Source: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA submitted to NRP
WATER QUALITY/QUANTITY BMP DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION IN THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON WATERSHED
Sponsoring Institution
State Agricultural Experiment Station
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
STATE
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0194395
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2001
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2006
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611
Performing Department
INDIAN RIVER RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER, FT PIERCE
Non Technical Summary
The quantity and quality of off-site water discharges from various land use types on the Indian River Lagoon and St. Lucie Estuary is of great concern. Best Management Practices have been proposed to reduce off-site impacts of citrus operations on surface water quality. Little or no data exists as to the effectiveness of the practices. This project is evaluating runoff water water quality from several types of land use to determine relative impacts of each.
Animal Health Component
80%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
80%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1110210200020%
1110320205020%
1120210200030%
1120320205030%
Knowledge Area
112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water;

Subject Of Investigation
0320 - Watersheds; 0210 - Water resources;

Field Of Science
2050 - Hydrology; 2000 - Chemistry;
Goals / Objectives
Restoration targets for the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE) and Indian River Lagoon (IRL) are in the process of being set for freshwater, nutrients, and sediments. The load reductions required will be translated into Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) which are expected to be established for the estuaries by 2004. This objective of this project is to develop, implement, and evaluate water quality/quality protective BMPs to achieve pollution reduction goals for the SLE and IRL. The BMP effort is focused on achieving environmental goals in partnership with the citrus industry and cooperating agencies including: FL Citrus Mutual, FDACS., FDEP, FL Farm Bureau, FL Fruit and Vegetable Assn., Indian River Citrus League, Indian River SWCD, SFWMD, SJRWMD, St. Lucie River Initiative, St. Lucie SWCD, USDA-ARS, and USDA-NRCS. The process is intended to meet stated objectives of the Florida Watershed Restoration Act (1999), Upper East Coast Water Supply Plan (1998), Indian River Lagoon Comprehensive Conservation & Management Plan (1996) & Indian River Lagoon SWIM Plan (1994). Implementation of BMPs should significantly decrease citrus industry contributions to surface waters of pesticides and heavy metals, nutrients, water volume, sediments, and aquatic weeds. Past experience has demonstrated that BMPs can be effective in reducing the amount of pollutant loads carried in surface stormwater runoff. While implementation of many BMPs involves only changes in cultural practices, other BMPs require specialized or new types of equipment that reduce pollution but are not essential for crop production. Specific objectives of this project are to: 1) Establish and maintain demonstrations of unfamiliar BMPs on commercial sites, coupled with regular field days to demonstrate and discuss BMPs; 2) Disseminate information and provide assistance to aid growers in rapid BMP implementation; 3) Develop mechanisms to serve as a vehicle for independent "quality assurance" of BMP implementation; 4) Maintain a multi-organizational framework to identify and implement practical solutions for improved water quality and sustainable citrus production; 5) Quantify loadings of nutrients and metals from citrus groves, urban areas, golf courses, and pastures and identify sites where pesticide losses in runoff water may be a problem; 6) Determine the effectiveness of water furrow sediment traps for reducing phosphorus and copper losses in runoff water; 7) Compare the amount of sediments released from grove ditches where water levels are controlled by screw gates to water control by riser boards (underflow vs overflow); 8) Investigate potential benefits of enhanced water table management to reduce off-site discharges following excess rainfall events; 9) Track basic water quality parameters by frequent sampling at selected sites within the drainage systems serving citrus groves in the Indian River Citrus Production Area; 10) Disseminate water quality results in a timely manner so that growers can relate results to grove practices and climatic factors; and 11) Identify problem areas in drainage systems that require further study to determine the cause of high loadings.
Project Methods
1. Automatic samplers will collect runoff and flow data from housing developments, golf courses, and pastures. Grab samples will be collected from recreational areas, parking lots, commercial developments, apartment complexes, single family home developments, native areas, and wetlands. Samples will be analyzed for total N, total P, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, ortho-P, Cu, As, TSS, pH, alkalinity, and hardness. Water samples will also be screened for pesticide content using Immuno Assay Kits. 2. DRAINMOD will be used to model water table fluctuations and off-site discharges from specific citrus groves. Data from the model will be used to design and implement a pilot project in a commercial citrus grove where data will be collected on the rate, timing, and volume of off-site discharges Samples of runoff water will be analyzed to determine TSS, nutrient and pesticide loadings, and evaluate overall effectiveness of the water table management BMPs for reducing off-site impacts. 3. Water furrow sediment traps are small, shallow depressions that are dug in front of the water furrow drain tile inlet. Sediments that accumulate in the trap are periodically removed. Evaluations will be conducted in with heavy and sandy soils to determine the effectiveness of the sediment traps for reducing discharges of sediments, P, and Cu. Automatic water samplers will be used to gather samples, with analytes to include total P, ortho-P, and Cu. Sediments collected will be analyzed for total P and Cu. 4. A comparison of will be made between screw gate and riser board discharge structures for effectiveness to reduce nutrient and sediment discharges from groves. Sediment samples will be collected during storm events by pumping drainage water through filter banks (1 micron). Sediments collected will be analyzed for total P and Cu. Event loadings will be calculated from the ratio of the sampled water volume to the total flow through the culvert and quantity of sediment collected in the filter. 5.Water samples will be collected at 2-wk intervals from 40 sites in drainage canals serving groves and analyzed for total P, ortho-P, Cu, nitrate, and ammonia and DO. Newsletters and web site postings will inform growers of resilts. The study will identify areas that require further study to determine causes of high loadings. 6.A polishing/attenuation basin will be constructed in a grove to demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing off-site impacts. During normal rainfall events, most of the drainage water will be pumped into the basin. The off-site discharge volume, timing, rate, and water quality parameters will be compared to a traditional drainage system following storm events. 7. A Mobile BMP Implementation Lab will be established to aiding in implementing and assessing BMP adoption in groves. The lab will provide guidance on increasing grower awareness of the voluntary citrus BMP program will be achieved through numerous educational activities and demonstrations of proper effectiveness and practicality of BMPs to increase in-grove water retention and decrease off-site discharge of nutrients, sediment, aquatic weeds, and pesticides.

Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Sites in drainage canals in Martin, St. Lucie, and Indian River Counties, Florida were sampled for water quality at approximately 2-week intervals beginning in June 2002 an continuing through May 2005. Most of the sites represent areas where the primary land use is citrus with some having mixed uses such as pasture, vegetable, and urban. Average TP concentrations ranged from 15 ug/L to 386 ug/L, with an overall mean of 200 ug/L for all of the 1248 measurements. Sites having the lowest mean TP concentrations all had retention/detention facilities. The 3 sites with the highest TP levels were in an area where there was significant spreading of sludge on pastures throughout the study period. In most cases, Ortho-P concentrations followed the same trends by site as TP and typically were about 2/3 of the TP concentrations. About half of the 1485 TP concentrations were less than 140 ug/L, with 10% > 300 ug/L and about 1.5% > 750 ug/L. Highest TP was measured in weeks with significant rainfall. Highest TP concentrations were found in August and lowest in February. About half of the sites had median TP concentrations between 100 and 200 ug/L. Average total nitrogen (TN) concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 3.3 mg/L, with an overall mean of 2.0 mg/L for the 673 measurements. TN was not well correlated with flow status or rainfall. Highest TN concentrations were found when there were more 2.0 inches of rainfall during the previous two weeks and lowest concentrations were found when there were 0.5-2.0 inches of rain. Over half of the N concentrations measured were in the 1-2 mg/L range and about 90% of the TN samples analyzed were in the range of 0-3 mg/L. The highest TN concentrations were measured in weeks with significant rainfall. Highest average TN concentrations were found in August and lowest TN concentrations occurred in January, February, and November. Mean total suspended solids (TSS) for the 1331 measurements taken was 7.3 mg/L, with the highest mean TSS of 26 mg/L. TSS was lowest when there was no flow in the canal. About 85% of the 1331 TSS measurements were in the range of 0-10 mg/L. Slightly more than 3% of the measurements exceeded 25 mg/L, with nearly of these higher measurements occurring in weeks with more than 2.0 inches of rainfall. Highest average TSS values were measured in July, August, and October and lowest values were in January (Fig. TSS-5). Mean dissolved oxygen (DO) for the 1337 measurements taken was 5.1 mg/L, with a median of 5.0 mg/L. About 10% of the DO measurements were less than 2.2 mg/L and about 10% were greater than 7.9 mg/L. Highest average DO values were measured in August, and September had the lowest mean DO values. About one third of the 103 DO measurements taken in September were less than 2.0 mg/L. Mean Cu for the 489 measurements was 4.6 ug/L, with a median of 0.6 ug/L. About 88% of the 489 Cu measurements were in the range of 0-10 ug/L. Slightly more than 3% of the measurements exceeded 30 ug/L, with nearly of these higher measurements occurring in weeks with more than 2.0 inches of rainfall. Highest average Cu values were measured in August and lowest values were in May and July.

