Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF POWDERY MILDEWS AND OTHER ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT FUNGI IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0194100
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2008
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2013
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Plant Pathology
Non Technical Summary
Plant pathogenic fungi are extremely important to the ecosystems and economy of the US. The project will continue development of the Pacific Northwest Fungi Database and the Erysiphales Database. Research will be carried out to catalog and classify for the first time the powdery mildews occurring in North America, one of the country's most damaging groups of plant pathogenic fungi. This research will contribute to economic well being by improving the quality of information available on plant pathogenic fungi, and by enabling scientists, growers, and industry personnel to diagnose and control plant diseases more efficiently and effectively.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2122410110270%
2122420110230%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
2410 - Cross-commodity research--multiple crops; 2420 - Noncrop plant research;

Field Of Science
1102 - Mycology;
Goals / Objectives
Update and enhance the Pacific Northwest Fungi Database by updating information on taxonomy, distribution, and substrate ranges of economically important fungi in the region. Update the Erysiphales Database by expanding it to include all described species of powdery mildews. Elucidate taxonomic relationships and life histories of economically important groups of fungi in the Pacific Northwest, especially species of Erysiphales (powdery mildews).
Project Methods
Update information on taxonomy, substrate and geographical ranges in the Pacific Northwest Database Loculoascomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, and Erysiphales. Expand coverage of Erysiphales database to include information to support identification of all described species. The principal investigator and associates will continue to make field collections of fungi throughout the Pacific Northwest, particularly west of the Cascade Mountains where relatively little attention has been paid to microscopic plant parasitic fungi. Particular emphasis will be placed on collecting Erysiphales. Fungi will be characterized using morphological, molecular, and biological data (host range, pathogenicity, etc). Life histories will be characterized through study of herbarium material, original collections, cultures, or greenhouse studies. Major emphasis will be placed on generating and assessing ITS sequences for Erysiphales in the Pacific Northwest; resulting information will be used to compare strains in this region with strains of similar taxa in other parts of the world. Phylogenetic methods used in data analyses will include both character-based methods, such as maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML), and distance based methods such as neighbor-joining. Type and/or authentic material will be obtained from herbaria throughout the world for comparison with new collections. Specimens will be deposited in the Plant Pathology Department Mycological Herbarium at Washington State University (WSP) and National Fungus Collection. Axenically-culturable organisms will be deposited in the American Type Culture Collection.

Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Scientists, including plant pathologists, mycologists, ecologists, microbiologists, and others Changes/Problems: During 2013 my program relocated from Seattle, WA, to the Pullman campus of WSU. The move provided the expected delays in work associated with closing operations at one location followed by starting a new laboratory in Pullman. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The program includes two MS students and two PhD students in plant pathology doing research on powdery mildew fungi and yeasts. Training includes modern methods in fungal systematics and interactions of plant pathogenic fungi and plant hosts. Student projects also investigate interactions between yeasts and plant pathogenic fungi, and between different wild yeasts, and the roles of fungi in grape spoilage and wine making. Training includes excellent opportunities for working with members of other laboratories, particularly in the departments of plant pathology and food science and human nutrition. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Completed research projects were published in a refereed scientific journal. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Yeasts were isolated from grapes collected in WA. Species determination was based on cultural features, microscopic morphology, physiological tests and analysis of ITS and D1/D2 rDNA sequence data. Fifty-three species were found distributed among five fungal subphyla, a greater number than expected based on similar published studies. Within Saccharomycotina, 13 species in the genera Candida, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, Meyerozyma, Pichia, Wickerhamomyces and Yamadazyma were determined. Isolates within the Metschnikowia pulcherrima clade appeared to possess considerable diversity. Pucciniomycotina was represented by 12 species, in the genera Curvibasidium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporidiobolus and Sporobolomyces. Five phylogenetically distinct species in the subphylum could not be assigned to any described species. Isolates in Ustilaginomycotina were placed in Pseudozyma except for a single strain determined to be Rhodotorula bacarum. Within Agaricomycotina, 17 species in the genera Cryptococcus, Cystofilobasidium, Hannaella, Holtermanniella and Mrakiella were determined. Seven species of yeast-like Pezizomycotina were found, representing classes Leotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Isolates of Aureobasidium pullulans represented three phylogenetically distinct subspecific lineages. Seventeen species identified in this study were previously unreported from wine grapes and 18 species were unreported from North America. Several strains appear to represent undescribed species, including the recently described Curvibasidium rogersii. In addition, Geotrichum candidum was isolated from fruit of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Washington state. Cultural and morphological features, and rDNA sequence data, are reported. Koch’s postulates were completed on tomato fruit. This is the first report of this fungus causing disease of tomato in Washington state.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bourret, T. B., G. Grove, G. Vandemark, T. Henick-Kling, and D. A. Glawe. 2013. Diversity and molecular determination of wild yeasts in a central Washington State vineyard. North American Fungi . 8: 1-32.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Zuehlke, J.M., D.A. Glawe, and C.G. Edwards. Efficacy of dimethyl dicarbonate against yeasts associated with Washington State grapes and wines. Submitted to J. Food Proc. Pres.
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2013 Citation: Glawe, D. A. Erysiphales Database. http://erysiphales.wsu.edu/
  • Type: Websites Status: Other Year Published: 2013 Citation: Glawe, D. A. Pacific Northwest Fungi Database. Version 2. http://pnwfungi.wsu.edu
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bourret, T. B., E. K. Kramer, J. D. Rogers, and D. A. Glawe. 2013. Isolation of Geotrichum candidum pathogenic to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Washington State. North American Fungi 8(14): 1-7.


