NY, CT, NH, PA, and DE. Presentation and update on the National Phosphorus Research Project. Representatives from NY, CT, NH, PA, and DE compared the performance of their state P Index on various sites in NY, April 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Guest lecture in Animal Science 410, Penn State University. The presentation of the P management and the P Index demonstrated the interaction between dairy nutrition practices and the P Index, December 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. The Pennsylvania USDA-NRCS Nutrient Management Coordinators Meeting. This meeting provided technical updates and information to Pennsylvania USDA-NRCS staff on field practices including the development and review of P Index based nutrient management plans. February 2004.
- Weld, J.L.2004. Phosphorus Availability Coefficient (PAC) Workshop. This meeting brought together phosphorus researchers throughout the Mid-Atlantic States to compare and discuss methods for determining PACs for use in the P Index. The meeting was sponsored by the N and P team of the Mid-Atlantic Water Quality Program, June 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. RUSLE Workshop. This meeting brought together phosphorus researchers and USDA-NRCS representatives throughout the Mid-Atlantic States to discuss the role of RULSE in the P Index. The meeting was sponsored by the N and P team of the Mid-Atlantic Water Quality Program, July 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Phosphorus Management and the Pennsylvania P Index. This meeting provided the public with information about phosphorus management and provided the opportunity to ask questions. July 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Phosphorus Index Implementation and Review Meeting. Technical guidance for incorporating the P Index into current nutrient management plans was provided to Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, State Conservation Commission, and USDA-NRCS personnel. July 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Manure Hauler Certification Days. A field-based P Index example was presented. These meetings served to partially fulfill the certification requirement for Pennsylvania manure haulers, July and August 2004.
- Weld, J.L. 2004. Phosphorus Management and the Pennsylvania P Index. These meetings provided the public and nutrient management specialists with information about phosphorus management and provided the opportunity to ask questions. September 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. Phosphorus Index Training, Spring Mills, PA. This training supports the current USDA-NRCS nutrient management imitative and is one component for nutrient management plan writer certification for NRCS. This program has provided training for over 200 field staff including international staff and staff from other states. July September and October 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. Dairy-Nutrition and Environmental Education Days. Presentation - Managing Phosphorus in Pastures: Identifying areas of loss and potential management options? October and November 2004.
- Winston, J.R., Greenwood, K., Hession, C., Johnstone, S., Jokela, W., Kleinman, P.J.A., Meals, D., Michauld, A. Parsons, R., Pease, J., Sharpley, A.N., and Thomas, E. 2005. Policy options for reducing phosphorus loading in Lake Champlain: Final report to the Lake Champlain Basin program. Henry A. Wallace Center for Agricultural and Environmental Policy at Winrock International, Little Rock, AR. 131 pages.
- Wolf, A.M. and P.J. Kleinman. 2004. Water Extractable P tests for Manures. Manure Analysis Laboratory Workshop, sponsored by the Soil Science Society of America and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, September 2004, Newark, DE.
- Wolf, A.M. and P.J. Kleinman. 2004. Water Extractable P tests for manures. Invited oral presentation for the Manure Analysis Laboratory Workshop, sponsored by the Soil Science Society of America and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. September 2004, Newark, DE.
- Wu, Z., S. K. Tallam, V. A. Ishler, and D. D. Archibald. 2003. Utilization of phosphorus in lactating cows fed varying amounts of phosphorus and forage. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3300-3308. 2003.
- Wu, Z., and S. K. Tallam. 2004. Bone reserves affect our phosphorus feeding. Hoards Dairyman, Page 336. May 2004.
- Wu, Z. 2004. How much phosphorus needs to be fed to dairy cows? Farm Show. Harrisburg, PA. January 2004
- Wu, Z. 2004. Nutrient management from transition to lactation: K, Ca, and P. Wayne County Workshop. Pleasant Mount, PA. March 2004
- Wu, Z. 2004. Dairy phosphorus requirement: what is known and unknown? Eight Annual Distillers Grain Conference. Louisville, KY. May 2004.
