Source: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA submitted to NRP
BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTHROPOD PESTS OF VEGETABLES
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0193362
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Apr 15, 2002
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2006
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611
Performing Department
SOUTHWEST FLORIDA RESEARCH & EDUCATION CENTER, IMMOKALEE
Non Technical Summary
The key pests of the two major crops in southwest Florida, tomato and pepper are silverleaf whitefly and pepper weevil respectively. Pesticides are still widely used but cultural controls like crop free periods are still necessary and the potential for a greater role for biological control has been demonstrated. Consumer demand for less pesticide use will increase the attractiveness of biological control as a management alternative in vegetable production. To generate useful biological and ecological information on the arthropod complexes affecting selected Florida vegetables crops.
Animal Health Component
60%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
25%
Applied
60%
Developmental
15%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2111469106010%
2111469107020%
2151469106020%
2151469107020%
2161440107010%
2161469107020%
Knowledge Area
211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 215 - Biological Control of Pests Affecting Plants; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
1440 - Cole crops; 1469 - Solanaceous and related crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems); 1070 - Ecology;
Goals / Objectives
1. Evaluate pest damage potential. A. To develop quantitative descriptions of growth, development, feeding, oviposition, predation, parasitism, etc., of the major insect pests and their natural enemies. B. To determine the causes of pest related losses, including plant disease transmission, and to identify factors leading to pest situations such as the alteration of arthropod community structure by agricultural practices. II. To develop appropriate management tactics that are practical, economical, environmentally sound, and acceptable to crop production standards. A. To develop and implement reduced risk tactics for integrated pest management of key insect pests and disease vectors, such as: host plant resistance; conservation, augmentation and importation of natural enemies; beneficial cultural practices; and selective pesticides. B. To develop and assess the activity of released natural enemies to control vegetable pests of greenhouse crops. Objective I.A: Studies of various biological parameters of pests and their natural enemies will be conducted in environmental rooms or chambers. Feeding rates and other biological parameters will be determined for parasitoids and predators of the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii and parasitoids of the pepper weevil Catolaccus hunteri. The outcome of competition between the whitefly parasitoids Eretmocerus mundus and E. eremicus under different environmental conditions will be investigated in petri dishes and cages, respectively. Objective I.B: Topical and residual laboratory bioassays will be conducted to determine the effects of biorational insecticides on whitefly and its natural enemies and the pepper weevil parasites C. hunteri and Trisapi spp. Field screening also will be used in addition to, or in lieu of, laboratory bioassays. Field experiments will be conducted to determine the impact of cultural practices on plant quality and the subsequent indirect impact on the fitness of insect pests. Objective II. Insecticides and Mating Disruption Pheromones. Candidate insecticides for general insect control will be evaluated in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. The laboratory and greenhouse studies will be conducted to examine the effectiveness of compounds on specific lifestages of the pest and its natural enemies. Studies in the field will involve scheduled or on demand applications of insecticides on replicated small to large plots at the research centers and in the fields of cooperators, when practicable.
Project Methods
Biological Control Refugia such as wild hosts for the pest or alternative hosts for the natural enemy will be evaluated for their potential in manipulating natural populations of parasites and predators. Monitoring of the introduced and native natural enemies will be conducted in crops to determine if establishment and control have been successful. Programs that are underway or planned include the sweetpotato whitefly and the pepper weevil. Releases of parasitoids or predators and the application of pathogens for specific pests will be studied. The timing of such releases or applications will be studied to maximize their effectiveness. Release rates for the Bemisia parasitoid E. mundus will be evaluated in 4x2m partitions of a 400 m2 greenhouse at different seasons of the year. The lifestage specific toxicity of selected biorational pesticides including soap, oil, natural plant products and selected conventional insecticides will be evaluated against selected natural enemies in laboratory experiments. Mortality and fecundity of individuals exposed either residually or topically will be studied. Field cage studies will be undertaken to evaluate the effect of commonly used pesticides (including fungicides) on establishment and maintenance of the Bemisia parasitoid, E. mundus. Cultural Control. Cultural practices, including but not limited to, reflective mulches, plant and row spacing, fertilizer type and amount, and host-free periods will be evaluated. Small plot and field research will identify those cultural practices which may impact IPM programs either favorably or unfavorably. Beneficial practices will be incorporated into the existing IPM programs to demonstrate their utility under commercial conditions. Paramount in these demonstrations will be an evaluation of the economics of each cultural practice. Primary focus will be on the silverleaf whitefly, pepper weevil and thrips.