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: A taxonomic survey of yeasts occurring on grape (Vitis vinifera) berries yielded 55 different species, considerably more than detected in other published studies of grape-associated yeasts. Several appear to be previously unpublished species while others had not been found previously in North America or on Vitis spp. An unusual anamorphic basidiomycete yeast was described in 2012 as Curvibasidium rogersii. The yeast collection resulting from this study provides the basis for future work on effects of wild yeasts on wine quality and interactions of yeasts with plant pathogenic fungi. PARTICIPANTS: Dean Glawe, Tyler Bourret, Gary G. Grove, Thomas Henick-Kling, Charles E. Edwards TARGET AUDIENCES: Scientists (plant pathologists, viticulturalists, enologists, microbiologists, food scientists) and commercial wine makers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
In 2007, the annual contribution of the grape and wine industry to the US national economy was estimated to be $162 billion. Further growth of the industry in the face of international competitors will depend on improving the economics and sustainability of grape production, and producing premium-level products capable of being differentiated from those of lower-cost competitors. Results from the present study will be useful to plant pathologists, viticulturists, and enologists working with the wine grape industry, and will be useful to researchers studying fermentation, wine quality, diseases of grapevines and berries, and vineyard management.

Publications

  • Bourret T., C.G. Edwards, T.E. Henick-Kling, D.A.Glawe 2012. Curvibasidium rogersii, a new yeast species in the Microbotryomycetes. North American Fungi 7:1-8.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Erysiphales Database (www.erysiphales.wsu.edu) was expanded to include information on all of the world's described 693 species (as of 2011). Database search features enable users to identify powdery mildews on the basis of a variety of criteria, including morphology, host, and DNA sequences, or combinations of these features. Phyllactinia fraxini was reported for the first time on Chinese fringe tree in Korea. PARTICIPANTS: Dean Glawe, Tess Barlowe, Tyler Bourret. TARGET AUDIENCES: Primary audience is professional scientists (particularly plant pathologists, mycologists, and ecologists). Secondary audience is government agencies, private sector organizations, growers, and homeowners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, improving knowledge of the plant pathogenic fungi of the PNW will contribute to the economic viability of plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion). Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. Control is hindered by the lack of basic information on powdery mildew fungi. This project has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. The series of reports of new records, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis by increasing speed and accuracy with which powdery mildew fungi and diseases can be identified. The online Erysiphales database enables users to identify species of powdery mildews and apply modern names to these important pathogens. The use of standardized powdery mildew names that are resulting from this research will simplify interpreting literature and disease reports by scientists, growers, and government agencies. Data for 2011 indicated 60,391 hits for the Erysiphales Database and 2,460 unique visitors. The companion Pacific Northwest Fungi Database continued to average about 100,000 hits per month.

Publications

  • Chang, J., H.Jang, D.A.Glawe, H.Shin, and H.B.Lee. 2011. First report of powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia fraxini on Chinese fringe tree in Korea.. Plant Pathology Journal. 3:101.


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Erysiphales Database (www.erysiphales.wsu.edu) was expanded to include information on all 672 described species of powdery mildews. The capability to do BLAST searches is based on inclusion of more than 140 powdery mildew DNA sequences from GenBank. Various new reports of powdery mildews were published, including the first record of Leveillula taurica on giant blazing star (Mentzelia laevicaulis), the first record of powdery mildew of Tecoma capensis caused by Erysiphe peruviana in North America, the first report of Leveillula taurica on garden peppers in the Pacific Northwest, and the first report of powdery mildew of pea caused by Erysiphe trifolii. New reports of leaf smuts of tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) caused by Entyloma australe and Gaillardia X grandiflora caused by Entyloma gaillardianum were made from plants in California. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include mycologists and plant pathologists, worldwide. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, improving knowledge of the plant pathogenic fungi of the PNW will contribute to the economic viability of plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion). Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. Control is hindered by the lack of basic information on powdery mildew fungi. This project has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely diverse. The series of reports of new records, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis by increasing speed and accuracy with which powdery mildew fungi and diseases can be identified. The online Erysiphales database includes all described species and enables users to identify and apply modern names to these important pathogens. The use of standardized powdery mildew names that are resulting from this research will simplify interpreting literature and disease reports by scientists, growers, and government agencies. During 2010 the Erysiphales Database received 53,132 hits. The companion Pacific Northwest Fungi Database received 1,210,466 hits in 2009 (the most recent year for which data are available).