- Wu, Z. 2004. Dairy nutrient management. Guest lectures in Animal Science 418, Penn State University. October 2004.
- Wu, Z. 2004. Dairy cattle phosphorus requirements: how did we get here, where are we, and where to go? Dairy and Animal Science Department seminar. October 2004.
- Wu, Z. 2004. Dairy cattle phosphorus requirement and considerations. Conference presentation, University of Caldas, Colombia Country. November 2004.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
This project seeks to develop environmentally sustainable dairy farming by eliminating excessive P feeding, reducing manure P excretion and P loss in runoff. Controlled feeding studies were conducted at Penn State Dairy Cattle Research and Education Center, with dietary P and forage source as variables. Dietary treatments included low P (0.32% P)-alfalfa hay, low P-soybean hulls, high P (0.44% P)-alfalfa hay, and high P-soybean hulls. The diets were fed to 32 early to midlactation Holsteins for 10 wk following 3-wk adaptation. Milk yield was high, averaging 42.1 and 44.0 kg/d for the 0.32 and 0.44% P diets, respectively. Milk fact content was also high, averaging 3.68 and 4.12% these diets. Differences in milk production were associated with an average of 1.5 kg/d less dry matter intake for the lower P diets. The 0.32% P diet was marginally inadequate for this level of milk production supporting the NRC P requirement of 0.37%. Fecal P concentration linearly increased
with P intake. Thus, reducing dietary P from 0.44 to 0.37% would reduce fecal P excretion by 12%. Substitution of soybean hulls for alfalfa hay did not affect milk production, but reduced fecal P excretion, partially as a result of increased P digestibility, suggesting that using readily digestible forage sources in the diet may allow less P to be fed while still meeting the P requirement. A water-based extraction method for manure was developed to estimate the availability of manure P to runoff water and potential for manure, if land applied, to affect water quality. The method was adopted by PSU Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory, which conducts hundreds of manure analyses annually. Results from this additional manure test in Pennsylvania are providing information for inclusion in the P Index. This Index refinement is aids national efforts to rank site vulnerability to P loss and target fields for manure management that will minimize P loss in runoff. Based on a survey of
manures we developed book values of manure P solubility for use in the P Index by several states. These values reflect average conditions for manures submitted to the laboratory. If farmers do not wish to use generalized values for their manures, the rapid test developed as part of this project provides them the option of using a more accurate estimate by a cheap and rapid analysis of their manure. A component model for predicting P loss at the field and farm scale has been developed and integrated into the whole-farm simulation model, IFSM (Integrated Farming Systems Model). These new routines are being verified and predictions are being validated against experimental data and other existing models. Over the next few months, the completed farm model will be used to compare P loss from farm production systems using various cropping, grazing, and feeding strategies. Work is continuing to link the farm model IFSM, with an optimization routine. This multiple farm optimization model will
select optimal management strategies for reducing P loss to surface waters from a group of farms on a watershed in southeastern New York.
Impacts
Information obtained from this project will aid farmers and their consultants charged with developing comprehensive nutrient management plans to address the sustainable use of both P and N. Use by commercial analytical laboratories of the environmental test for manure P solubility, which closely reflects the potential for land-applied manures to enrich runoff, provides accurate information for nutrient management planning and risk assessment tools, such as the P Index. The rapid test developed as part of this project, gives farmers the option of using a more accurate estimate by a cheap and rapid analysis of their manure, than relying on standard book values. The research provides guidance to producers on economical alternatives for feeding, manure management, and crop selection. Model simulation will compare various options available to dairy producers. Overall, project outcomes will help producers meet environmental quality goals while maintaining farm
sustainability. This research is providing a better understanding of the cost, benefit, and potential impact of environmental legislation on the dairy industry. Extension specialists will obtain useful information for workshops with nutritionists, veterinarians, and producers on issues related to animal feeding, cropping systems, and manure management. The research results will also help direct other research by pointing out information gaps and critical areas of need for further research.
Publications
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, A.M. Wolf and D.B. Beegle. National Phosphorus Project: Implications to Soil and Manure Testing. Invited oral presentation for the 2004 NCR-IEG 13 Annual Meeting, Des Moines, IA, February 2004.