Progress 04/15/02 to 09/30/06

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Numerous talks, field days and reports. PARTICIPANTS: J. R. Conner R. R. Riefer K. Jackson B. Kostyk J. Qureshi D. Schuster D.Seal TARGET AUDIENCES: Field days twice a year at our Center for growers and other local clientele. Reports on website www.imok.ufl.eud/entlab. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Better tools available to Florida vegetable growers to manage insect pests.

Publications

  • Ren, Shun-Xiang, P.A. Stansly and T.X. Liu. 2002 Life History of the Whitefly Predator Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Six Constant Temperatures Biological Control 23 262-268.
  • Seal, D. R., P. A. Stansly and D. J. Schuster. 2002. Influence of temperature and host on life history parameters of catolaccus hunteri (hymenoptera: pteromalidae Environ Entomo 31: 354-360.
  • Liu, T.X. and P.A. Stansly 2002 Functional Response and Plant Preference of Nephaspis Oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Preying on the Bemisia Argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Laboratory. Entomologia Sinica 9 (1) 1-9
  • Tellez, M.M., L. Lara, P.A. Stansly and A. Urbaneja 2003. Eretmocerus mundus (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitoide autoctono de Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodadae): Primeros resultados de eficacia en judia. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas, 29:511-521
  • Urbaneja A.; G. Tapia, E. Fernandez, E. Sanchez, J. Contreras, P. Bielza and P.A. Stansly. 2003. Influence of the prey on the biology of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hem.; Miridae). IOBC/WPRS Bull. 26 (10): 159
  • Urbaneja, Alberto and P. A. Stansly. 2004 Host suitability of different instars of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype Q for Eretmocerus mundus. BioControl 49: 153-161
  • Liu, T.X. and P. Stansly. 2004 Lethal and sublethal effects of two insect growth regulators on adult Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Biological Control. 30 298-305.
  • Stansly, P.A., P.A. Sanchez, J.M. Rodriguez, F. Canizares, A. Nieto, M.J. Lopez Leyva, M. Fajardo, V. Suarez and A. Urbaneja. 2004. Prospects for biological control of Bemesia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse tomatoes of southern Spain. Crop Protection 23 (8) 701-712.
  • Stansly, P. A., F. J. Calvo and A. Urbaneja. 2004. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) in protected tomato and pepper culture in southern Spain. [In] Proc. of the VII Internat. symp. on protected cultivation in mild winter climates: production, pest management and global competition. vol. I., Acta Horticulturae 659:383-394.
  • Liu, T. X. P. A. Stansly and J. M .Conner. 2004. Evaluation of spray deposition on plant foliage with self-adhesive paper targets. Subtropic. Plant. Sci. 56:39-43.
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of silverleaf whitefly on collards. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E30
  • P. A. Stansly, J. M. Conner. 2004 Control of lepidopteran pests on collards, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests 29:E27
  • P. A. Stansly, J. M. Conner. 2004. Control of silverleaf whitefly and incidence of tomato yellow leafcurl virus (tylcv) on staked tomato drenched with neonicotinoid insecticide, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests 29:E18
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005 Control of diamondback moth on collards. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E29
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of Pepper weevils in pepper with various insecticides. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E55
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of silverleaf whitefly in pepper with horticultural mineral oil and other insecticides. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E56
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of silverleaf whitefly in staked tomato with soil applied insecticides, and foliar sprays. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E90
  • Stansly, P. A. and J. M. Conner. 2006. Insecticidal control of fall armyworm on sweet corn with experimental and labeled insecticides, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E23.
  • Stansly, P. A. and J. M. Conner. 2006. Management of pests of bell pepper with horticultural mineral oil, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E47
  • Stansly, P. A. and J. M. Conner. 2006. Insecticidal control of pepper weevil and incidence of green peach aphid on Jalapeno pepper, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E52.
  • Stansly, P. A. and K. A. Jackson. 2006. Insecticidal control of pepper weevil on Jalapeno pepper, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E53.
  • Stansly, P. A. and K. a. Jackson. 2006. Control of pickleworm on yellow crookneck summer squash, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E565.
  • Stansly, P. A. and K. A. Jackson. 2006. Control of silverleaf whitefly and incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus on staked tomato with neonicontinoid and other insecticides, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E77.
  • Stansly, P. A. and J. M. Conner. Control of silverleaf whitefly and southern armyworm in staked tomato with soil-applied insecticides and foliar sprays, 2004. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E78.
  • Stansly, P. A. and J. M. Conner. 2006. Control of southern armyworm on staked tomato, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E79.
  • Stansly, P. A. and J. M. Conner. 2006. Control of tomato pinworm and southern armyworm on staked tomato, 2003. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E80.
  • Stansly, P. A. and K. A. Jackson. 2006. Control of tomato pinworm and southern armyworm on staked tomato, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests 31:E81.
  • Stansly, P. A. and R. E. Riefer. 2007. Control of southern armyworm and tomato pinworm on staked tomato, 2006 Arthropod Management Tests 32:E62
  • Stansly, P. A. R. E. Riefer. 2007. Control of silverleaf whitefly and incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus on staked tomato with insecticides and resistant varieties, 2006 Arthropod Management Tests 32:E63
  • Liu, T.-X. and P. A. Stansly. 2005. Timing and release rates for control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellide) under confined conditions. J. entomol. Sci. 40:74-79.