Publications

  • Attanayake, ., D.A.Glawe, K.E.McPhee, F.M.Dugan, and W.Chen. 2010. Erysiphe trifolii - a newly recognized powdery mildew pathogen of pea. Plant Pathology. 59:712-720.
  • Koike, S.T., D.A.Glawe, and T.E.Barlow. 2010. First report of leaf smut of tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) caused by Entyloma australe. Plant Health Progress. 2010.
  • Sampangi, R., D.A.Glawe, T.E.Barlow, and K.Mohan. 2010. First report of powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica on giant blazing star (Mentzelia laevicaulis). Plant Disease. 94.
  • Glawe, D.A., T.E.Barlow, J.Eggers, and P.Hamm. 2010. First report of powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica of field-grown sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Progress. .
  • Glawe, D.A., T.E.Barlow, and S.T.Koike. 2010. First report of leaf smut of Gaillardia X grandiflora caused by Entyloma gaillardianum in North America.. Plant Health Progress. .
  • Glawe, D.A., T.E.Barlow, and M.E.Matheron. 2010. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Tecoma capensis Caused by Erysiphe peruviana in North America.. Plant Health Progress. .
  • Attanayake, ., W.Chen, D.A.Glawe, and F.M.Dugan. 2010. Powdery mildew of chickpea. Compendium of Chickpea and Lentil Diseases and Pests. Ed. hen, W., H. C. Sharma, and F. J. Muehlbauer.. St. Paul, MN. APS Press. 49-51.


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Erysiphales Database (www.erysiphales.wsu.edu) was expanded to include information on 644 species. The capability to do BLAST searches was added, and information from GenBank on sequences for 140 species was incorporated. Various new reports of powdery mildews were published, including new records for powdery mildews of poison-hemlock, lentil, Amur maple, and Tolmeia menziesii. A paper was also published on the importance of new host records for ornamental and regional crops. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, improving knowledge of the plant pathogenic fungi of the PNW will contribute to the economic viability of plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion). Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. Control is hindered by the lack of basic information on powdery mildew fungi. This project has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. The series of reports of new records, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis by increasing speed and accuracy with which powdery mildew fungi and diseases can be identified. The new online Erysiphales database enables users to identify species of powdery mildews and apply modern names to these important pathogens. The use of standardized powdery mildew names that are resulting from this research will simplify interpreting literature and disease reports by scientists, growers, and government agencies. Partial data for 2009 indicated about 52,000 hits for the Erysiphales Database. The companion Pacific Northwest Fungi Database received 1,210,466 hits.

Publications

  • Putnicki, L., and D.A.Glawe. 2009. First report of powdery mildew of Tolmiea menziesii caused by Podosphaera alpina in Washington state and British Columbia. Plant Health Progress. 2009:doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-0810-01-BR.
  • Koike, S.T., and D.A.Glawe. 2009. First report of powdery mildew of Conium maculatum (poison-hemlock) caused by Erysiphe heraclei in North America. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-0312-01-BR.
  • Attanayake, D.A.Glawe, F.M.Dugan, and W.Chen. 2009. Erysiphe trifolii causing powdery of lentil (Lens culinaris). Plant Disease. 93:797-803.
  • Dugan, F. M., D.A. Glawe, R. N. Attanayake, W. Chen. 2009. The importance of reporting new host-fungus records for ornamental and regional crops. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-0512-01-RV.
  • Lee, H.B., C.J.Kim, H.Y.Mun, J.P.Hong, and D.A.Glawe. 2009. First report of powdery mildew on Amur maple (Acer ginnala) caused by Sawadaea nankinensis in Korea. Plant Disease. 93:1348.
  • Xin, G., D. A. Glawe, and S. L. Doty. 2009. Characterization of Three Endophytic, Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Producing Yeasts Occurring in Populus Trees. Mycological Research 113: 973-980.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Work this year supported previous findings that powdery mildew fungi of North America and the Pacific Northwest are more diverse than previously recognized. New records for powdery mildews published in 2008 included Leveillula taurica on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Golovinomyces orontii on Vinca major (Periwinkle). Both species have a wide host range and their discovery on these newly recorded North American hosts is relevant to the epidemiology and control of these frequently damaging pathogens. Seuratia millardetii was reported for the first time from Camellia species; this report also was first to document occurrence of the teleomorph in the PNW, and the first to describe it in artificial culture. This report contradicted previous reports that suggested that a sooty mold fungus is responsible for a foliar disorder of Camellia in the region. Consistent with other studies of S. millardetii, no insects were found associated with it, indicating that recommendations to control Camellia sooty mold with insecticides are likely ineffective. A review article on powdery mildews was published that summarized very recent molecular and morphological approaches to classification and detection and to relate such information to efforts to diagnose and control powdery mildews. The new Erysiphales database provides users with up-to-date information on identification of powdery mildews and application of modern names to them, enabling North American plant pathologists and others to access literature in other parts of the world that uses nomenclatural systems inconsistent with traditional North American powdery mildew names. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, improving knowledge of the plant pathogenic fungi of the PNW will contribute to the economic viability of plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion). Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. Control is hindered by the lack of basic information on powdery mildew fungi. This project has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. The series of reports of new records, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis by increasing speed and accuracy with which powdery mildew fungi and diseases can be identified. The new online Erysiphales database enables users to identify species of powdery mildews and apply modern names to these important pathogens. The use of standardized powdery mildew names that are resulting from this research will simplify interpreting literature and disease reports by scientists, growers, and government agencies. Determining that Seuratia millardetii is the causal agent of a sooty mold-like disorder of Camellia spp, in the PNW indicated that the use of insecticides to control this disorder are ineffective. Revising control recommendations to eliminate insecticide use should result in reduced insecticide use in public and private landscapes in the region.

