Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The effects of fiber on the gastrointestinal tract can alter physical and physiological responses in the animal (satiety, laxation, and attenuation of blood glucose concentrations). Common fiber sources in pet foods include cellulose, corn gluten feed, peanut hulls, and beet pulp. Corn fiber, a coproduct from wet milling of corn, may serve as a consistent, potentially abundant, and high-quality fiber source for dog diets; however, no published literature exists on its utilization by dogs. The objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses of fiber-rich corn coproducts resulting from corn wet milling. Native corn fibers, native corn fibers with fines, hydrolyzed corn fibers, and hydrolyzed extracted corn fibers were analyzed in vitro for short-chain fatty acid production and in vivo for food intake, nutrient digestibility, and fecal characteristics. Corn fiber was included at 7% of the diet, replacing beet pulp, and compared to a beet pulp control diet. All fibers were primarily comprised of insoluble fiber (46.4- 77.5%), and made up primarily of glucose and xylose. Short-chain fatty acid production ranged from 211.6-699.5 umol/g of dry matter. Branched-chain fatty acid production was low for all corn fibers evaluated. Food intake was not affected by fiber source inclusion. Dry matter digestibility was increased in dogs fed the native corn fiber diet compared with dogs fed the beet pulp diet. Corn fibers did not affect organic matter, crude protein, fat, and fiber digestibility compared with dogs fed the beet pulp diet. Fecal dry matter was greater in dogs fed corn fiber diets compared the beet pulp. Fecal output and fecal score were not affected by inclusion of corn fibers. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Corn fibers can provide an economical and abundant source of dietary fiber, and may serve as a replacement for beet pulp in pet food diets.
Publications
- de Godoy, M.R., Bauer, L.L., Parsons, C.M. and Fahey Jr, G.C. 2008. Select corn co-products from the ethanol industry and their potential as ingredients in pet foods. J. Anim. Sci. [In Press].
- Knapp, B.K., Parsons C.M., Swanson, K.S. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2008. Physiological responses to novel carbohydrates as assessed using canine and avian models. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:7999-8006.
- Zinn, K.E., Hernot, D.C., Fastinger, N.D., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Bechtel, P.J., Swanson, K.S. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2008. Fish protein substrates can substitute effectively for poultry by-product meal when incorporated in high-quality senior dog diets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. [In Press].
- Guevara, M.A., Bauer, L.L., Abbas, C.A., Beery, K.E., Holzgraefe, D.P., Cecava, M.J. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2008. Chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses by dogs to select corn fibers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:1619-1626.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Supplementation of prebiotics such as fructans can have positive effects on the microbial balance of the mammalian gut and consequently improve the host's health status. Whereas there are many such studies on human subjects, virtually no studies have investigated the stability of the fecal microbial population in dogs upon prebiotic administration. The objective of the present study was to monitor possible changes in fecal microbiota of seven healthy adult dogs related to the administration of oligofructose and inulin. The effect of prebiotic fructan supplementation on predominant fecal microbiota was evaluated using population fingerprints generated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of universal V3 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. DGGE profiles of control (baseline) samples were compared with samples collected after oligofructose (4.5 g/day) or inulin (5.6 g/day) administration. One common change in DGGE fingerprints was further elaborated by DGGE
band sequence analysis, bacterial isolation and molecular identification ((GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting, partial 16S rRNA and sodA gene sequencing). Next to subject-specific changes following prebiotic intake, the appearance or intensification of one specific DGGE band could be observed in 6 of the 7 subjects analyzed. Sequence analysis could attribute this band to a member of the Streptococcus bovis-equinus group. Following cultivation on MRS medium, a set of fecal isolates that most likely represent the stimulated streptococci were allocated to the species Streptococcus lutetiensis by (GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting and partial 16S rRNA and sodA gene sequencing. Among several shifts observed in the qualitative composition of the fecal microbiota upon prebiotic supplementation, one universal change detected was identified as Streptococcus lutetiensis. The physiological effects of prebiotic-induced stimulation of S. lutetiensis and related streptococci for the canine host remain unclear and
merit further research into the pathogenic and probiotic characteristics of these organisms.
Impacts
Prebiotic fructan supplementation modified the fecal microbiota qualitative composition in healthy adult dogs.
Publications
- Dikeman, C.L., Murphy, M.R. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2007. Food intake and ingredient profile affect viscosity of ileal digesta of dogs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 91: 130-138.
- Dikeman, C.L., Murphy, M.R. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2007. Diet type affects viscosity of ileal digesta of dogs and stimulated gastric small intestinal digesta. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 91: 139-147.