  • Stansly, P.A., J. Calvo and A. Urbaneja. 2005. Augumentative Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q in Greenhouse Pepper Using Eretmocerus spp. (Hym. Aphelinidae). Crop Protection, 24:829-835.
  • Liu, T.-X. and Stansly, P. S. 2005. Life history and life table analysis of Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predator of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Science in press
  • Ozores-Hampton, M., P.A. Stansly, and T.A. Obreza. 2005. Heavy Metal Accumulation in a Sandy Soil and in Pepper Fruit Following Long-term Application of Organic Amendments. Compost Science Utilization. Vol. 13, No1, 60-64.
  • Ozores-Hampton, M., P.A. Stansly, R. McSorley, and T.A. Obreza. 2005. Effects of Long-term Organic Amendments and Soil Solarization on Pepper and Watermelon Growth, Yield, and Soil Fertility. HortScience 40 (1).
  • Urbaneja, A., G. Tapia and P.A. Stansly P.A. 2005. Influence of Host Plant and Prey Availability in the Developmental Time and Survival of Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Het.: Miridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 15:513-518.
  • Toapanta, M. A., D. J. Schuster and P. A. Stansly. 2005 Development and life history of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at constant temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 34:999-1008.
  • Stansly, P. A., J. Calvo and A. Urbaneja. 2005. Release Rates for Control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype Q with Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Greenhouse Tomato and Pepper. Biological Control 35:124-133
  • Stansly PA, McKenzie CL. 2007. Fourth International Bemisia Workshop International Whitefly Genomics Workshop. Journal of Insect Science 8:4, available online: insectscience.org/8.04
  • Addesso, K. M., H. J. McAuslane, P. A. Stansly, and D. J. Schuster. 2007. Host marking by female pepper weevils, Anthonomus eugenii Cano. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 125: 269-276.
  • Rodriguez-Leyva E,, P. A. Stansly, D. J. Schuster and E. Bravo-Mosqueda. 2007. Diversity and distribution of parasitoids of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Mexico and prospects for biological control. Fla. Entomol. 90:693-702.
  • Stansly, P.A., T.X. Liu and D.J. Schuster 2002. Effects of horticultural mineral oils on a polyphagous whitefly, its plant hosts and its natural enemies. In: Spray Oils Beyond 2000: Sustainable Pest and Disease Management. G.A.C. Beattie, D. M. Watson, M. L. Stevens, D. J. Rae and R. N. Spooner-Harts [Eds.] 120-133. University of Western Sydney.
  • Stansly, P.A., and A. Urbaneja. 2002. Pest management trends in Spanish greenhouse tomatoes and prospects for biological control of whiteflies. Proceedings, Florida Tomato Institute, 4 Sep. Naples FL USA. P. Gilreath and C S. Vavrina [Eds.]. University of Florida/Citrus and Vegetable Magazine PRO 519:2-6.
  • Calvo, J.; P. Leon, A. Gimenez, P. Stansly y A. Urbaneja. 2002. Control biologico de Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) en cultivo de pimiento en el Campo de Cartagena mediante sueltas de Eretmocuerus mundus y E. eremicus (Hym: Aphelinidae). Terralia: 30:60-68
  • Urbaneja, A., P.A. Stansly, J. Calvo, D. Beltran, L. Lara and J. vd Blom. 2003 Eretmocerus mundus: Control Biologico de Bemisia tabaci. Phytoma, 144: 139-142.
  • Stansly, P.A., Urbaneja, A. and Piron, Mireille. 2003 Perspectives de lutte biologique contre Bemisia Tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) sur tomate sous serre dans le Sud de l Espange. International Symposium on Greenhouse Tomato Integrated crop protection- Organic production 102-106
  • Stansly, P.A. and D. Schuster 2004. Use of soft pesticides in a pest management program for tomatoes and peppers. Proceedings: Florida Tomato Institute. P. Gilreath [Ed.], Vegetable Crops Special Series, IFAS, U. of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 26-38. Stansly, P. and McKenzie, C. 2005. Q biotype whitefly: how big a threat Proceedings: Florida Tomato Institute. P. Gilreath [Ed.], Vegetable Crops Special Series, IFAS, U. of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 29-31.
  • Cushman, K and P. A. Stansly. 2006. TYCLV-resistant tomato cultivar trial and whitefly control. Proceedings: Florida Tomato Institute. P. Gilreath [Ed.], Vegetable Crops Special Series, IFAS, U. of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 29-34.
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Control of lepidopteran pests on cabbage with two new insecticides, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27:
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Insecticidal control of fall armyworm on sweet corn with bt and synthetic pyrethroids, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27:
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Insecticidal control of pepper weevil on jalapeno pepper, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27:
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Application timing of two insecticides for control of pickleworm on zucchini squash, 2001. . Arthropod Management Tests 27:
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Control of southern armyworm on staked tomato with biopesticides, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 27:
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Control of lepidopteran pests on cabbage with various insecticides, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests 28,
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Insecticidal control of fall armyworm on sweet corn with experimental and labeled insecticides, 2002.
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Insecticidal control of pepper weevil on jalapeno pepper, 2002
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Control of southern armyworm and beet armyworm on staked tomato, 2001
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Impact of insecticides on silverleaf whitefly and spread of tomato yellow leafcurl virus (tylcv) on staked tomato, 2002
  • P. A. Stansly, J. M. Conner. 2004. Control of whitefly on cantaloupe with neonicotinoid, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests 29:E17
  • P. A. Stansly, J. M. Conner. 2004. Insecticidal control of pickleworm in cantaloupe, 2003 Arthropod Management Tests 29:E18


Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
Field trials of selective insecticides were conducted in tomato (silverleaf whitefly, southern armyworm, tomato pinworm) pepper (silverleaf whitefly, pepper weevil, broad mite) and squash (pickleworm). Information was disseminated to clientele at two field days and reports submitted to Arthropod Management tests. The predaceous mite, Amblyseius cucumeris was successfully reared on bran mites in our laboratory, and tested in a commercial vegetable farm and at our center against broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus in eggplant and pepper with positive results. Broadmite populations were suppressed and damage levels were acceptable where A. cucumeris was released biweekly. A new (for the US) strain of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, biotype Q was detected in Florida and an ad-hoc action committee was formed to organize research and extension efforts. In addition, the 4th International Bemisia Workshop and the International Whitefly Genomics Workshop were organized to take place on Duck Key in Florida, 3-8 Dec. 2006 (http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu). A project was initiated with co-pi D. Cantliffe and with funds from the TSTAR program of CSREES to evaluate parasitoids in the genus Eretmocerus for biological control of B. tabaci. Personnel were hired, including a biologist, Jose Castillo and a graduate student, Elizabeth Thomas, and the project is underway. Mr. Castillo will undertake lifetable studies on different host plants while Ms Thomas will test control on vegetables in replicated walk-in cages in a commercial-style greenhouse facility in Marion county belonging to the Univeristy. Pepper weevil continues to be a focus of this program, with studies on artificial rearing of the weevil continuing by Ph.D. student Karla Adesso supervised by Dr. H. McAuslane in Gainesville and myself. Ph. D. student Esteban Rodriguez has terminated his studies of the parasitoid Triaspis eugenii and is writing up his results. It is hoped that these and other studies will culminate in mass rearing and release of the parasitoid. A proposal was submitted to the southern regional IPM program for continuation of this work by myself, Dr. McAuslane, D. J. Schuster also of UF and T.X. Liu of TAMU, Weslaco.

Impacts
Management strategies will be transferred to grower clientele through extension activities including field days, trade journals, extension publications and software. Successful biological control, reduced pest-related loses, reduction of pesticide use and increased use of selective pesticides will be documented.