Impacts
It is important to be aware that runoff water quality varies throughout the region, throughout the year, and with the best management practices (BMPs) employed. Areas where highest TP levels were recorded where characterized by heavier soils (Winder series), sludge application to pastures, or in areas where urbanization is rapidly progressing. Citrus groves with retention/detention reservoirs had the lowest TP and ortho-P levels, indicating their success as a best management practice. Additional BMPs may be needed in the areas with high soil P to retain soil and sediment on-site. Highest average TP concentrations were found in August during the rainy season, and lowest TP concentrations occurred in February (dry season). In general, TN concentrations were low. The site with the highest mean TN concentration averaged 3.3 mg/L TN. Since the highest TN concentrations were measured in weeks with significant rainfall, it is important to time fertilizer applications to periods when little rain is expected and avoid applications when high-intensity rain is probable. Highest TSS were also found in high-rainfall periods, indicating a need to perform ditch cleaning and vegetation disrupting maintenance in the dry season.

Publications

  • Stover, E., S. Ciliento, M. Myers, B. Boman, J. Jackson, and M. Still. 2006. Fruit size and yield of mandarins as influenced by spray volume and surfactant use in NAA thinning. HortScience 41(6): 1435-1439.


Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
A polishing/attenuation basin (PAB) was constructed to evaluate its effects on improving the quality of off-site water discharges from a flatwoods citrus grove. The PAB was constructed in a renovated commercial citrus grove in the North St. Lucie River Water Control District in St. Lucie County, Florida. A grove that had been planted in the 1960s was pushed out for renovations in the winter of 2001. The grove was re-bedded, the drainage system improved, a new irrigation system was installed, and the grove was re-planted in the spring of 2002. The PAB was constructed adjacent to a major in-grove drainage ditch. The PAB occupies about 5.5 acres, out of a grove area of about 240 acres. A 5000 gpm float-controlled pump was installed to pump water from the grove drainage ditch into the PAB sump. Water pumped into the PAB flows about 2000 ft through a meandering grassed waterway prior to exiting the property and entering a North St. Lucie River Water Control District canal. During normal rainfall events, most or all of the drainage water is pumped into the PAB. During extreme events (duration or intensity) the initial surge will be pumped into the PAB. However, when the water level in the grove drainage system rises to the level of the float for the grove main discharge pump (15-20,000 gpm), it is started and water is pumped off site. PAB feature summary Approx. Area: 5.5 acres Treatment/Drainage Pump Capacity: 5000 gpm Treatment Medium: Grassed upland shallow "v"-swales Average Flow Depth: 6 inches Average Flow Velocity: 0.3 ft/s Travel Length: 1935 ft Approx Travel Time: 1 hr 45 min. Approx. Detention Volume at 6" depth: 2.22 ac-ft Approx. Grove Area to Serve: 238 acres Equivalent 1 inch volume over same grove area: 19.8 ac-ft Approx. run time of cell to treat above 1 in.: 21 hrs 30 min. Automatic water samplers are installed at both the inflow and outflow points of the PAB. Water samples are collected during/after storm events using refrigerated automatic water samplers. Flow into the PAB is at a constant rate (roughly 5,000 gpm) during the drainage period. Outflow from the PAB is designed to lag inflow by about 2 hr. Data collected from runoff events in the spring of 2005 showed inflow typically ranged form 2-3 million gallons. Outflow volumes ranged from1.8-2.9 million gallons, averaging about 95% of inflows. Phosphorus removal efficiencies averaged about 50-55% and 40-50% for ortho-P and Total-P, respectively. In other words, the PAB was able to remove about half of the Total-P and ortho-P that entered with the runoff water.