- Middelbos, I.S., Godoy, M.R., Fastinger, N.D. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2007. A dose-response evaluation of spray-dried yeast cell wall supplementation of diets fed to adult dogs: Effects on nutrient digestibility, immune indices, and fecal microbial populations. J. Anim. Sci. 85: 3022-3032.
- Middelbos, I.S., Fastinger, N.D. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2007. Evaluation of fermentable oligosaccharides in diets fed to dogs in comparison to fiber standards. J. Anim. Sci. 85: 3033-3044.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
The effects of DL-methionine (DLM) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBA; Alimet Feed Supplement, Norvus International, Inc.) on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility in growing dogs were evaluated. A Basal diet (control) containing commercially available ingredients was formulated to contain minimal concentrations of methionine (0.4% of DM). Batches of basal diet were supplemented with 0.1 or 0.2% DLM or HMTBA. Thirty Pointer puppies (average age = 72 days; mean BW = 5.5 kg) were assigned to one of the five diets for 15 days, using three blocks of ten puppies each. Dogs were fed 90% of the voluntary feed intake of the lowest consumer within treatment and block prior to collection. Total feces and urine were collected for 5 days. Contrasts were used to compare DLM vs. HMTBA and inclusion levels. Nitrogen balance did not differ between methionine sources or inclusion levels. Fat and total dietary fiber (TDF) digestibilities were not affected by
methionine source or inclusion level, but variation in TDF concentration among diets led to higher TDF intake (P < 0.05) of diets supplemented with HMTBA. Higher TDF intake coincided with higher fecal TDF output (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) digestibilites for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and energy for diets supplemented with HMTBA. These data suggest no effect of inclusion level or methionine source on nitrogen balance in growing dogs. TDF concentration discrepancies among the diets have impacted nutrient digestibilities in this study.
Impacts
This study qualifies the effects of two different sources of methionine on dogs' nutrition responses.
Publications
- Pope, L.L., Flickinger, E.A., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Spears, J.K., Krammer, S. and Fahey Jr., G.C., 2005. Effects of lactoferrin supplementation on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal microbial populations, and immune characteristics of ileal cannulated, healthy, adult dogs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 60: 10-22.
- Middelbos, I.S., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Folador, J., Vazquez-Anon, M., Yi, G. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2006. Effects of dietary supplementation of DL-methionine or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid on food intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and urinary and blood metabolites in healthy, growing dogs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 60: 301-316.
- Folador, J.F., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Parsons, C.M., Bauer, L.L., Utterback, P.L., Schasteen, C.S., Bechtel, P.J. and Fahey Jr., G.C. 2006. Fish meals, fish components, and fish protein hydrolysates as potential ingredients in pet foods. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 2752-2765.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Effects of increasing supplementation of spray-dried yeast cell wall (S. cerevisiae, Safmannan, Lesaffre Yeast Corp. Milwaukee, WI) on food intake, fecal microbial populations, fecal characteristics, and white blood cell counts were evaluated in ileal cannulated dogs. Five mixed breed dogs with hound bloodlines were fitted with ileal T-type cannulas. In a 5x5 Latin square design with 14 day periods, dogs were offered 140 g twice daily of a brewers rice and poultry byproduct meal-based diet supplemented with either 0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.45, or 0.65% (of weight of diet fed) yeast cell wall in gelatin capsules. Chromium oxide was supplemented in gelatin capsules as a digestion marker at each feeding. On days 11 through 14 of each period, ileal samples and total feces excreted were collected. On day 14, a blood sample was collected for a complete blood count. Additionally, a fresh fecal sample was collected for bacterial enumeration by serial dilution and plating on selective
agars. Treatment means were compared using preplanned polynomial contrasts. Feed intake was not affected (P > 0.10) by supplementation of yeast cell wall, nor was fecal score, but wet fecal output showed a decreasing quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for yeast cell wall supplementation. E. coli spp. counts decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing supplementation of yeast cell wall and, compared to the control, supplementation of yeast cell wall tended (P < 0.10) to lower E. coli counts. Total white blood cell counts tended to quadratically decrease (P < 0.10) with increased yeast cell wall supplementation with the lowest value found for the intermediate levels, and monocyte count as a percentage of total white blood cell counts decreased (P < 0.05) linearly. Yeast cell wall supplementation affected outcome variables associated with dog nutrition, gut microbiology, and immunological indices.
Impacts
Supplementation with yeast cell wall products altered immune function and potentially improved gastrointestinal health in dogs.