Publications

  • Toapanta, M. A., D. J. Schuster and P. A. Stansly. 2005. Development and life history of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at constant temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 34:999-1008.
  • Stansly, P. A., J. Calvo and A. Urbaneja. 2005. Release Rates for Control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype Q with Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Greenhouse Tomato and Pepper. Biological Control 35:124-133
  • Stansly, P. and McKenzie, C. 2005. Q biotype whitefly: how big a threat? Proceedings: Florida Tomato Institute. P. Gilreath [Ed.], Vegetable Crops Special Series, IFAS, U. of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 29-31.
  • Stansly, P. and McKenzie, C. 2005. Q biotype whitefly: how big a threat? The Tomato Magazine Dec. 20-21.
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005 Control of diamondback moth on collards. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E29
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of silverleaf whitefly on collards. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E30
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of Pepper weevils in pepper with various insecticides. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E55
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of silverleaf whitefly in pepper with horticultural mineral oil and other insecticides. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E56
  • Ozores-Hampton, M., P.A. Stansly, and T.A. Obreza. 2005. Heavy Metal Accumulation in a Sandy Soil and in Pepper Fruit Following Long-term Application of Organic Amendments. Compost Science Utilization. Vol. 13, No1, 60-64.
  • Ozores-Hampton, M., P.A. Stansly, R. McSorley, and T.A. Obreza. 2005. Effects of Long-term Organic Amendments and Soil Solarization on Pepper and Watermelon Growth, Yield, and Soil Fertility. HortScience 40 (1).
  • Urbaneja, A., G. Tapia and P.A. Stansly P.A. 2005. Influence of Host Plant and Prey Availability in the Developmental Time and Survival of Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Het.: Miridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 15:513-518.
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2005. Control of silverleaf whitefly in staked tomato with soil applied insecticides, and foliar sprays. 2004 Arthropod Management Tests 30:E90
  • Liu, T.-X. and P. A. Stansly. 2005. Timing and release rates for control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by Nephaspis oculatus (coleopteran: Coccinellide) under confined conditions. J. entomol. Sci. 40:74-79.
  • Stansly, P.A., J. Calvo and A. Urbaneja. 2005. Augumentative Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q in Greenhouse Pepper Using Eretmocerus spp. (Hym. Aphelinidae). Crop Protection, 24:829-835.
  • Liu, T.-X. 2005. Life history and life table analysis of Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predator of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Science in press


Progress 10/01/02 to 10/01/03

Outputs
Conventional pesticides and biopesticides were evalutated on tomato for control of silverleaf whitefly, tomato pinworm and southern armyworm, in pepper for control of pepper weevil, in melon for control of pickleworm, in sweetcorn for control of fall armyworm and in cabbage for control of diamondback moth.

Impacts
Information was disseminated through publications, field days and grower talks. Increased use of new, selective insecticides replacing older, broad-spectrum insecticides has been noted. Biological control in greenhouses was promoted through presentations and publications.

Publications

  • Urbaneja, A. and P.A. Stansly. 2003. Response of Eretmocerus mundus to different instars of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype Q Biocontrol: In Press
  • Tellez, M.M., L. Lara, P.A. Stansly and A. Urbaneja 2003. Eretmocerus mundus (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitoide autoctono de Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodadae): Primeros resultados de eficacia en judia. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas, 30: In Press
  • Stansly, P.A., P.A. Sanchez, J.M. Rodriguez, F. Canizares, A. Nieto, M.J. Lopez, M. Fajardo, V. Suarez and A. Urbaneja. 2003. Prospects for biological control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse tomatoes of southern Spain. Crop Protection: In Press
  • Urbaneja, A., G. Tapia and P.A. Stansly, 2003. Influence of Host Plant and Prey Availability in the Developmental Time and Survival of Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Het.: Miridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology (In Press)
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Control of lepidopteran pests on cabbage with various insecticides, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests 28, http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT28/TEXT/E13.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Control of citrus leafminer in orange, 2002 Tests 28 http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT28/TEXT/D7.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Insecticidal control of fall armyworm on sweet corn with experimental and labeled insecticides, 2002. http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT28/TEXT/E28.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Insecticidal control of pepper weevil on jalapeno pepper, 2002 http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT28/TEXT/E44.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Control of southern armyworm and beet armyworm on staked tomato, 2001 http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT28/TEXT/E86.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2003. Impact of insecticides on silverleaf whitefly and spread of tomato yellow leafcurl virus (tylcv) on staked tomato, 2002 http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT28/TEXT/E87.asp
  • Ren, Shun-Xiang, P.A. Stansly and T.X. Liu. 2002 Life History of the Whitefly Predator Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Six Constant Temperatures Biological Control 23 262-268.
  • Seal, D. R., P. A. Stansly and D. J. Schuster. 2002. Influence of temperature and host on life history parameters of catolaccus hunteri (hymenoptera: pteromalidae Environ Entomo 31: 354-360.
  • Liu, T.X. and P.A. Stansly 2002 Functional Response and Plant Preference of Nephaspis Oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Preying on the Bemisia Argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Laboratory. Entomologia Sinica 9 (1) 1-9


