Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae were dried and milled into an oily protein meal. This meal was tested against high quality fish meal ($500 per ton) in catfish diet. The catfish diets containing 7%, 15% and 30% bsf prepupae and soymeal supported better growth than the fishmeal standard. BSF larvae reduced Salmonella enteritidus in hen manure by 2 to 3.5 logs (up to 1,435 billion cfu) in a 75g, 3 day bioassay. Bsf larval digestion may make manure safer for use in organic produce production. BSF digested swine manure residue was a dry granular material with an earth odor. Bsf digested manure residue contained a 56% and 41% reduced concentrations of N & P, respectively. After allowing for reduction in mass, N & P were reduced 78% and 71%. Pigs were held over four shallow basins with soldier fly larvae digesting the manure in two basins. Soldier fly digestion reduced nutrients as follows: N-71%, P-52%. A1, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, and Zn were reduced 38 to 93%. Headspace air in vials holding hen and swine manure with and without black soldier fly larvae was compared for malodorous chemicals. Differences in chemicals were determined with chromatography associated with mass spectroscopy. The chemical which were affected include the methyl ester of heptanoic acid, acetic acid, 2-furanocarboxaldehyde, propanoic acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid and p-cresol. These were reduced or eliminated by larval activity within 24 hours. Soldier fly larvae can digest proteins and fats that are problematic in composting or vermiculture, thus offering new waste management solutions. A replicated 51 d trial was conducted to compare channel catfish growth in aquaria on complete pelleted diets containing 8% menhaden fish meal or 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% or 30% black soldier fly prepupae meal. Net gain per tank was numerically higher for all prepupae diets than for the fishmeal diet. Replicated 9 week feeding studies, replaced fishmeal with black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae meal in diets fed to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, fingerlings. Prepupae meal was replaced at up to 25% of the fishmeal and 38% of the fish oil with no adverse effects on feed conversion rations. In associated tests, soldier fly larvae that were fed fish offal mixed with manure incorporated with alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, and decosahexaenoic acid (commonly called omega 3 fatty acids) into their biomass. Larvae fed fish offal and manure mixture, rather than only manure had 8% more lipids and about 2.5% of this was omega 3 fatty acids. These omega 3 fatty acid enhanced prepupae may be more suitable for replacing fishmeal than larvae fed only manure. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Black soldier fly larval digestion of manure or waste food can greatly reduce odors and environmental nutrient overload. At a recent NOAA sponsored meeting on fishmeal alternatives to support aquaculture, a group of representatives fromt he feed and aquaculture industries, and from regulatory agencies and academia voted that black soldier fly prepupae be included in the first tier of products to develop.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Replicated 9 week feeding studies, replaced fishmeal with black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae meal in diets fed to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, fingerlings. Prepupae meal was replaced at up to 25% of the fishmeal and 38% of the fish oil with no adverse effects on feed conversion rations. In associated tests, soldier fly larvae that were fed fish offal mixed with manure incorporated with alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, and decosahexaenoic acid (commonly called omega 3 fatty acids) into their biomass. Larvae fed fish offal and manure mixture, rather than only manure had 8% more lipids and about 2.5% of this was omega 3 fatty acids. These omega 3 fatty acid enhanced prepupae may be more suitable for replacing fishmeal than larvae fed only manure.
Impacts
Production of soldier fly prepupae feedstuff from manure and subsequent use to replace fishmeal would solve two environmental prblems; relief of manure burdens in high production areas and reduced pressure on decreasing stocks of ocean fish.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Replicated 9 week feeding studies replaced fishmeal with black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae meal in diets fed to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, fingerlings. Prepupae meal was replaced at up to 25% of the fishmeal and 38% of the fish oil with no adverse effects on feed conversion ratios. In associated tests, soldier fly larvae that were fed fish offal mixed with manure incorporated the alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, and decosahexaenoic acid (commonly called omega 3 fatty acids) into their biomass. Larvae fed fish offal and manure mixture, rather than only manure had 8% more lipids and about 2.5% of this was omega 3 fatty acids. These omega 3 fatty acid enhanced prepupae may be more suitable for replacing fishmeal than larvae fed only manure.