Publications
- Spears, J.K. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Feeding and nutrition of companion animals: Dogs and cats. In: Applied Animal Nutrition: Feeds and Feeding, Cheeke, P.R., editor, 3rd edition, pp. 475-513, Pearson-Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
- Kuzmuk, K.N., Swanson, K.S., Tappenden, K.A., Schook, L.B., and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Diet and age affect intestinal morphology and large bowel fermentative end-product concentrations in senior and young adult dogs. J. Nutr. 135 (8):1940-1945.
- Spears, J.K., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Grieshop, C.M., Flickinger, E.A., Wolf, B.W. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Pullulans and gamma-cyclodextrin affect apparent digestibility and metabolism in healthy adult ileal cannulated dogs. J. Nutr. 135 (8):1946-1952.
- Dust, J.M., Grieshop, C.M., Parsons, C.M., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Schasteen, C.S., Quigley, III, J.D., Merchen, N.R. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Chemical composition, protein quality, palatability, and digestibility of alternative protein sources for dogs. J. Anim. Sci. 83 (10):2414-2422.
- Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Utterback, P.L., Martinez Amezcua, C., Parsons, C.M., Merchen, N.R. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Relative bioavailability of phosphorus and true amino acid digestibility by poultry as affected by soybean extraction time and use of low-phytate soybeans. Poultry Sci. 84:1555-1561.
- Spears, J.K., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Influence of supplemental high molecular weight pullulan or gamma-cyclodextrin on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, and microbial populations in the dog. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 50 (4):257-270.
- Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Kadzere, C.T., Grieshop, C.M. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Chemical and nutritional properties of soybean carbohydrates as related to nonruminants: A review. Livestock Prod. Sci. 97 (1):1-12.
- Swanson, K.S. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. An update on the energy and nutrient requirements of companion animals. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Garnsworthy, P.C. and Wiseman, J., editors, pp. 49-66, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.
- Karr-Lilienthal, L.K. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Composition and quality of soybean meal from different countries. In: Illinois Dairy Report - Defining Decisions, pp. 51-53.
- Swanson, K.S. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Pet nutrition and health: Pet foods and feeding. Feedstuffs 77 (38):54-57.
- Karr-Lilienthal, L.K. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. An update on trace mineral nutrition of companion animals. Proc. California Anim. Nutr. Conf. pp. 21-26.
- Gajda, A.M., Flickinger, E.A., Grieshop, C.M., Bauer, L.L., Merchen, N.R. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Corn hybrid affects in vitro and in vivo measures of nutrient digestibility in dogs. J. Anim. Sci. 83 (1):160-171.
- Vanhoutte, T., Huys, G., De Brandt, E., Fahey, Jr., G.C. and Swings, J. 2005. Molecular monitoring and characterization of the faecal microbiota of healthy dogs during fructan supplementation. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 249:65-71.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The objective of this research was to determine whether supplemental pullulan or g-cyclodextrin influenced food intake, nutrient digestibility, microbial populations, and fecal characteristics of dogs. Pullulan and g-cyclodextrin are novel carbohydrates that are synthesized by microorganisms and are considered slowly digestible. Adult female ileal cannulated dogs (n = 5) were fed a commercially available dry, extruded, kibble diet twice daily. At each feeding, the following treatments were administered via gelatin capsules in a 5 x 5 Latin square design: 1) Control (no supplement); 2) 1 g high molecular weight pullulan; 3) 2 g high molecular weight pullulan; 4) 1 g g-cyclodextrin; or 5) 2 g g-cyclodextrin. Fecal and ileal samples were collected during the last 4 days of each 14-day period to quantify select microbial populations and nutrient digestibilities. Treatment means were compared using preplanned orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Food intake decreased linearly
(P < 0.05) with increasing g-cyclodextrin supplementation. No differences (P > 0.05) were noted in ileal or total tract nutrient digestibilities. Increasing pullulan supplementation resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in ileal bifidobacteria and lactobacillus spp. concentrations. Dogs supplemented with pullulan tended to have an increasing quadratic response (P < 0.10) in fecal concentrations of lactobacillus spp. A trend for increasing quadratic response (P < 0.10) in ileal bifidobacteria and lactobacillus spp. concentrations was noted in dogs receiving g-cyclodextrin. A decreasing quadratic response (P < 0.05) in fecal C. perfringens concentrations was noted for dogs supplemented with g-cyclodextrin. While dogs supplemented with increasing concentrations of pullulan exhibited a linear increase (P < 0.05) in fecal score, dogs supplemented with increasing concentrations of g-cyclodextrin exhibited a linear decrease (P < 0.05). Results of this study suggest that dietary
supplementation with pullulan and g-cyclodextrin may have beneficial effects on microbial ecology of dogs without negatively affecting nutrient digestibility.