Publications

  • Attanayake, R., D. A. Glawe, K. McPhee, F. Dugan, and W. Chen. 2008. First report of powdery mildew of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) caused by Leveillula taurica in Washington State. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-0702-01-BR
  • Glawe, D. A., and S. T. Koike. 2008. First report of powdery mildew of Vinca major caused by Golovinomyces orontii in North America. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-1212-03-BR
  • Glawe, D.A. 2008. The powdery mildews: A review of the world's most familiar (yet poorly known) plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews, Inc. 27-51.
  • Gillis, I.M., and D.A.Glawe. 2008. Characterization of Seuratia millardetii on Camellia species and in artificial culture. North American Fungi 3(7):215-229.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Work this year supported previous findings that powdery mildew fungi of North America and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) are more diverse than previously recognized. New North American records for powdery mildews published in 2007 included Neoerysiphe galeopsidis on Stachys byzantina (lamb's ear), Podosphaera epilobii on Epilobium ciliatum (fringed willowherb), Oidium ericinum on Leucothoe axillaris (Ericaceae), Oidium limnanthis on Limnanthes alba, and Leveillula taurica on Cleome hassleriana. New PNW records included Erysiphe polygoni on Rumex crispus and Podosphaera (Sphaerotheca) fusca on Taraxacum laevigatum. New host records for Idaho were Golovinomyces sordidus on Plantago major, Erysiphe convolvuli on Convolulus arvensus, and Podosphaera (Sphaerotheca) aphanis on Geum macrophyllum. Golovinomyces (Erysiphe) cichoracearum on Cirsium arvense was reported for the first time in Washington. A list of revised powdery mildew binomials was provided to the editors of the Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Control Handbook who used it to revise the names for these fungi used in the 2007 volume of the Handbook. A new PCR-based approach to detecting airborne inoculum of Erysiphe necator was published; it has the potential to greatly improve forecasting of powdery mildew epidemics on wine grapes. The teleomorph of Leveillula taurica was found for the first time on field-grown plants in the PNW, suggesting that sexual recombination in this fungus may hinder efforts to control it using resistant varieties and fungicides. PARTICIPANTS: D.A. Glawe, F.M. Dugan, J.S. Falacy, G.G. Grove, H.Galloway, S.T. Koike, R.C. Larsen, K. Mohan, M.L. Putnam, R. Sampangi, G.J. Vandemark TARGET AUDIENCES: Scientists, government agencies, growers, field company personnel, home owners.

Impacts
Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, improving knowledge of the plant pathogenic fungi of the PNW will contribute to the economic viability of plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion). Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. Control is hindered by the lack of basic information on powdery mildew fungi. This project has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. The series of reports of new records, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis by increasing speed and accuracy with which powdery mildew fungi and diseases can be identified. The use of standardized powdery mildew names that are resulting from this research will simplify interpreting literature and disease reports by scientists, growers, and government agencies. A disease outbreak caused by Oidium ericinum on Leucothoe axillaris in Oregon resulted in an economic loss estimated at $300,000. Determination of the causal agent responsible for that disease outbreak will aid grower efforts to control the disease. Limnanthes alba plants in a research project studying this plant as a potential source of biofuels was interrupted by a damaging disease outbreak caused by Oidium limnanthis, suggesting that this potential bioenergy crop could be highly vulnerable to powdery mildew.