Impacts
The PAB appears to be an effective water treatment BMP for existing flatwoods citrus groves. For new groves, water retention/detention ponds generally require 15-20% of the total land area dedicated to these water treatment cells. For existing groves, it is economically impossible to remove 15+ perecent of the trees in addition to paying the construction costs for water retention/detention facilities. This study has shown that a PAB occupying about 2% of the grove area can be effective in reducing P loads discharged off-site by about 50% under normal rainfall events. Most flatwoods groves have areas that have low production due to poor soils or high water tables that are not economic to make productive. In these cases a PAB could be installed with minimal disrution to overall profitability if cost share funds werea avaialble. The PAB will probably not be effective in extreme rainfall events due to the large volume of water that needs to be treated. However, under normal conditions, widespread use of the small PABs in citrus groves could significantly reduce P loadings to the estuaries. Additional data is needed to further quantify load reductions under a variety of enviromental conditions.

Publications

  • Boman, B. J. 2005. ABCs of BMP. Florida Grower 86(3):24-25.
  • Boman, B. J., R.E. Rouse, S. Shukla, K. T. Morgan, M. Zekri. 2005. Best Management Practices for Gulf Citrus, Fla. Dep. Agric. and Consumer Services Pub. No. 5M-7.005.11.05, Tallahassee, FL. 116 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. 2005. Salinity effects on Florida grapefruit. Hort. Tech.15(1):89-95.
  • Boman, B. J., M. Zekri, E. W. Stover. 2005. Methods for managing salinity in citrus production. Hort. Tech. 15(1):108-113.
  • Wilson, P.C., E. Stover, B. Boman, J. Barger, and J. Hebb. 2005. Minimizing direct deposition of pesticides into waterways. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Pub. SS280.


Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04

Outputs
A total of 39 water sampling sites in drainage canals in Martin, St. Lucie, and Indian River Counties were monitored beginning in July 2002. Most of the sites represent areas where the primary land use is citrus. However, several sites have mixed uses such as citrus, pasture vegetable, and urban. Sites were sampled at approximately 2-week intervals using a grab sampler with an extension rod. Samples are stored on ice and transported to a lab for analysis using EPA and/or APHA/AWWA, WEF-approved methods for total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphorus (ortho-P), copper (Cu), total suspended solids (TSS), and total nitrogen (TN). In addition to the lab analysis, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ when samples were collected. Water level and accumulated rainfall since the previous sampling were also measured at each site. In addition, the flow status of the canal or ditch was recorded. The TN data is for the period beginning in Nov. 2002 and Cu data is for the period beginning in March 2004. More recent data can be found at the Citrus BMP web site: citrusbmp.ifas.ufl.edu. The web site contains maps and photos of the sampling sites and data collected. The average for 575 TN samples analyzed was 1.8 mg/L. The highest TN concentration of was 10.5 mg/L occurred in mid-November. TN concentrations were not well correlated with flow status, with slightly higher TN concentrations with low flows than higher flow rates. The average of 1077 TSS measurements was 7.0 mg/L. Highest TSS values were measured in July and August (around 10 mg/L) and lowest values were in January and June (about 4.5 mg/L). About 12% of the measurements exceeded 10 mg/L, with most of these higher measurements occurring in weeks with more than 2.0 inches of rainfall. Site 35 (near C23 and Rangeline Rd.) had an average TSS concentration of about 28 mg/L, over 4 times the average and about twice as high as any other site. Highest TSS concentrations were measured when flows were in the medium range. The average concentration from the 224 Cu samples was 2.4 mg/L. The three sites that had and average Cu concentration > 6 mg/L were all in the St. Johns Marsh WCD. No correlation was found between flow status and Cu concentrations, with lowest measured concentrations occurring at the medium flow rates. TP and ortho-P concentrations were somewhat correlated with rainfall. The highest concentrations were found during July and August and lowest concentrations were measured in January and February. However, there was little correlation between flow rate and TP or ortho-P. The median ortho-P for all 999 samples was 108 mg/L, with 7 sites having medians over 150 mg/L. The median TP for the 875 measurements was 153 mg/L. Six sites had median Ortho-P less than 100 mg/L and five sites had median Ortho-P greater than 250 mg/L. Lowest TP concentrations were generally found in groves that had detention reservoirs.

