Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Four field experimental sites and associated laboratory programs were installed and evaluated by this project between 2002 and 2007 to determine optimal loading rates of organic amendments for land reclamation and wetland restoration. Four of the loading rate experiments were installed in Charles City County, and one in Stafford County, Virginia. Applied sites in Charles City County included two Coastal Plain mitigation wetlands, silty Potomac River dredge spoil, and a wetland mitigation site in sandy James River dredge spoil. At the first three sites, stable (C:N = 30) yard waste compost was added to all experiments at loading rates ranging from 56 to 336 Mg/ha in completely randomized block designs. At the fourth location (James River dredge spoil site), a constructed tidal freshwater wetland (installed Fall 2003) experiment was treated with yardwaste compost applications (80 and 160 Mg/ha wet weight as compost) which were compared with topsoil return, and pit-and-mound
microtopography was formed in all plots. The Stafford County site was dominated by highly acidic acid sulfate soils at a newly constructed airport. At this location, the yardwaste compost treatments were compared to lime-stabilized biosolids at similar loading rates, and the overall water quality effects of treating over 150 ha of pH 3.5 acid sulfate soils with an average loading of 100 Mg/ha of lime-stabilized biosolids were monitored for three years. Lime stabilized biosolids were also employed in a large (16 plots, 0.5 ha each) mine soil reconstruction project in central Virginia designed to evaluate soil reconstruction strategies for prime farmlands disturbed by mineral sands mining. The experiment was constructed in the fall of 2004 and monitored through the summer of 2007. Treatments included (1) a fertilized and limed control on mine tailings without topsoil, (2) 15 cm of topsoil returned over limed and P-fertilized tailings, (3) 78 Mg/ha lime stabilized biosolids incorporated
into tailings with conventional tillage management, and (4) 78 Mg/ha biosolids incorporated into tailings with minimum tillage management. Finally, working cooperatively the Virginia Dept. of Transportation, we developed and implemented nutrient management plans for over 150,000 ha of highway corridors within Virginia.
PARTICIPANTS: Partner organizations include: the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences; Old Dominion University; the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy; the Virginia Department of Health; the Virginia Department of Transpsortation; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Branch - Norfolk District; the Washington D.C. Water and Sewer Authority; the Stafford Airport Commission; the City of Fredericksburg; Iluka Resources Inc.; Weanack Land LLP. The field sites associated with this project have been utilized for six undergraduate + graduate field trips associated with classes taught by the Principal Investigator. Additionally, the field sites have been visited by the Virginia Association of Professional Soil Scientists on two occasions.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Results from our wetlands restoration program are targeted for dissemination to relevant agencies such as the Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. We also report these results to private sector consultants via the Virginia Association of Wetland Professionals. These results are conveyed principally via presentations at scientific meetings and by offering short courses. Results from our mined land reclamation efforts are targeted for dissemination to the mining industry via local short-course offerings and to relevant agencies (Va. Div. of Mines, Minerals and Energy and USDI Office of Surface Mining)via presentations at annual meetings of the American Society for Mininng and Reclamation and the National Association of Land Reclamationists. We also deal with approximately 50 individual contact requests for information from citizens of Virginia and the region annually.