- Kleinman, P.J.A. Managing Manure for Water Quality Protection. Invited oral presentation for Centre Agricultural Forum, Pleasant Gap, July, 2004.
- Kleinman, P.J.A. and A.N. Sharpley. Agricultural Phosphorus Management: From Paradigm Shift to Place Holders. Invited presentation, Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences weekly colloquium, University of Pittsburgh, September, 2004.
- Logan, J.A., H.A. Elliott, R.C. Brandt, P.J.A. Kleinman, and A.N. Sharpley. Assessing phosphorus loss from surface applied biosolids and manures during simulated rainfall. SERA-17 Annual Meeting. New Bern, NC, July 2004.
- McDowell, R. W., and Sharpley, A. N. 2004. Variation of phosphorus leached from Pennsylvanian soils amended with manures, composts or inorganic fertilizers. Agriculture Ecosystems and the Environment. 102:17-27.
- Rotz, C.A. 2004. The Integrated Farm System Model: a tool for developing more economically and environmentally sustainable farming systems for the Northeast. Paper no. NABEC 04-0022. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. 11 pp.
- Rotz, C.A. 2004. Whole farm evaluation of Nutrient Management. p. 129-136. In - Proc. Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conf., October 5-7, Seattle. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
- Weld, J.L. Phosphorus Index Implementation and Review Meeting. Technical guidance for incorporating the P Index into current nutrient management plans was provided to Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, State Conservation Commission, and USDA-NRCS personnel. July 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Manure Hauler Certification Days. A field-based P Index example was presented. These meetings served to partially fulfill the certification requirement for Pennsylvania manure haulers, July and August 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Phosphorus Management and the Pennsylvania P Index. These meetings provided the public and nutrient management specialists with information about phosphorus management and provided the opportunity to ask questions. September 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. Phosphorus Index Training, Spring Mills, PA. This training supports the current USDA-NRCS nutrient management imitative and is one component for nutrient management plan writer certification for NRCS. This program has provided training for over 200 field staff including international staff and staff from other states. July September and October 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. Dairy-Nutrition and Environmental Education Days. Presentation - Managing Phosphorus in Pastures: Identifying areas of loss and potential management options? October and November 2004.
- Wolf, A.M. and P.J. Kleinman. 2004. Water Extractable P tests for Manures. Manure Analysis Laboratory Workshop, sponsored by the Soil Science Society of America and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, September 2004, Newark, DE.
- Rotz, C.A. and J.Harrison. 2004. Computer simulation to evaluate farm nutrient management. p. 9-12. In Nitrogen management in a whole farm nutrient management context. WIN2ME Workshop October 7, Seattle. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
- Sharpley, A.N. Manure management in cropping systems. Water Quality, Security and Sustainability of the Food and Agricultural System: Research, Education and Extension Issues, Mid-Atlantic Regional Listening Session of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, Education, and Economics Advisory Board, Princess Anne, MD, July 2004.
- Sharpley, A., A. Allen, P. Kleinman, L. Saporito, and W. Stout. Changing from N- to P-based manure management can decrease soil and runoff P. Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Seattle, WA, November 2004.
- Wolf, A.M. and P.J. Kleinman. 2004. Water Extractable P tests for manures. Invited oral presentation for the Manure Analysis Laboratory Workshop, sponsored by the Soil Science Society of America and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. September 2004, Newark, DE.
- Wu, Z., S. K. Tallam, V. A. Ishler, and D. D. Archibald. Utilization of phosphorus in lactating cows fed varying amounts of phosphorus and forage. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3300-3308. 2003.
- Wu, Z., and S. K. Tallam. Bone reserves affect our phosphorus feeding. Hoards Dairyman, Page 336. May 2004.