Publications

  • Glawe, D.A., and S.T.Koike. 2007. First report of powdery mildew of Stachys byzantina (lamb's ear) caused by Neoerysiphe galeopsidis in North America. Plant Health Progress. (10.1094/PHP-2007-1217-01-BR).
  • Koike, S.T., and D.A.Glawe. 2007. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Fringed Willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) Caused by Podosphaera epilobii in North America.. Plant Health Progress. (doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-1112-01-BR).
  • Putnam, M.L., and D.A.Glawe. 2007. New North American records of anamorphic powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales) parasitizing species of Leucothoe and Limnanthes. Pacific Northwest fungi 2(4):1-6.
  • Falacy, J.S., G.G.Grove, R.C.Larsen, D.A.Glawe, G.J.Vandemark, and H.Galloway. 2007. Detection of Erysiphe (Uncinula) necator using the polymerase chain reaction and species-specific primers. Phytopathology. 97:1290-1297.
  • Sampangi, R., D.A.Glawe, and K.Mohan. 2007. First North American record of powdery mildew of Cleome hassleriana caused by Leveillula taurica. Plant Health Progress. 2007(doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0219-02-BR).
  • Dugan, F.M., and D.A.Glawe. 2007. Powdery mildews on weeds in the Pacific Northwest: a miscellany of new records. Pacific Northwest fungi 2(1):1-7.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Work continued to inventory economically important fungi in the Pacific Northwest. The new online mycology journal Pacific Northwest Fungi was established to facilitate reporting new information on the region's fungi. Surveys of plant diseases revealed several significant unreported plant pathogens. New North American records were published for Leveillula taurica on Gaillardia x grandiflora, Golovinomyces cynoglossi on Omphalodes cappadocica, Erysiphe cruciferarum on Escholzia californica, and Albugo candida on Aurinia saxatilis. Previously unreported species of Rhododendron were shown to host Seifertia azaleae, cause of bud blight disease. Microsphaera (Erysiphe) palczewskii was documented for the first time from eastern North America where it appears recently to have been introduced on Caragana aroborescens. Erysiphe (Uncinuliella) flexuosa was documented for the first time in North America west of the Rocky Mountains; it is thought to have originated in eastern North America. Phyllactinia guttata was shown to host the fungus Cladosporium uredinicola, a known mycoparasite. A paper with keys and photographs illustrating genera of Erysiphales in the Pacific Northwest was published. This is the first taxonomic guide to North American taxa that includes recent taxonomic innovations from Europe and Asia, and was illustrated with color photomicrographs of recently collected local material.

Impacts
Fungi include 70% of plant pathogens. Accurate information on fungl pathogens is vital to all plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion) in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. This project has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. Reports on previously unreported diseases provided information on identification and taxonomy, and illustrated photographically for the first time significant features of a number of powdery mildews. Golovinomyces cichoracearum was shown to occur on 80-100% of Coreopsis species plants in a commercial propagation facility. Leveillula taurica caused 25% loss to production of Gaillardia x grandiflora cuttings in a commercial nursery operation. The series of reports of new records, published this year, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis and control by increasing speed and accuracy with which plant pathogens and diseases can be identified.

Publications

  • Glawe, D.A. 2006. First report of powdery mildew of Eschscholzia californica (California poppy) caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum in North America. Plant Health Progress. 2006:1-2.
  • Glawe, D.A., and J.F.Ammirati. 2006. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Omphalodes cappadocica Caused by Golovinomyces cynoglossi (Erysiphe cynoglossi) in North America. Plant Health Progress. 2006:1-2.
  • Glawe, D.A. 2006. Synopsis of genera of Erysiphales (powdery mildew fungi) occurring in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Northwest fungi 1(12):1-27.
  • Glawe, D.A., and F.M.Dugan. 2006. First report of Erysiphe (Uncinuliella) flexuosa in western North America. Pacific Northwest fungi 1(11):1-11.
  • Glawe, D.A., G.G.Grove, and M.E.Nelson. 2006. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Coreopsis Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum in the Pacific Northwest. Plant Health Progress. 2006:1-2.
  • Glawe, D.A., and R.L.Hummel. 2006. New North American host records for Seifertia azaleae. Pacific Northwest fungi 1(5):1-6.
  • Dugan, F.M., and D.A.Glawe. 2006. First Report of Powdery Mildew on Dipsacus sylvestris Caused by Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) dipsacearum in North America. Plant Health Progress. 2006:1-2.
  • Dugan, F.M., and D.A.Glawe. 2006. Phyllactinia guttata is a Host for Cladosporium uredinicola in Washington State. Pacific Northwest fungi 1(1):1-5.
  • Glawe, D.A. 2006. First report of white rust of Aurinia saxatilis (Alyssum saxatile) caused by Albugo candida in Washington State. Pacific Northwest fungi 1(8):1-5.
  • Glawe, D.A., R.W.Stack, and J.A.Walla. 2006. First Report of Powdery Mildew on Caragana arborescens in Minnesota and North Dakota caused by Microsphaera (Erysiphe) palczewskii. Plant Health Progress. 2006:1-2.
  • Glawe, D.A., and G.G.Grove. 2006. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Gaillardia x grandiflora (Blanket Flower) Caused by Leviellula taurica in North America. Plant Health Progress. oi:10.1094/PHP-2006-0112-01-BR:oi:10.1094/PHP-2006-0112-01-BR.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Version 2 of the online Pacific Northwest Fungi Database was developed and implemented. The new version improved various aspects of database design and added search capabilities for fungal taxa above the rank of genus. Suprageneric names are consistent with those used by the Dictionary of the Fungi, the de facto standard. Leveillula taurica was identified from Triglochin maritima in eastern WA, the first time a powdery mildew has been found on a sedge. Occurring on greenhouse grown plants, this is the only report of the teleomorph of the fungus in the Pacific Northwest. Because the plant forms substances toxic to cattle when subjected to stress, this plant pathogen may have the potential to adversely affect pasture-grazed cattle. The ITS of this strain was shown to be identical to that of a strain from pepper in Australia and Russian Olive in Iran. Erysiphe heraclei was documented on carrot and parsley where it forms the teleomorph and has the potential to be contaminate seed lots. Erysiphe knautiae was found attcking Scabiosa columbaris for the first time in North America; it caused 25% losses in a field grown for cuttings. Microsphaera palczewskii, introduced from Europe, was found fir the first time in AK, the second report in North America. The fungus causing powdery mildew of Corylus avellana in WA was shown to be Phyllactinia guttata.

