Progress 05/01/02 to 09/30/07
Outputs
We have completed assessment of four of 12 Kansas River Basins during the past year. The first project included data collected during the period from 2006 through 2007 on the Little Arkansas watershed drainage into a recharge project using river water to inject into the Equis Bed Aquifer by the City of Wichita, Kansas as a drinking water supply. A paired watershed study has helped local farmers reduce the atrazine loading into the recharge site by 50%. A rapid erosion assessment tool was developed to locate farm fields with the highest probability of runoff losses and those fields were targeted for practices. Utilized practices include: (1) Incorporate atrazine into the top 2 inches of soil; (2) Use early preplant application; (3) Use postemergence atrazine applications; (4) Reduce soil-applied atrazine application rates; (5) Use split applications of atrazine; (6) Use reduced soil-applied atrazine rates followed by a postemergence herbicide application; (7) Use
non-atrazine herbicides; (8) Use integrated pest management strategies; (9) Band herbicides at planting or cultivation; (10) Establish vegetative and riparian buffer areas; (11) Use proper atrazine rates, mixing, loading, and disposal practices; (12) Utilize conservation practices and structures and; (13) Follow label on atrazine setbacks. Streams and rivers; (a) Do not mix or load within 50 feet of any stream or river; (b) Do not apply within 66 feet of points where surface water enters an intermittent or perennial stream or river; (c) Do not apply within 66 feet of a tile inlet (for tile outlet terraces) unless the atrazine is incorporated and/or greater than 30 percent residue is present. For lakes; (a) Do not mix or load within 50 feet of the water's edge; (b) Do not apply within 200 feet of the water's edge.
Impacts
Atrazine is widely used in the Little Arkansas River watershed for weed control in corn and grain sorghum. The herbicide provides cost-effective weed control and has wide application flexibility. In recent years there have been concerns about the levels of atrazine moving from corn and grain sorghum fields into surface waters. The movement of atrazine from crop fields is determined by the chemical properties of atrazine; soil and site characteristics; tillage practices; application timing and methods; and rainfall duration, intensity, and timing. K-State researchers have studied the effect of various management practices on atrazine runoff and have determined those BMPs which, when adopted by farmers, will minimize atrazine runoff. The greatest reduction will be achieved by using a combination of BMPs. Farmers should select the BMPs for their field that fit within their management system, are economical, and are most effective in reducing atrazine runoff. The cost of
removal of atrazine by the City of Wichita has averaged $8 million per year. With the reduced loading of atrazine to the injection plant these cost have been cut by 50%.
Publications
- Parajuli, P.B., K.R. Mankin, and P.L. Barnes. 2007. New methods in modeling source specific bacteria at watershed scale using SWAT. In Proc. Fourth Conference, Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLS, 439-446. March 10-14, San Antonio, TX. ASABE Publication No. 701P0207.
- Watanabe, H., N.L. Watermeier, J.M. Steichen, P. Barnes and T. Phong. 2007. Impacts of tillage and application methods on atrazine and alachlor losses from upland fields. Weed Biology and Management. (7):44-54.
- Anand, S., K. R. Mankin, K. A. McVay, K. A. Janssen, P. L. Barnes, and G. M. Pierzynski. 2007. Calibration and Validation of ADAPT and SWAT for Field-Scale Runoff Prediction. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 43(4): 899-910.
- Barnes, P. 2007. Joint State (Kansas and Nebraska) atrazine Big Blue River monitoring project. In Proc. Fourth Conference, Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLS, 548-554. March 10-14, San Antonio, TX. ASABE Publication No. 701P0207.
- Barnes, P., J. Neel, D. Devlin, and T. Keane. 2007. A rapid erosion assessment tool. ASABE Paper No. MC072162. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Barnes, P.L., D.L. Devlin, T.D. Keane, and J.C. Neel. 2007. Measuring success of a TMDL implementation plan. ASABE Paper No. 072162. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
- Devlin, D.L., P.L. Barnes, R.W. Graber, and D.L. Ladd. 2007. Atrazine herbicide best management practices for the Little Arkansas River Watershed. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. MF-2768.