Impacts
It is apparent that there can be significant difference in nutrient and sediment loads coming off areas with similar land uses. The Canal Watch program will continue to collect data throughout the spring of 2005 to provide data on runoff characteristics under a broader set of weather patterns. Ultimately, the data collected in this program should help identity areas and land characteristics where additional resources should be invested to help reduce off-site loadings.

Publications

  • Boman, B. J. 2004. Flatwoods Citrus BMP development and implementation. Citrus and Vegetable Magazine. 68(12):27.
  • Boman, B. J. and J. Spratt. 2004. BMP program overview. Citrus and Vegetable Magazine. 68(10):29.
  • Castle, W. S., M. Bauer, B. Boman, T. A. Obreza, and E. Stover. Matching soils with rootstocks, especially Swingle citrumelo. 2004. Citrus Industry. 85(7): 16-18.


Progress 10/01/02 to 10/01/03

Outputs
Water samples were taken at 2-week intervals from drainage canals where the primary land use is citrus. Samples were analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphorus (ortho-P), copper (Cu), total suspended solids (TSS), and total nitrogen (TN). About 85% of the TN samples analyzed for the 5-month period were in the range of 0-3 mg/L. The highest TN concentration measured was 7.8 mg/L, which occurred in March following a week with 1.7 inches of rainfall. TN concentrations were not well correlated with flow status or rainfall. Highest average TN concentrations were found in March, following fertilizer applications typically made in January or February. About 70% of the 759 TSS measurements were in the range of 0-6 mg/L for the period from Nov. 2002 through Nov. 2003. There was little correlation of TSS with rainfall or flow status. Highest average TSS values were measured in July and lowest values were in January. Slightly more than 3% of the measurements exceeded 25 mg/L, with nearly of these higher measurements occurring in weeks with more than 2.0 inches of rainfall.Slightly more than 70% of the 373 Cu samples had concentrations less than 100 ppb. Highest average Cu concentrations were found in July and lowest in April. No correlation was found between rainfall or flow status and Cu concentrations measured.TP and ortho-P concentrations were somewhat correlated with rainfall. The highest concentrations were found during weeks with the highest rainfall. However, there was little correlation between flow rate and TP or ortho-P. About 48% of the ortho-P and 37% of the TP concentrations were less than 100 ppb. However, about 25% of the 545 TP measurements were greater than 300 ppb. Most of the highest TP and ortho-P values came in June or July. Several of the groves that had detention reservoirs had lowest TP and ortho-P levels in releases made from these facilities during the summer months. About half of the sites had median TP concentrations between 100 and 200 ppm. Sites with the lowest median TP levels were generally characterized as locations that had on-site detention reservoirs.

Impacts
Although the data in this report represents at the maximum one year of monitoring, it is apparent that there can be significant difference in nutrient and sediment loads coming off areas with similar land uses. The Canal Watch program will continue to collect data throughout 2004 to provide data on runoff characteristics under a broader set of weather patterns. Ultimately, the data collected in this program should help identity areas and land characteristics where additional resources should be invested to help reduce off-site loadings.

Publications

  • Boman, B. J. and P. C. Wilson. 2003. Nutrient BMPs for the Indian River citrus production region.. In; Nutrient Management for Optimum Citrus Tree Growth and Yield. S. H. Futch (Ed.). Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Citrus Research and Ed. Ctr., Lake Alfred, FL. p. 113-126.
  • Boman, B. J., P. C. Wilson, and J. W. Hebb. 2003. The Indian River citrus BMP development and implementation process. ASAE meeting Paper No. 032082. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. 13 pp
  • Boman, B. J. and P. C. Wilson. 2004. Runoff characteristics from the Indian River Canal Watch Program. In Watershed in Transition 2004, G. Gunsalus (Ed.), Proc. St. Lucie Estuary & Southern Indian River Lagoon Watershed Symposium (CD), Jan. 7-9, 2004, Stuart, FL. Center for Environmental Studies, Fla. Atlantic Univ. 5 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. and P. C. Wilson. 2003. Water table management as a BMP for reducing discharges from Indian River citrus groves: modeling study. IRREC Res. Rept. 2003-1, Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Ed. Ctr., Ft. Pierce, Florida. 31 pp.
  • Wilson, P. C. and B. J. Boman. 2003. Characterization of Agrichemical and nutrient loading in runoff from pastures, golf courses, and urban areas, Final report, Phase 2. Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Ed. Ctr., Ft. Pierce, Florida. 90 pp.
  • Boman, B. J., P. C. Wilson, J. Hebb, D. E Gunter, and D. Cole. 2003. Indian River Citrus BMP Field Guide. IRREC Pub. No.FTP2003-4, Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Ed. Ctr., Ft. Pierce, Florida. 56 pp.