Progress 04/15/02 to 10/01/02

Outputs
The parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was evaluated in Spain as a biological control agent of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype "Q". Life table studies revealed that populations of E. mundus could grow with an the intrinsic rate of increase equal to twice that of its whitefly host. E. mundus out-competed the congeneric E. eremicus in only 1 generation in cage studies. Release rates of 1.5 wasps/m2 x 6 weeks in large field cages containing pepper provided 95% control of whitefly populations that reached 140 nymphs per leaf, whereas in tomato, 6 wasps/m2 x 11 week were necessary in tomato to control populations reaching over 700 nymphs/leaf in controls. Field trials were conducted in 12 commercial pepper greenhouses, each with a single treatment of E. mundus, E. eremicus, or a mix (4 replications). Control was achieved with only 3 to 5 wasps/m2 total. E. eremicus was displaced by E. mundus in greenhouses receiving the mix. Control strategies for tomato were evaluated in 12 greenhouses utilizing biological IPM compared to 7 greenhouses utilizing grower-initiated conventional control. More than 4 times more broad-spectrum insecticides were used in the conventional greenhouses although pest populations were comparable in both. In Florida, selective insecticides provided comparable or superior control of vegetable pests to broad-spectrum insecticides.

Impacts
Management strategies were transferred to grower clientele through extension activities including field days, trade journals, extension publications and software. Successful biological control, reduced pest-related loses, reduction of pesticide use and increased use of selective pesticides were documented.