- Devlin, D. and P. Barnes. 2007. Management practices to control sediment loading from agricultural landscapes in Kansas. Kansas Center for Agricultural Resources and the Environment White Paper. 24 p.
- Parajuli, P.B., K.R. Mankin, P.L. Barnes, and C.H. Green. 2007. Fecal bacteria source characterization and sensitivity analysis of SWAT 2005. ASABE Paper No. 072273. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
The 2006 regional meeting for the S1004 committee was held at the University of Minnesota in early September. I am the chair of the Development Committee to write a new project for this committee. APPROVED DRAFT PREPROPOSAL. TITLE: Modeling for TMDL Development, and Watershed Based Planning, Management and Assessment. PROJECT NUMBER: SDC324. DURATION: October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2012, STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE AND JUSTIFICATION. The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States. (The Act does not deal directly with ground water or water quantity issues.) The statute employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to sharply reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance municipal wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. These tools are employed to achieve the broader goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so
that they can support the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water. For many years following the passage of the CWA in 1972, the EPA, states, and Indian tribes focused mainly on the chemical aspects of the integrity goal. During the last decade, however, more attention has been given to physical and biological integrity. Also, in the early decades of the Act's implementation, efforts focused on regulating discharges from traditional point source facilities, such as municipal sewage plants and industrial facilities, with little attention paid to runoff from streets, construction sites, farms, and other wet-weather sources. Starting in the late 1980s, efforts to address polluted runoff have increased significantly. For nonpoint runoff, voluntary programs, including cost-sharing with landowners are the key tools. For wet weather point sources like urban storm sewer systems and construction sites, a regulatory approach is being
employed. Because of the immensity of the stream miles, lakes and estuaries involved and the jurisdictional differences within the impaired watersheds, tools are needed to better understand the causes and potential processes that can be used to restore and protect these water bodies. Combining remote sensing, monitoring, geographical information systems, and numerical simulation has been shown to be an effective and economic solution to these issues (R. Munoz-Carpena, et al. 2006). Objectives. 1. Develop databases and geographic information systems (GIS) that contain information needed to simulate water quality issues. 2. Develop rapid assessment tools that can be used to best place limited financial assistance available to address these issues. 3. Evaluate watershed simulation models and their potential to give realistic and economic assessments on a range of scales from the watershed to the individual farm. 4. Assess the social and economic aspects of changing current practices to
ones that are more environmentally responsive.
Impacts
1) Monitoring of the Big Blue Watershed has reduced the area of concern to four counties upstream from Tuttle Creek Reservoir. Implementation of practices in these counties should reduce loading of sediments, nutrients, bacteria and herbicides to meet TMDL requirements for Kansas drinking water and extend the life of Tuttle Creek Reservoir. 2) Monitoring of the Little Arkansas Watershed indicates that best management practices can be effective in reducing sediment, nutrient, and bacterial contamination of water in this watershed.
Publications
- Anand, S., K. R. Mankin, K. A. McVay, K. A. Janssen, P. L. Barnes, and G. M. Pierzynski. 2006. Calibration and validation of ADAPT and WAT for field-scale runoff prediction. J. American Water Resources Association (Accepted).
- Benham, B. L., C. Baffaut, R. W. Zeckoski, K. R. Mankin, Y. A. Pachepsky, A. M. Sadeghi, K. M. Brannan, M. L. Soupir, and M. J. Habersack. 2006. Modeling bacteria fate and transport in watersheds to support TMDLs. Transactions of the ASABE 49(4):987-1002.
- Borah, D. K., G. Yagow, A. Saleh, P. L. Barnes, W. Rosenthal, E. C. Krug, and L. M. Hauck. 2006. Sediment and nutrient modeling for TMDL development and implementation. Transactions of the ASABE 49(4):967-986.