- Wu, Z. How much phosphorus needs to be fed to dairy cows? Farm Show. Harrisburg, PA. January 2004
- Wu, Z. Nutrient management from transition to lactation: K, Ca, and P. Wayne County Workshop. Pleasant Mount, PA. March 2004
- Wu, Z. Dairy phosphorus requirement: what is known and unknown. Eight Annual Distillers Grain Conference. Louisville, KY. May 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, R. Stedman, and W. Gburek. 2004. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Presentation at National Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Forum. Hershey, PA. June 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, R. Stedman, and T. Veith. 2004. Impact of cattle access to streams: phosphorus loadings and CREP benefits in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Poster presentation at SERA-IEG 17 Annual Meeting. New Bern, NC. July 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, R. Stedman, and W. Gburek. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Paper presented at CRP: Planting for the Future Conference, Fort Collins, CO, June 2004.
- James, E., P. Kleinman, and R. Stedman. Phosphorus contributions from pastured dairy cattle to streams in the Cannonsville Watershed, NY. Presentation at monthly meeting of Watershed Agriculture Council. Delhi, NY, March 2004.
- Jokela, W.E., Clausen, J.C., Meals, D.W., Sharpley, A.N. 2004. Effectiveness of agricultural best management practices in reducing phosphorus loading to Lake Champlain. The Science and Management of Soil and Water: Lake Champlain. 14 p.
- Kleinman, P., J. Weld, D. Beegle, and A. Sharpley. Development and implementation of Phosphorus Indices in the United States. Invited oral presentation for the 2004 SERA 17-IEG 17 Annual Meeting, New Bern, NC, July 2004.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., Sharpley, A.N., Veith, T.L., Maguire, R.0., Vadas, P.A. 2004. Evaluation of phosphorus transport in surface runoff from packed soil boxes. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:1413-1423.
- Sharpley, A. N., McDowell, R. W., and Kleinman, P. J. A. Amounts, forms and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:2048-2057. 2004.
- Sporre, J., Lanyon, L., and Sharpley, A. N. Low-intensity sprinkler for evaluating phosphorus transport from different landscape positions. Applied Eng. in Agric. 20(5):599-604. 2004.
- Vadas, P. Distribution of phosphorus between liquid and solid fractions of manure slurry. Annual SERA-17 meeting, New Bern, NC, July 2004.
- Dell, C.J. Short-term impacts of manure application rates on n-cycling: Nitrous oxide emissions. Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Seattle, WA, 2004.
- Gitau, M., T. Veith, W. Gburek and A. Jarrett. Optimization of BMP selection and placement for phosphorus pollution control: Town Brook Watershed, New York. Northeast Agricultural and Biological Engineering Conference, University Park, PA, June 2004.
- Vadas, P. A., Kleinman, P. J. A., and Sharpley, A. N. 2004. A simple method to predict dissolved phosphorus in runoff from surface-applied manures. J. Environ. Qual. 33:749-756.
- Weld, J.L., and C.M. Shupe-Espenshade. 2003. Comment period allows farmers a voice in nutrient management law. Lancaster Farming. 49(4):A1, A37. A39-40.
- Weld, J.L. Extension Meeting, Dairy Management and Nutrition. Presentation - Why is the Phosphorus-Index important? The purpose of the meeting and presentation was to provide farmers with information about P management and about how to incorporate the P Index into their nutrient management plan, February and March 2004.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. Meeting with PA USDA-NRCS nutrient management coordinators. This meeting provided technical updates and information to Pennsylvania USDA-NRCS staff on field practices including the development and review of P Index based nutrient management plans. February 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Dairy Phosphorus and Regulations (PR) Meeting. Presentation - Why is the Phosphorus-Index important? The Dairy-Phosphorus and Regulations cooperative extension education program sponsored by the Penn State Department of Dairy and Animal Science. February 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Annual Water Environment Federation Conference. Presentation - Development of the national Phosphorus Index: The potential role of WTR. The audience for this meeting was primarily wastewater and drinking water industry representatives, February 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Regional P Index comparison between NY, CT, NH, PA, and DE. Presentation and update on the National Phosphorus Research Project. Representatives from NY, CT, NH, PA, and DE compared the performance of their state P Index on various sites in NY, April 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Guest lecture in Animal Science 410, Penn State University. The presentation of the P management and the P Index demonstrated the interaction between dairy nutrition practices and the P Index, December 2003.