Impacts
The second version of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Fungi Database includes unique search features that will make it useful to scientists working in the PNW and other regions. Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, the database has the potential to become a major resource for disseminating information to all plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion) in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. This research has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. Reports on previously unreported diseases provided information on identification and taxonomy, and illustrated photographically for the first time significant features of a number of powdery mildews. The series of reports of new records, documented with digital images, will aid diagnosis by increasing speed and accuracey with which powdery mildew fungi and diseases can be identified. Because WA grows up to 50% of the world carrot seed supply, the occurrence of E. heraclei on seed carrots could represent a threat to the industry and may warrant further research. Powdery mildew caused 25% losses of Scabiosa in one commercial production field, despite fungicide applications, and was typical of losses caused to several plant species in the field.

Publications

  • Glawe, D. A., and Grove, G. G. 2005. First report of powdery mildew of Scabiosa columbaria (dove pincushions) caused by Erysiphe knautiae in North America. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-1024-01-BR.
  • Glawe, D.A., Pelter, G.Q., and du Toit, L.J. 2005. First report of powdery mildew of carrot and parsley caused by Erysiphe heraclei in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0114-01-HN.
  • Hartney, S., D. A. Glawe, F. Dugan, and Joseph Ammirati. 2005. First Report of Powdery Mildew on Corylus avellana caused by Phyllactinia guttata in Washington State. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-1121-01-BR.
  • D.A. Glawe, F.M. Dugan,Y. Liu , and J.D. Rogers. 2005. First record and characterization of a powdery mildew on a member of the Juncaginaceae: Leveillua taurica on Triglochin maritime. Mycological Progress 4: 291-298.
  • Glawe, D. A., and G. A. Laursen. 2005. First Report of powdery mildew on Caragana arborescens and Caragana grandiflora in Alaska caused by Microsphaera (Erysiphe) palczewskii. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-1017-01-BR.
  • Glawe, D. A., and G. G. Grove. 2005. Powdery mildew diseases. Pp. 24-26 in Pscheidt, J. W. and C. M. Ocamb. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. Oregon State Univ. Corvallis.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Goal 1. Produce an electronic database including taxonomically correct fungus names and host/substrate information for the Pacific Northwest. Version 1 of The Pacific Northwest Fungi Database was was implemented in SQL and posted on the internet. Search features include: by fungus genus and/or species; by host family and/or genus and/or species; by taxonomic author; by PNW state or province. Features allow users to submit new records and update taxonomic and nomenclatural information. Information covers 4950 species of fungi in C. G. Shaw's Host Fungus Index of the Pacific Northwest. The design and implementation of the database will accommodate updates that ultimately will include data on the estimated 18,000-20,000 fungal species in the region. Planning was started for Version 2. Goal 2. Elucidate taxonomic relationships and life histories of economically important groups of fungi in the Pacific Northwest, especially species of Erysiphales (powdery mildews). 581 specimens of fungi were collected, primarily powdery mildews from western WA, AK, and IL. Several appear to be undescribed species. It appears that about 200 powdery mildew species (fide U. Braun) occur in the region, rather than the approximately two dozen previously reported.The following plant diseases were reported for the first time: from North America, powdery mildew of Akebia quinata caused by Microsphaera akebiae; powdery mildew on Solanum tuberosum (potato) caused by Leveillula taurica; white rust of Lunaria annua (money plant) caused by Albugo candida. From the Pacific Northwest, powdery mildew of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) caused by an anamorphic Microsphaera species; powdery mildew of Lycium chinense (Chinese matrimony vine) caused by Arthrocladiella mougeotii; powdery mildew of Allium cepa (onion) caused by Leveillula taurica. From WA, powdery mildew of Myosotis sylvatica (wood forget-me-not) caused by Golovinomyces cynoglossi. The discovery of Leveillula taurica was particularly significant. Not known previously to occur in WA or on potato in North America, discovery of the fungus on multiple hosts in the region suggests that it may now be endemic. Previous reports of powdery mildew on potato implicated Erysiphe (Golovinomyces) orontii (also reported on potato as Erysiphe cichoracearum). Leveillula taurica may respond differently to control practices effective in controlling E. orontii. Leveillula taurica was identified on onion in Washington for the first time. Powdery mildew has been known to occur on onions in Washington since the 1990's but the causal agent was not characterized and the disease not documented. A cultivar trial revealed apparent differences in susceptibility that warrant further study. The wide host range of L. taurica, which includes more than 50 host families, suggests that alternative hosts may play a role in epidemiology of plant diseases it causes in this area, and that it may be more difficult to control than powdery mildews with narrower host ranges. The powdery mildew genus Arthrocladiella was found for the first time in the Pacific Northwest.