- Buckley Zeiman, M., K. A. Janssen, D. W. Sweeney, G. M. Pierzynski, K. R. Mankin, D. L. Devlin, D. L. Regehr, M. R. Langemeier, and K. A. McVay. 2006. Combining management practices to reduce sediment, nutrients, and herbicides in runoff. J. Soil and Water Conservation (Accepted).
- Koelsch, R. K., J. C. Lorimor, and K. R. Mankin. 2006. Vegetative treatment systems for open lot runoff: Review of literature. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22(1): 141-153.
- Mankin, K. R., P. L. Barnes, J. P. Harner, P. K. Kalita, and J. D. Boyer. 2006. Field evaluation of vegetative filter effectiveness and runoff quality from unstocked feedlots. J. Soil and Water Conservation 61(4): 209-216.
- Vellidis, G., P. Barnes, D. D. Bosch, and A. M. Cathey. 2006. Mathematical simulation tools for developing dissolved oxygen TMDLs. Transactions of the ASABE 49(4):1003-1022.
- Barnes, P. L. 2006. Impact of watershed development on the Fall River Watershed. ASABE Paper No. 06-2186. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Barnes, P. L., D. L. Devlin, K. R. Mankin, T. Keane, and M. R. Langemeir. 2006. Measuring Success of a TMDL Implementation Plan: Land, Stream, and Economic Responses to Targeted Stakeholder Actions. A poster presentation for the USDA-CSREES 2006 National Water Conference. San Antonio, Texas.
- Hargrove, W.L. and K.R. Mankin. 2006. Watershed Restoration in Kansas: What does it mean and can we do it? 23rd Annual Water and the Future of Kansas Conference, March 16, Topeka, KS.
- Lee, M.C., K.R. Mankin, and J.M.S. Hutchinson. 2006. GIS structure for water quality trading. Paper No. MC06-4102. Presented at ASABE Mid-Central Conference, Manhattan, KS. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Mankin, K.R. and D.L. Devlin. 2006. Watershed Modeling to Estimate Sediment Loads. Kansas Environment Conference. Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka, KS. 23 August, Topeka, KS. (Invited)
- Mankin, K.R. and W.L. Hargrove. 2006. Can we use TMDLs to clean water and restore environmental services in managed agricultural ecosystems? ASABE Paper No. 06-7033. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Mankin, K.R. 2006. Pathogen Transport in Watersheds. Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative, Animal Manure Management Workshop, April 4-5, Nebraska City, NE. (Invited) http://www.heartlandwq.iastate.edu/ManureManagement/2006workshop/sess ionc2/mankin.htm
- Maski, D., K.R. Mankin, K.A. Janssen, and P. Tuppad. 2006. Modeling no-till runoff and sediment yield using SWAT. ASABE Paper No. 06-2236. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Munoz-Carpena, R., G. Vellidis, A. Shirmohammadi, and W. W. Wallender. 2006. Evaluation of modeling tools for TMDL development and implementation. Trans. ASABE49(4):961-965.
- Neel, J.C. and K.R. Mankin. 2006. WRAPS Watershed Assessment Tools: Part 1. Invited Presentation at Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) Workshop, 26 January, Salina, Kansas.
- Parajuli, P., K.R. Mankin, and P.L. Barnes. 2006. Calibration and validation of SWAT/Microbial submodel 2005 for fecal bacteria prediction on a grazed watershed. ASABE Paper No. 06-2196. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI.
- Parajuli, P., K.R. Mankin, and P.L. Barnes. 2006. Sensitivity analysis of SWAT/Microbial sub-model for fecal bacteria prediction on a grazed watershed. Paper No. MC06-4103. Presented at ASABE Mid-Central Conference, Manhattan, KS. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Tuppad, P., K.R. Mankin. 2006. Watershed modeling uncertainty from spatial rainfall variability. ASABE Paper No. 06-2301. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Tuppad, P., K.R. Mankin, J.K. Koelliker, and J.M.S. Hutchinson. 2006. NEXRAD Stage III local bias adjustment for Streamflow prediction. Paper No. MC06-4101. Presented at ASABE Mid-Central Conference, Manhattan, KS. ASABE: St. Joseph, MI.