Impacts
Production of soldier fly prepupae feedstuff from manure and subsequent use to replace fishmeal would solve two environmental problems; relief of manure burdens in high production areas and reduced pressure on decreasing stocks of ocean fish.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Improvements in laboratory black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae rearing, egg collection procedures and temperature and humidity controls have increased collected egg mass size from about 200 viable eggs to near 500. This greatly increases the efficiency of young larvae production necessary for Hermetia manure bioconversion systems with a captive colony. This is necessary for bioconversion in cold climates. A warm weather Hermetia swine manure bioconversion field trial depending on wild oviposition resulted in self-collected prepupae yields of 0.214kg per pig per day. This included the first 4-5 weeks of the trial when almost no prepupae were collected during population establishment. This rate of production would produce 64,000 kg of prepupae per year for a 1000 head swine finisher house with 2.5 turns per year. If valued similarly to menhaden fish meal, supported by previous feeding tests, at $500/ton this would produce an added value of over $15,000 per
year in dried prepupae, 44% of fresh collections. Peak production in this 6 month test was about 1 pound of fresh prepupae per pig per day, double the test average. So in a steady state situation, similar production levels in a 1000 head house could be expected to produce about $30,000 per year. This income will be a strong incentive to manage this system well. Higher conversion ratios have been seen in the lab. The environmental incentive will be the 80% reduction in manure N and K and the 71% reduction in manure P. Systems are being evaluated to remove nutrients from the liquid fraction of waste.
Impacts
Implementation of Hermetia bioconversion systems for manure would practically eliminate odors at confined animal feeding operations, greatly reduce manure nutrients to be land applied and produce significant income from the protein and fat feedstuff.
Publications
- Erickson, M.C., M. Eslam, C. Sheppard, J. Liao, M.P. Doyle. 2004. Relduction of Escherichia coli 0157:47 and Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidus in chicken manure by larvae of the black soldier fly J. Food Protection 67: 685-690.
- Newton, L., C. Sheppard and W. Watson. 2004. Using black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, as a value added tool for the management of swine manure. University of GA College of Agric. and Environ. Sci., Dept. of Animal and Dairy Science Annual Report.
- Tomberlin, J.L., D.C. Sheppaard, J.A. Joyce. 2004. Black soldier fly, Diptera: Stratiomyidae, colonization of pig carrion in south Georgia. J. Forensic Sci. Accepted Sept. 2004.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Pigs were held over four shallow basins with soldier fly larvae digesting the manure in two basins. Soldier fly digestion reduced nutrients as follows: N-71%, P-52%, K-52%. Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, and Zn were reduced 38 to 93%. Two types of experimental insulation layers over the manure increased temperature. This increased temperature will allow bioconversion to continue economically during cold weather. Effect of temperature on black soldier fly larval digestion of manure and conversion to insect biomass was studied in a laboratory bioassay. Dry matter conversion of swine manure peaked at 36 degree C with 24% conversion to larval mass. At 21 degree C conversion was 3% and at 43.5 degree C is was 8%. At 45 degree C all larvae died. Headspace air in vials holding hen and swine manure with and without black soldier fly larvae was compared for malodorous chemicals. Differences in chemicals were determined with chromatography associated with
mass spectroscopy. The chemicals which were affected include the methyl ester of heptanoic acid, acetic acid, 2-furanocarboxaldehyde, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid and p-cresol. These were reduced or eliminated by larval activity within 24 hours. Practical manure management systems are being developed using black soldier fly to reduce odors and other problems associated with manure at confined animal feeding operations. Preliminary studies indicate that black soldier fly larvae can digest food waste, including material with a high fat or grease content. Soldier fly larvae can digest proteins and fats that are problematic in composting or vermiculture, thus offering new waste management solutions. Commercial pyrethroid and organophosphate cattle ear tags reduced horn fly numbers below 50 per side of low for eight weeks or more following tag application to mature cows in early June. This level of control indicates that pyrethroid and
organophosphate resistance is lower than 3 years ago. A replicated 51 d trial was conducted to compare channel catfish growth in aquaria on complete pelleted diets containing 8% menhaden fish meal or 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% or 30% black soldier fly prepupae meal. Other ingredients were soybean meal, corn wheat middlings and vitamins and minerals. Soybean oil was added to provide similar fat analysis. Net gain per tank was numerically higher for all prepupae diets than for the fishmeal diet. Three of the prepupae diets produced significantly greater growth than the fishmeal diet.