Impacts
Monitoring of yardwaste compost loading rate experiments installed at multiple locations into constructed non-tidal wetlands and dredge spoil impoundments between 2002 and 2006 supported optimal loading rates of approximately 100 Mg/ha. At this loading rate (dry as compost; not ash-free) both woody and herbaceous hydrophytic vegetation showed a positive response vs. lower rates, and underlying soils developed significant redoximorphic features within 3 years. Our results indicate that much lower amounts of organic amendment are required for successful recreation of hydric soil conditions in constructed wetlands than had been commonly assumed by consultants and regulators. Application of our results would cut organic amendment costs at these sites by as much as $2000 per ha. At the James River wetland application site, hydrophytic vegetation responded favorably to both compost application and installation of micro-topographic variability (e.g. pits and mounds). Our
combined wetland restoration research results were utilized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality as their primary technical support for the development of wetland soil reconstruction guidance that was published in a joint agency memo in July of 2004. Our work with lime-stabilized biosolids at the Stafford Airport in northern Virginia resulted in a cost savings in excess of $2,000,000 relative to the costs of topsoil return or combined lime plus compost alternatives. This project also led to the development of a local city (Fredericksburg VA) ordinance requiring recognition and remediation of acid sulfate soils. This is the first such ordinance in the mid-Atlantic USA. At the mineral sand mining site in Dinwiddie/Sussex Counties, row crop yields (Zea mays) from 2005 indicated that 78 Mg/ha biosolids combined with deep tillage treatments was superior to topsoil (15 cm) return, but produced significantly lower yields
than nearby parallel plots on undisturbed prime farmland soil. However, corn yields on the biosolids treatments exceeded long-term county (Dinwiddie and Sussex Co.) average yields by 20%. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields in June 2006 on biosolids treated plots also exceeded long-term county average yields, but were still approximately 30% lower than nearby prime farmland soils. Detailed rooting studies in July of 2006 revealed that subsoil densic layers were most likely responsible for the reduced row crop yield potentials in these reconstructed mine soils. In 2007, the experiment was cropped to corn again, with similar results. Application of our prime farmland reconstruction protocols in central Virginia and North Carolina has the potential to return up to 5,000 ha of prime farmland slated to be mined in the next 15 years to 90% of pre-mining productivity levels. Development and implementation of nutrient management plans for the Virginia Dept. of Transportation in 2006 will
result in mandatory soil testing for the first time on all highway rights-of-way receiving fertilizers and will enable use of suitable organics such as compost on wide range of highway sites.
Publications
- Bailey, D.E., Perry J.E. and Daniels, W.L. 2007. Vegetation dynamics in response to organic matter loading rates in a created freshwater wetland in southeastern Virginia. Wetlands 27(4).
- Burger, J.A., Mitchem, D. and Daniels, W.L. 2007. Red oak seedling response to different topsoil substitutes after five years. p. 132-142 In: R.I. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc., 2007 Nat. Meeting Amer. Soc. Mining and Reclamation, Gillette WY, June 2-7, 2007. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502, 980 p.
- Daniels, W.L., Whittecar, G.R. and Carter, C.H. 2007. Conversion of Potomac River dredge sediments to productive agricultural soils. p. 183-199 In: R.I. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc., 2007 Nat. Meeting Amer. Soc. Mining and Reclamation, Gillette WY, June 2-7, 2007. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502, 980 p.
- Daniels, W.L., Orndorff, Z.W., Alley, M.M, Zelazny, L.W. and Teutsch, C.D. 2007. Sustainability indicators for mineral sands mining in Virginia, USA. p. 301-308. In: Z. Agioutantis (Ed.), Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Sustainable Dev. Indic. In the Minerals Industry, 17-20 June, 2007, Milos Island Greece. Heliotopos Conf. Publishers. Santorini, Greece.
- Dickenson, S.B. 2007. Influences of Soil Amendments and Microtopography on Vegetation at a Created Tidal Freshwater Swamp in Southeastern Virginia. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. 140 p.
- Fajardo, G.I. 2006. Physical and Chemical Soil Properties of Ten Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) Mitigation Wetlands. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 142 p.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Lime stabilized biosolids were employed in a large (16 plots, 0.5 ha each) mine soil reconstruction project in central Virginia designed to evaluate soil reconstruction strategies for prime farmlands disturbed by mineral sands mining. The experiment was constructed in the fall of 2004. Treatments include (1) a fertilized and limed control on mine tailings without topsoil, (2) 15 cm of topsoil returned over limed and P-fertilized tailings, (3) 78 Mg/ha lime stabilized biosolids incorporated into tailings with conventional tillage management, and (4) 78 Mg/ha biosolids incorporated into tailings with minimum tillage management. First-year row crop yields (Zea mays) from 2005 indicated that 78 Mg/ha biosolids combined with deep tillage treatments was superior to topsoil (15 cm) return, but produced significantly lower yields than nearby parallel plots on undisturbed prime farmland soil. However, corn yields on the biosolids treatments exceeded long-term county (Dinwiddie