- Tuppad, P. 2006. Hydrologic modeling response to NEXRAD and rainfall spatial variability and strategic watershed management. Ph.D. dissertation. Manhattan, KS. Kansas State University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering.
- Walker, S., and P. Barnes. 2006. Tuttle Creek Lake Interstate Targeted Watershed, Targeted Watersheds Grants Recipients Conference Albuquerque, NM Feb 14-19.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
We have completed two long term monitoring projects during the past year. The first project included data collected during the period from 1997 through 2004 on the Big Blue River watershed drainage into Tuttle Creek Reservoir near Manhattan, Kansas. The States of Kansas and Nebraska have signed a compact that addresses both water quantity and quality issues. Because the water in Tuttle Creek Reservoir is used as a drinking water supply in Kansas it must meet the water use quality standards for Kansas. During this monitoring period inflow and reservoir water quality have not met the standard for the herbicides atrazine and alachlor. Twenty one locations were monitored for flow and herbicide concentrations during this seven year period. Using this information, loading data was calculated to assess sources of the herbicide pollution. The final report titled Joint State Atrazine Big Blue River Monitoring Project, (A Cooperative Joint State Monitoring Project Section
104(b) (3) of the Clean Water Act, EPA Assistance Agreement No. CP997369), shows herbicide contamination throughout the watershed. The largest loading occurred in a four county region along the state line. The predominant crop using these herbicides grown in this region is grain sorghum. During 2005, this watershed received an EPA Targeted Watershed Grant. The project is a collaborative effort between the two states to address multi-jurisdictional water quality problems of excessive sediment runoff, nutrients, herbicides and bacteria. It will demonstrate a process for achieving water quality goals in a large agricultural watershed by targeting and implementing best management practices in critical sub-watersheds. EPA grants funds will be used to implement existing watershed management plans, install no-till systems, establish riparian buffer strips and other conservation measures, and enhance educational efforts. Market-based incentives will be used to encourage and support landowner
adoption of best management practices. The second project included data collected during the period 2002 through 2004 on the Fall River watershed. This data was collected in part for a Kansas Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS). This study examined the effects of headwater impoundments on water quality, stream fluvial geomorphology, and aquatic diversity. Three final reports present information on a paired watershed study to address these issues. The reports include (1) Impact of Watershed Development for the Fall River Watershed Water Quality Assessment by Philip Barnes with Kansas State University; (2) Fall River Watershed Joint District No. 21 Fluvial geomorphology Report by Brock Emmert with The Watershed Institute in Topeka, Kansas; and (3) Effects of Headwater Impoundments on Intermittent Streams in the Flint Hills, Kansas by Nate Davis with Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks in Pratt, Kansas.
Impacts
1) Monitoring of the Big Blue Watershed has reduced the area of concern to four counties upstream of Tuttle Creek Reservoir. Implementation of practices in these counties should reduce loading of sediments, nutrients, bacteria and herbicides to meet TMDL requirements for Kansas drinking water. 2) Monitoring of the Fall River Watershed indicates that watershed dams can be effective in reducing sediment, nutrient, and bacterial contamination of water below these structures. However, these structures can have a dramatic impact on the channel geomorphology and reduce the downstream aquatic diversity.
Publications
- Barnes, P. L. 2005. Monitoring and management of a bacterial TMDL. Proc. Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and Emerging TMDL. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. pp. 1-11. Barnes, P. L. 2005. Kansas lake eutrophication TMDL program. ASAE Paper # 052163, Presented in Tampa, Florida, July 17-20, 2005; ASABE, 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085.
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