Publications

  • Ren, Shun-Xiang, P.A. Stansly and T.X. Liu. 2002 Life History of the Whitefly Predator Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Six Constant Temperatures. Biological Control 23 262-268.
  • Stansly, P.A. and A. Urbaneja. 2002. Prospects for Biological Control of Whiteflies in Greenhouse Vegetables of Southern Spain: Possible lessons for the US. Citrus and Vegetable: In Press.
  • Lara, L. J.v.d. Bloom, P. Stansly, D. Beltran, J. Calvo y A. Urbaneja. 2002. Bemipar (Eretmocerus mundus) y Beminix (E. mundus + E. eremicus): Nuevos productos papa el control biologico de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci. Almeria en Verde, 0: 19-20.
  • Urbaneja, A., J. Calvo, P. Leon, A. Gimenez and P. Stansly. 2002. Primeros resultados de la utilizacion de Eretmocerus mundus para el control de Bemisia tabaci e en invernaderos de pimiento del Campo de Cartagena. FECOAM, 37:12-17.
  • Stansly, P.,A. Urbaneja, D. Beltran, J. Calvo, J Lopez, E. Sanchez, J. Klapwijk and K. Bolckmans. 2002. Eretmocerus mundus: Control biologico de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci. FECOAM informa, 35: 35-36
  • Urbaneja, A. P. Stansly, D. Beltran, J. Klapwijk, K. Bolckmans. 2002. Biological control of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in Spain. EWSN, European Studies Network on European Whiteflies, 12:3.
  • Ozores-Hampton,M.P.,N.E. Roe, R. McSorley, D.O. Chellemi, P.A. Stansly, T.Obreza. 2001 Soil solarization affects weed and nematode populations in a large-scale vegetable production system. HortScience 36(474).
  • Roe, N., M.Ozores-Hampton, T. Obreza, R. McSorley, P.A. Stansly. 2001 Pepper plant growth and yield in alternative production systems. HortScience. 36(474)
  • Stansly, P.A., A. Urbaneja, J. Calvo. 2002 Calibration of release rates for Eretmocerus Mundus mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinadae) in tomato and pepper. EWSN Abstract Compendium 1 (2)
  • Stansly, P.A., A Urbaneja, P.A. Sanchez, J.M. Rodriguez, F. Canizares, A. Nieto, M.J. Lopez, M. Fajardo, V. Suarez. 2002 Commerical-scale Trials with Eretmocerous spp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for Control of Bemisia tabaci biotype "Q" (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in tomato greenhouses of Southeastern Spain. EWSN Abstract Compendium 1 (4)
  • Liu, T.X. and P.A. Stansly 2002 Functional Response and Plant Preference of Nephaspis Oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Preying on the Bemisia Argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Laboratory. Entomologia Sinica 9 (1) 1-9
  • Urbaneja, A., P. Canizares, M.J. Lopez, P.A. Sanchez, A. Nieto, J.M. Rodriguez, M. Fajardo, T. Suarez and P. Stansly. 2002 Biocontrol biologico de plagas en tomate tolerante al TYLCV. Phytoma 141: 60-68
  • Stansly, P.A., and A. Urbaneja. 2002. Pest management trends in Spanish greenhouse tomatoes and prospects for biological control of whiteflies. Proceedings, Florida Tomato Institute, 4 Sep. Naples FL USA. P. Gilreath and C S. Vavrina [Eds.]. University of Florida/Citrus and Vegetable Magazine PRO 519:2-6.
  • Urbaneja, A., P. Stansly, J. Calvo, D. Beltran, L. Lara y J. vd BLOM. 2003. Bemipar ( Eretmocerus mundus): Control Biologico de Bemisia tabaci. Phytomo, In Press.
  • Calvo, J.; P. Leon, A. Gimenez, P. Stansly y A. Urbaneja. 2002. Control biologico de Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) en cultivo de pimiento en el Campo de Cartagena mediante sueltas de Eretmocuerus mundus y E. eremicus (Hym: Aphelinidae). Terralia: In Press
  • Stansly, P.A., A. Urbaneja, E. Sanchez. 2002 Fecundity and Survivorship of Eretmocerous mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Bemisia tabaci biotype "Q" (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) using sweet pepper and tomato. EWSN Abstract Compendium 1 (6)
  • Urbaneja, A., P.A. Stansly, J. Calvo, J. Lopez, D. Beltran, L. Laura, J. van der Blom 2002 Incidence, and Efficacy of Eretmocerous mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for Control of Bemisia tabaci biotype "Q" (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in sweet pepper and tomato in Southeastern Spain. EWSN Abstract Compendium 1 (7)
  • Stansly, P.A., A. Urbaneja, F. Canizares, M.J. Lopez, P.A. Sanchez, J.M. Rodriguez, M. Fajardo, A. Nieto, F. Cantalapiedra. 2002 Integrated Management of Bemisia and other Tomato Pests in Commerical Greenhouses of Spain. EWSN Abstract Compendium 1 (13)
  • Stansly, P.A., T.X. Liu and D.J. Schuster 2002. Effects of horticultural mineral oils on a polyphagous whitefly, its plant hosts and its natural enemies. Spray Oils Beyond 2000. Sustainable Pest and Disease Management. 120-133
  • Stansly, P.A. 2002. El Paro Biologico si Funciona Contra La Mosca Blanca en Tomate. Asociacion de Agricultores De Aguilas - ASAJA (8) 2-3.
  • Stansly, P. A. and A. Urbaneja. 2002. Prospects for biological control of whiteflies in greenhouse vegetables of southern spain: possible lessons for the US. Citrus and Vegetable Magazine 67:
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. control of citrus leafminer in orange, 2001 . Arthropod Management Tests 27: http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/D9.asp
  • P. A. Stansly, J. M. Conner, and J. R. Brushwein 2002. Control of citrus leafminer and asian citrus psylla in sweet orange, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27:http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/D10.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Control of lepidopteran pests on cabbage with two new insecticides, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27: http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/D10.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Insecticidal control of fall armyworm on sweet corn with bt and synthetic pyrethroids, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27: http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/E37.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Insecticidal control of pepper weevil on jalapeno pepper, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 27: http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/E62.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Application timing of two insecticides for control of pickleworm on zucchini squash, 2001. . Arthropod Management Tests 27: http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/E88.asp
  • Stansly, P.A., J.M. Conner 2002. Control of southern armyworm on staked tomato with biopesticides, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 27: http://www.entsoc.org/Protected/AMT/AMT27/Text/E100.asp