Impacts
Pullulan and g-cyclodextrin supplementation in dogs may result in positive changes in gastrointestinal tract bacterial populations, potentially leading to an improved health status of the animal.
Publications
- Case, L.P. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2004. Nutritional challenges for shelter animals. In: Shelter Medicine for Veterinarians and Staff. L. Miller and S. Zawistowski, eds. pp. 79-93. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
- Swanson, K.S. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2004. The role of yeasts in companion animal nutrition. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proc. Alltech 20th Anim. Feed Ind. Symp. T.P. Lyons and K.A. Jacques, eds. pp. 475-484. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.
- Fahey, Jr., G.C., Flickinger, E.A., Grieshop, C.M. and Swanson, K.S. 2004. The role of dietary fibre in companion animal nutrition. In: Dietary Fibre: Bio-Active Carbohydrates for Food and Feed. J.W. van der Kamp, N.-G. Asp, J. Miller Jones and G. Schaafsam, eds. pp. 295-328. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wagenhagen, the Natherlands.
- Swanson, K.S. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2004. An assessment of prebiotic use in companion animals. Comp. Edu. Practicing Vet. 26:34-42.
- Dust, J.M., Gajda, A.M., Flickinger, E.A., Burkhalter, T.M., Merchen, N.R. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2004. Extrusion conditions affect chemical composition and in vitro digestion of select food ingredients. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:2989-2996.
- Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Grieshop, C.M., Spears, J.K., Patil, A.R., Czarnecki-Maulden, G.L., Merchen, N.R. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2004. Estimation of the proportion of bacterial nitrogen in canine feces using diaminopimelic acid as an internal bacterial marker. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1707-1712.
- Swanson, K.S., Kuzmuk, K.N., Schook, L.B. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2004. Diet affects nutrient digestibility, hematology, and serum chemistry of senior and weanling dogs. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1713-1724.
- Spears, J.K. and Fahey, Jr., G.C. 2005. Feeding and nutrition of companion animals: Dogs and cats. In: Applied Animal Feeding: Feeds and Feeding, 3rd edition. P.R. Cheeke, ed. pp. 475-513. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The accuracy of laboratory starch analyses to predict in vivo starch digestibility was investigated. Forty-two rats were adapted to diets containing corn, potato, or amylomaize starches for two weeks prior to euthanasia and harvesting of intestinal contents. Starch concentrations of the digesta were measured at specific segments along the small intestine in order to determine starch disappearance or digestibility. These values were compared to two different published chemical assays designed to predict rate and extent of starch digestibility. Results from our study indicate that both the digestion rate and extent of partially digested starches (termed resistant starches) are overestimated by in vitro methodology compared to in vivo values. However, in vivo digestion of completely digestible starch (corn starch) was well predicted by the chemical assays. In a different study, the health-promoting effects of two prebiotics, oligofructose and inulin, were tested using 7
ileally cannulated dogs fed diets containing either 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9% of these compounds. Nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and fecal concentrations of fermentative end-products were measured. Both inulin and oligofructose decreased total tract nutrient digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, and fecal output was increased. Small intestinal digestibility and stool quality were not affected by prebiotic supplementation. Fecal concentrations of ammonia and short-chain fatty acids were increased in dogs consuming either prebiotic. Oligofructose, but not inulin, increased fecal concentrations of amines, while both compounds decreased fecal concentrations of phenols. These data suggest that, at low levels of supplementation, inulin and oligofructose somewhat impact colonic fermentation and depress total tract nutrient digestibility without reducing the proportion of nutrients available to the host animal.
Impacts
Data from the starch digestibility study will serve as a guide to direct future development of in vitro models that can more accurately predict starch digestibility or indigestibility. This information will be vital to formulation of foods and diets for dogs, cats, or even humans who suffer from poor glucose tolerance or diabetes. Data from the prebiotic study demonstrate that inulin and oligofructose positively impact some indicators of gastrointestinal tract health without negatively affecting nutrient availability or stool quality. This information will be of great interest to pet food manufacturers in formulating diets that will help support and maintain the health of companion animals throughout the life cycle.
Publications
- Bauer, L.L., Murphy, M.R., Wolf, B.W. and Fahey, G.C. Jr. 2003. Estimates of starch digestion in the rat small intestine differ from those obtained using in vitro time-sensitive starch fractionation assays. J. Nutr. 133:2256-2261.
- Propst, E.L., Flickinger, E.A., Bauer, L.L., Merchen, N.R. and Fahey, G.C. Jr. 2003. A dose-response experiment evaluating the effects of oligofructose and inulin on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and fecal protein catabolites in healthy adult dogs. J. Anim. Sci. 81:3057-3066.
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