- Weld, J. L. 2004. The Pennsylvania USDA-NRCS Nutrient Management Coordinators Meeting. This meeting provided technical updates and information to Pennsylvania USDA-NRCS staff on field practices including the development and review of P Index based nutrient management plans. February 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Phosphorus Availability Coefficient (PAC) Workshop. This meeting brought together phosphorus researchers throughout the Mid-Atlantic States to compare and discuss methods for determining PACs for use in the P Index. The meeting was sponsored by the N and P team of the Mid-Atlantic Water Quality Program, June 2004.
- Weld, J.L. RUSLE Workshop. This meeting brought together phosphorus researchers and USDA-NRCS representatives throughout the Mid-Atlantic States to discuss the role of RULSE in the P Index. The meeting was sponsored by the N and P team of the Mid-Atlantic Water Quality Program, July 2004.
- Weld, J.L. Phosphorus Management and the Pennsylvania P Index. This meeting provided the public with information about phosphorus management and provided the opportunity to ask questions. July 2004.
- Wu, Z. Dairy nutrient management. Guest lectures in Animal Science 418, Penn State University. October 2004.
- Wu, Z. Dairy cattle phosphorus requirements: how did we get here, where are we, and where to go? Dairy and Animal Science Department seminar. October 2004.
- Wu, Z. Dairy cattle phosphorus requirement and considerations. Conference presentation, University of Caldas, Colombia Country. November 2004.
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Progress 12/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
This annual report serves to document our progress on research conducted under the NRI Grant 2003-351001-12933 during 2003. This project seeks solutions toward developing a more environmentally sustainable dairy industry by eliminating excessive P feeding and reducing manure P excretion and loss from the farm. Different feeding practices may have an impact on manure P amount, chemical form, and loss potential from the soil when applied to cropland. We will determine whether adjustments for dietary P allowance are necessary when cows are changed from a low forage diet to a high forage diet during their lactation, or when the forage source is changed. The first of three controlled feeding studies was completed at the Penn State Dairy Cattle Research and Education Center. Dietary treatments included low P-low forage, low P-high forage, high P-low forage, and high P-high forage. The dietary P levels were 0.38 and 0.48% and the forage levels were 48 and 58% of the diet on
a dry-matter basis. The diets were fed to 44 mid-lactation Holsteins for 14 wk. Dietary P content did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk composition. Feeding the lower amount of P resulted in approximately 25% less manure P excretion. The effect of forage proportion on P excretion was small, and P intake had a much larger impact. Manure from this trial and a wide range of additional sources was used to develop a protocol for a water-based extraction analysis of manure for use in estimating the availability of manure P to runoff water, and, therefore, the potential for manures, if land applied, to affect water quality. This protocol involved collaboration with the Penn State Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory, the end users of such a manure P test. Follow-up research is underway to develop a rapid, repeatable manure test that can be used by agricultural analytical laboratories. Preliminary results from this test in Pennsylvania are being used as a prototype for
inclusion in the risk assessment tool; the Phosphorus Index. This refinement of the P Index will have wide applicability in current national efforts to rank site vulnerability to P loss and to target fields for manure management that will minimize P loss in runoff. A Research Assistant was hired and work was begun to develop a model that predicts P loss at the field and farm scale. Erosion and P loss is simulated as a function of soil, crop, and weather conditions. This component model will be integrated with a whole farm simulation model where it will be used to compare P loss from farm production systems using various cropping, grazing, and feeding strategies. Plans have also been developed to link the farm model with an optimization routine. This multiple farm optimization model will be used to find optimal management strategies for reducing P loss to surface waters from a group of farms on a watershed in southeastern New York.