Impacts
The new Pacific Northwest (PNW) Fungi Database includes unique search features that will make it useful to scientists working in the PNW and other regions. Because fungi include 70% of plant pathogens, the database has the potential to become a major resource for disseminating information to all plant-based industries (WA annual farm gate value more than $3 billion) in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. This research has demonstrated that powdery mildews in the region are extremely taxonomically diverse. Reports on previously unreported diseases provided information on identification and taxonomy, and illustrated photographically for the first time significant features of a number of powdery mildews. The specimens collected will be a major asset to this and future research projects on the taxonomy of North American powdery mildews. Occurrence of Leveillula taurica on onion and potato crops (annual value of both in WA is about $390 million) in WA was demonstrated. The wide host range, and documented virulence of this fungus, suggests that it is a significant threat to WA agriculture. Documentation of Albugo candida, a known seed-borne pathogen, in a seed production field of Lunaria annua suggests that the pathogen could be disseminated by seed of this species.

Publications

  • Glawe, D. A. 2004. First report of powdery mildew of Myosotis sylvatica (wood forget-me-not) caused by Golovinomyces cynoglossi (Erysiphe cynoglossi) in Washington state. Plant Health Progress. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-1124-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2004. First report of powdery mildew of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) caused by an anamorphic Microsphaera species in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-0707-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2004. First report of powdery mildew of Lycium chinense (Chinese matrimony vine) caused by Arthrocladiella mougeotii in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-1208-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A., and J. Glass. 2004. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Akebia quinata Caused by Microsphaera akebiae (Erysiphe akebiae) in North America. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-0316-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A., J. R. Glass, and M. L. Putnam. 2004. First report of white rust of Lunaria annua caused by Albugo candida in North America. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-0317-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D.A., du Toit, L.J., and Pelter, G.Q. 2004. First report of powdery mildew on potato caused by Leveillula taurica in North America. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-1214-01-HN.
  • du Toit, L. J., Glawe, D. A., and Pelter, G. Q. 2004. First report of powdery mildew of onion (Allium cepa) caused by Leveillula taurica in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-1129-01-HN.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Goal 1. Produce an electronic database including taxonomically correct fungus names and host/substrate information for the Pacific Northwest. Vols I and II of the Host Fungus Index for the Pacific Northwest, comprising data on 4950 species of fungi, were completely retyped to convert them into digital format and proof-read. A fully-functioning relational database incorporating this information was developed to allow searching by host genus or species, fungus genus or species, taxonomic authority, or state or province. Several meetings with regional mycologists were organized under the auspices of the Pacific Northwest Fungi Project, envisioned as a mechanism to coordinate mycotic research in the region and to assist with developing online databases. Committees were established to develop guidelines for databases and to develop a Project website. Goal 2. Elucidate taxonomic relationships and life histories of economically important groups of fungi in the Pacific Northwest, especially species of Erysiphales (powdery mildews). 1100 specimens of fungi were collected, primarily powdery mildews from western Washington. Along with the 500 obtained in the first year of the project, this fresh material has made possible the first critical assessment of the taxonomic diversity of powdery mildews in the Pacific Northwest. Preliminary characterization of collections made during 2002 and 2003 revealed powdery mildews on 58 host families, 167 host genera, and 228 host species. Of these, new regional or North American records occur in 28 host families, 89 host genera, and 140 host species. Several appear to be undescribed species. It appears that about 150 powdery mildew species (fide U. Braun) occur in the region, rather than the approximately two dozen previously reported. The following plant diseases were reported for the first time: from North America-powdery mildew of Ligustrum japonicum caused by Microsphaera syringae, powdery mildew of Mahonia aquifolium caused by Microsphaera berberidis, powdery mildew of Convolvulus arvensis caused by Erysiphe convolvuli var. convolvuli; from the Pacific Northwest-powdery mildew of Nandina domestica caused by Microsphaera berberidis, powdery mildew of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea, powdery mildew of Magnolia caused by Microsphaera magnifica, downy mildew of chives caused by Peronospora destructor; from Washington state-powdery mildew of Platanus occidentalis caused by Microsphaera platani. Assessing powdery mildew names commonly used by North American plant pathologists on the basis of recently proposed nomenclatural concepts from work in Europe and Asia suggests that nearly all of the fungi occurring in the Pacific Northwest are being designated with outmoded, incorrect names. In preparation for planned taxonomic and nomenclatural analyses of individual species of powdery mildews, work was begun on a comprehensive review of literature on species concepts. Conclusions regarding implications of recent and historic work on species concepts for the taxonomy of plant pathogenic fungi were summarized in an APSnet feature article.