Impacts
Data on larval bioconversion management, nutrient and odor reduction and value of prepupal feedstuff add to the knowledge base demonstrating the value of this waste management system and optimizing its management.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae were dried and milled into an oily protein meal. This meal was tested against high quality fish meal ($500 per ton) in catfish diets and against blood plasma ($1000 per ton) in swine nursery diets. The catfish diets containing 7%, 15% and 30% bsf prepupae and soymeal supported better growth than the fishmeal standard. Prepupal meal was tested as a replacement for the 5 and 2.5% plasma used in the 2 stages of diets for baby pigs. Treatments included total replacement of plasma at equal weight of meal (BSF diet) and 50% replacement of plasma (Combo diet). Amino acids were not equalized between diets in the 1st test but were in the 2nd. In the 1st trial baby pigs gained 97% and 87% with the combo and bsf diets, respectively, compared to plasma. In the 2nd trial the gains were 90% and 87% of the plasma diet with the combo and bsf diets respectively. More studies are planned and will help develop markets for bsf prepupal meal which, in
turn, will promote adoption of bsf manure management systems for enhanced environmental quality. BSF larvae reduced Salmonella enteritidus in hen manure by 2 to 3.5 logs (up to 1,435 billion cfu) in a 75g, 3 day bioassay. Bsf larval digestion may make manure safer for use in organic produce production. Poor larval growth in the bioassay indicates that conditions within the bioassay are not optimal for the larvae. Other bioassays may be evaluated. Facilities were constructed at NCSU, Raleigh, NC for a bsf swine manure management trial including a greenhouse for egg production and a 9 x 14' concrete basin for manure digestion. 180,000 larvae in part of the basin completely digested 50 lb of fresh swine manure in 2 days. Also a 57% reduction in mass of 120 lb manure over a 3 week trial was shown. BSF digested manure residue was a dry granular material with an earth odor. Bsf digested manure residue contained a 56% and 41% reduced concentrations of N & P, respectively. After allowing for
reduction in mass, N & P were reduced 78% and 71%. Prepupae were self collected. DM conversion of manure to prepupae was 12%. Other field and lab conversion rates have been 15% and 28%. A full scale trial will be conducted in 2003. A pig decomposition study showed that insect digestion doubled carrion disappearance in the first 10 days. Black soldier flies oviposited on pigs on day 6, earlier than predicted by the existing literature. This finding has importance for forensic determination of time-of-death. A novel chitin inhibitor (Novaluron) produced larval house fly LC50's of 0.45 and 0.27. Eight proprietary insecticidal cattle ear tags from Boehringer-Ingelheim were evaluated against horn flies in an area with high pyrethroid and diazinon R. All gave better control than diazinon. At week 12, two gave 65% control when the diazinon tags gave 14%.
Impacts
Manure management systems using black soldier fly can halve nutrients to be absorbed by the environment and produce high quality animal feedstuffs and other products. This feedstuff, valued at $500 per ton ore more, is an incentive to manage the manure well. Hen manure is converted to this self-collected prepupal feedstuff at an 8% rate and swine manure at up to 28%
Publications
- Tomberlin, J.K. and D.C. Sheppard. 2001. Lekking behavior of the black soldier fly, (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Flor. Entomol. 84: 729-730.
- Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. Susceptibility of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and adults to four insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 598-602.
- Sheppard, D.C., J.K. Tomberlin, J.A. Joyce, B.C. Kiser and S.M. Sumner. 2002. Rearing methods for the black soldier (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39: 695-698.
- Tomberlin, J.K., D.C. Sheppard and J.A. Joyce. 2002. Selected life history traits of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on three artificial diets. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 95: 379-386.
- Tomberlin, J.K. and D.C. Sheppard. 2002. Factors influencing mating and oviposition of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a colony. J. Entomol. Sci. 37: 345-352.
- Tang, Juliet D., M.A. Caprio, D.C. Sheppard and D.M. Gaydon. 2002. Genetics and fitness costs of cyromazine resistance in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 95(6): 1251-1260.
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