Progress 10/01/01 to 10/01/02

Outputs
Evaluations have been completed on 121 citrus groves totaling 67,781 acres. This represents about 30% of the grove acreage in the 7-county Indian River area . Several areas have been identified where improvements can be made to improve the water quantity and/or quality discharged from the groves. The following conclusions are evident from the evaluations performed: 1) Over half of the acreage does not currently have drainage management plans, 2) Soil moisture is not monitored on about 35% of the acreage, 3) Many of the smaller groves do not employ riser board structures or use settling basins or sumps, 3) 17% do not use sediment traps upstream of pumps, 4) About half the acreage is not using precision application methods for pesticides, 5) BMPs related to the disposal of pesticide applicator rinsate and mixing/loading activities were lacking in many of the smaller groves, and 6) Nearly 20% can improve mixing/loading procedures for pesticides. In order to quantify effects of BMPs on the quality of drainage released from citrus groves, studies have been initiated to evaluate the following practices: conversion of screw gates to riser-board structures, sediment traps in water furrows, effects of herbicide band width, water table management, monitoring drainage from citrus groves at 35 locations, and the determine effects of installing a small (<5% of land area) polishing/attenuation basin within an existing grove. These projects have been initiated, but data collected to date is limited. All studies will be on-going for 3+ years.

Impacts
These studies are expected to provide data on the effects of implementing BMPs on citrus groves in improving water quality parameters and reducing off-site impacts of the operations. In addition, the studies will provide information on the effectiveness of several individual BMPs under actual grove conditions.

Publications

  • Boman, B. J., P. C. Wilson, V. V. Vandiver, Jr., and J. W. Hebb. Aquatic weed management in citrus canals and ditches. 2002. Water Quality Monitoring Programs for Environmental Assessment of Citrus Groves. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1408. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site:http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH181. 13 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. , and D. P. H.. Tucker. 2002. Drainage systems for flatwoods citrus in Florida. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1412. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH165. 16 pp.
  • Thomas, M. V. and B. J. Boman. 2002. Water quality/quality BMPs for flatwoods citrus operations in Florida. In Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Environmental Regulations. Ali Saleh (Ed.) Proc. March 11-13, 2002 TMDL Conf., Fort Worth, Texas, ASAE Pub. No. 701P0102. pp. 244-249
  • Wilson, P. C., L. Scotto, B. J. Boman, J. W. Hebb. 2002. Flatwoods citrus best management practice: riser-board structures. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Pub. SS-409. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS409. 5 pp.
  • Wilson, P. C., L. Scotto, B. J. Boman, J. W. Hebb. 2002. Flatwoods citrus best management practice: soil stabilization. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Pub. SL-195. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SS408. 6 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. , P. C. Wilson, M. Jennings, S. Shukla. 2002. Detention/retention for citrus stormwater management. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1405. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE216. 19 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. and T. A. Obreza. 2002. Water table measurement and monitoring for flatwoods citrus. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1409. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH151. 9 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. and T. A. Obreza. 2002. Fertigation nutrient sources and application considerations for citrus. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1410. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH185. 15 pp.
  • Boman, B. J., N. Morris, M. Wade. 2002. Water and Environmental Considerations for the Design and Development of Citrus Groves in Florida. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1419. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site:http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH163. 12 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. , P. C. Wilson, and E. A. Ontermaa. 2002. Understanding water quality parameters for citrus irrigation and drainage systems. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1406. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH176. 13 pp.
  • Boman, B. J. , P. C. Wilson, and E. A. Ontermaa. 2002. Water Quality monitoring programs for environmental assessment of citrus groves. Univ. of Fla., IFAS, Coop. Exten. Circ. 1407. UF/IFAS EDIS Web site: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH177. 15 pp.