Impacts
Significant progress was made toward developing an online database for the fungi of the Pacific Northwest. The database developed in 2003 will be posted online in a new webpage in 2004. Collaborations with mycologists throughout the region were initiated with the goal of making the planned database a primary repository for nomenclatural, taxonomic, and biologic information on fungi. The database will provide the framework for updated and expanded versions that in the future will be a primary source of information for scientists, agricultural field personnel, farmers, homeowners, and mushroom collectors interested in the identification and biology of the region's fungi. Powdery mildews are among the most damaging pathogens of many important crops, including cereals, tree fruits, grapes, hops, and many others. Project research has demonstrated that the powdery mildews of the region are much more diverse than previously realized. Reports on previously unreported diseases provided information on identification and taxonomy, and illustrated photographically for the first time significant features of a number of powdery mildews. The specimens collected will be a major asset to this and future research projects on the taxonomy of North American powdery mildews. A major outcome of the project will be to remove impediments to identification, classification, and communication that have hindered scientists, farmers, quarantine officers, and industry personnel involved in research and control of powdery mildews and in biosecurity.

Publications

  • Falacy, J. S., and Glawe, D. A. 2003. First report of powdery mildew of Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) caused by Microsphaera syringae (Erysiphe syringae) in North America. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-1210-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2003. First report of powdery mildew of Mahonia aquifolium caused by Microsphaera berberidis (Erysiphe berberidis) in North America. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0206-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2003. First report of powdery mildew of Nandina domestica caused by Microsphaera berberidis (Erysiphe berberidis) in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-1023-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2003. First Report of downy mildew of chives caused by Peronospora destructor in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0512-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2003. First Report of powdery mildew of Magnolia caused by Microsphaera magnifica (Erysiphe magnifica) in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0512-02-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A. 2003. First report of powdery mildew of Platanus occidentalis caused by Microsphaera platani (Erysiphe platani) in Washington State. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-0818-01-HN.
  • Glawe, D. A., R. Hummel, and G. Jack. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in the Pacific Northwest. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/ PHP-2003-0417-02-HN.
  • Glawe, D.A., Windom, G.E., Grove, G.G., and Falacy, J.S. 2003. First Report of Powdery Mildew of Convolvulus arvensis (Field Bindweed) Caused by Erysiphe convolvuli var. convolvuli in North America doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-1021-01-HN


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Work on this project began in April, 2002. Start up funds became available in July, 2002, and laboratory work began in August upon receipt of equipment. Goal 1. Produce an electronic database including taxonomically correct fungus names and host/substrate information for the Pacific Northwest. The first volume of Shaw's host-fungus index was entered into Microsoft Excel files to use in subsequent database development. Design work for the database, which will be developed using Microsoft Access, was begun. Goal 2. Elucidate taxonomic relationships and life histories of economically important groups of fungi in the Pacific Northwest, especially species of Erysiphales (powdery mildews). Microscopes and digital imaging equipment were acquired and laboratory operations begun. A network of collaborators, including Washington State University Master Gardeners, was established to assist with collecting specimens. The first of several anticipated long-term study sites for collecting specimens was identified. Approximately 800 specimens were collected, including some 500 powdery mildews. Based on preliminary characterization of 300 of the powdery mildew samples, 66 new host records distributed among 33 higher plant families were identified for the Pacific Northwest. 13 new host records were tabulated for species of Asteraceae, followed by 7 for Lamiaceae, 4 for Boraginaceae, 4 for Scrophulariaceae, 3 for Fabaceae, and 1 or two new host records for each of the other 28 families. In addition, the downy mildew Peronospora destructor was found for the first time in the Pacific Northwest on Chive (Allium schoenoprasum) in King County, Washington.

Impacts
The described work will contribute substantially to the economic vitality of the U.S. Export industries will benefit from updated information on the taxonomy of pathogens subject to quarantines. Efforts to protect the environment will benefit from accurate, accessible baseline information on the region's fungal biota. Biosecurity of the U.S. will benefit from improved baseline information on the plant pathogens known to occur in the region. Results indicate that powdery mildew fungi in the region are substantially more diverse, and occur on a wider range of higher plants in the region, than previously recognized. The results provide the basis for future work to clarify the taxonomy and nomenclature of these diverse and significant plant pathogens. Results also suggest that less-conspicuous pathogenic fungi likely are even less well represented in the scientific literature. Therefore, efforts to devise effective strategies for rapid detection of exotic plant pathogens, such in projects to enhance biosecurity, should take into account the limitations of present diagnostic resources and baseline information on the fungi occurring in the USA. Discovery of downy mildew of chive in the Pacific Northwest establishes the existence of a potentially significant threat to this crop in western Washington. The new discovery of this pathogen on chive suggests that growers should make an effort to exclude this pathogen when establishing new fields using plant sets, and to consider all Allium species when seeking sources of inoculum for disease outbreaks.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period