Impacts
Information obtained from this project will impact farmers as they make strategic nutrient management plans. Development of the environmental test for manure P solubility that closely reflects the potential for land-applied manures to enrich runoff now provides more accurate information for nutrient management planning and risk assessment tools, such as the P Index. Book values of manure P solubility are available for use in the P index by several states. However, the rapid test developed as part of this project allows farmers the option of using a more accurate estimate by a cheap and rapid analysis of their manure. The research will provide guidance to producers on economical alternatives for feeding, manure management, and crop selection. Simulation results will compare various options available to dairy producers. Comparisons will include farm balance and loss of P, manure nutrient use, equipment and labor use, production costs, and net return or profit. Overall,
project outcomes will help producers meet environmental quality goals while maintaining farm sustainability. This research will provide a better understanding of the cost, benefit, and potential impact of environmental legislation on the dairy industry. Extension specialists will obtain useful information for workshops with nutritionists, veterinarians, and producers on issues related to animal feeding, cropping systems, and manure management. The research results will also help direct other research by pointing out information gaps and critical areas of need for further research.
Publications
- Kleinman, P.J.A. 2003. Phosphorus and Manure Management: Understanding the P Index. Invited presentation at the Maryland Department of Agriculture - Managing Nutrients in Pasture Operations - Training Symposium, Februrary 2003, Laurel, MD.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., and A.M. Wolf. 2003. Developing a water extractable phosphorus test for manures. Soil Science Society of America, 2003 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. Effect of broadcast manure on runoff phosphorus concentrations over successive rainfall events. J. Environ. Qual. 32: 1072-1081.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.N. Sharpley, and J.L. Weld. 2002. Phosphorus management tools for maintaining yields and protecting water quality. Soil Science Society of America, 2002 Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., W.L. Stout, and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. Grazing and environmental quality. Invited presentation at the Maryland Department of Agriculture - Managing Nutrients in Pasture Operations - Training Symposium, Februrary 2003, Laurel, MD.
- Kleinman, P.J., A.N. Sharpley, B.G. Moyer, G. Elwinger. 2002. Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sources on runoff phosphorus losses. J. Environ. Qual. 31:2026-2033.
- Kleinman, P.J.A., A.M. Wolf, A.N. Sharpley and D.B. Beegle. 2002. Survey of water extractable phosphorus in manures. Soil Science Society of America, 2002 Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
- Kleinman, P.J., A.N. Sharpley, A.M. Wolf, D.B. Beegle, and P.A. Moore Jr. 2002. Measuring water extractable phosphorus in manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:2009-2015.
- Rotz, C.A., A.N. Sharpley, W.J. Gburek, M.A. Sanderson, and L.D. Satter. 2002. Production and feeding strategies for phosphorus management on dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3142-3153.
- Sharpley, A.N. 2003. Soil mixing to reduce surface stratification of phosphorus in manured soils. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1375-1384.
- Sharpley, A.N., and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2003. Effect of rainfall simulator and plot scale on overland flow and phosphorus transport. J. Environ. Qual. 32:2172-2179.
- Sharpley, A.N, and J.L. Weld. 2003. Using and interpreting manure phosphorus analysis for nutrient management planning. Soil Science Society of America, 2003 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
- Sharpley, A.N., and R.W. McDowell, and P.J.A. Kleinman. 2003. Applying manure changes the form and solubility of phosphorus in soil. Soil Science Society of America, 2003 Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.
- Sharpley, A. N., J.L. Weld, Beegle, D.B., Kleinman, P.J.A., Gburek, W.J., Moore, P.A. and Mullins, G. 2003. Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the U.S. J. Soil Water Conserv. 58:137-152.
- Weld, J.L., D.B. Beegle, W.L. Gburek, P.J.A. Kleinman, and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. The Pennsylvania phosphorus index: Version 1. CAT UC 180 5M3/03ps4591. Publications distribution center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
- Weld, J.L., R.L. Parsons, D.B. Beegle, A.N. Sharpley, W.J. Gburek, and W.R. Clouser. 2002. Evaluation of phosphorus management strategies in Pennsylvania. J. Soil Water Conserv. 56:448-454.
- Wolf, A.M., P.J.A. Kleinman, D.B. Beegle and A.N. Sharpley. 2002. Development of a water extractable phosphorus test for manures: An interlaboratory study. Soil Science Society of America, 2002 Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN.
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