and Sussex Co.) average yields by 20%. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) yields in June 2006 on biosolids treated plots also exceeded long-term county average yields, but were still approximately 30% lower than nearby prime farmland soils. Detailed rooting studies in July of 2006 revealed that subsoil densic layers were most likely responsible for the reduced row crop yield potentials in these reconstructed mine soils. Regardless, the fact that the mine soils equaled or exceeded long-term county average yields for both corn and wheat through application and incorporation of the biosolids is seen as a very positive and somewhat surprising result. In a second study in a constructed tidal freshwater wetland (installed Fall 2003) experiment, yardwaste compost applications (80 and 160 Mg/ha wet weight as compost) are being compared with topsoil return, and pit-and-mound microtopography was formed in all plots. The experimental wetland was constructed out of sandy dredge spoil materials from
the adjacent James River at Shirley Plantation in James City County. Continued monitoring in 2006 indicates significant deposition of an organic rich muddy layer in the upper 2.5 cm of these soils above the underlying sands which appears to support continued development of soil redoximorphic features. Taxodium distichum seedlings responded favorably upon the low (15 cm) mounds in the 2004 growing season, while in 2005 and 2006, trees growing in the slightly depressed pits outperformed those on mounds. Mini-rhizotron tubes were installed under selected seedings in pits, on mounds, and in areas of the plots without micro-topography in the winter of 2005 and 2006 and are being utilized to document rooting interactions with applied treatments (compost and topsoil). Finally, working cooperatively the Virginia Dept. of Transportation, we developed and implemented nutrient management plans for over 150,000 ha of highway corridors within Virginia. These new plans establish firm soil testing
and fertilizer application criteria and include specific guidance for the use of suitable organic amendments for vegetation establishment following active construction and in roadside (wildflower) plantings.
Impacts
Our results indicate that much lower amounts of organic amendment are required for successful recreation of hydric soil conditions in constructed wetlands than had been commonly assumed by consultants and regulators. Application of our results would cut organic amendment costs at these sites by as much as $2000 per ha. Our combined wetland restoration research results were utilized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality as their primary technical support for the development of wetland soil reconstruction guidance that was published in a joint agency memo in July of 2004. This is the first formal regulatory guidance with respect to wetland soil reconstruction in the USA to date. Our work with lime-stabilized biosolids at the Stafford Airport in northern Virginia resulted in a cost savings in excess of $2,000,000 relative to the costs of topsoil return or combined lime plus compost alternatives.
Application of our prime farmland reconstruction protocols in central Virginia and North Carolina has the potential to return up to 5,000 ha of prime farmland slated to be mined in the next 15 years to 90% of pre-mining productivity levels. Development and implementation of nutrient management plans for the Virginia Dept. of Transportation in 2006 will result in mandatory soil testing for the first time on all highway rights-of-way receiving fertilizers and will enable use of suitable organics such as compost on wide range of highway sites.
Publications
- Orndorff, Z.W., Daniels W.L. and Galbraith, J.M. 2005. Properties and classification of mineral sand mine soils in southeastern Virginia. P. 842-861 In: R.I. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc., 2005 Nat. Meeting Amer. Soc. Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge CO, June, 19-23 2005. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502, 1271 p.
- Daniels, W.L. 2005. Can we return heavy mineral sands mines in Virginia to productive agricultural uses? p. 115-122 In: M. Akser and J. Elder (eds.), Proc. 2005 Heavy Mineral Conf., Oct. 16-19, Ponte Vedra, Fl. Soc. Mining, Met. & Exp., Littleton, CO. 280 p.
- Daniels, W.L., Beck, M. and Eick, M. 2006. Guidance for the beneficial use of fly ash on coal mines in Virginia. p. 75-82 In: Z. Agioutantis and K. Komnitsas, Eds., 2nd International Conf. Advances in Mineral Resources Management and Geotechnics, 25-27 Sept., 2006, Hania, Crete, Heliotopos Conferences, LTD, http:heliotopos.conferences.gr
- Orndorff, Z.W. and Daniels, W.L. 2006. Predicting depth to sulfidic sediments in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. p. 1453-1472 In: R.I. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc., 7th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), March 26-30, 2006, St. Louis MO. Published by the American Society of Mining and Reclamation (ASMR), 3134 Montavesta Road, Lexington, KY 40502.
- Palumbo, A.V., Fisher, L.S., Martin, M.Z., Yang, Z.K., Tarver, J.R. Wullschleger, S.D., and Daniels, W.L. 2005. Application of emerging tools and techniques for measuring carbon and microbial communities in reclaimed mine soils. Environmental Management (Springer-Verlag), Vol 33, Supplement 1: S518-527.
- Haering, K.C., Daniels, W.L. and Galbraith, J.M. 2005. Mapping and classification of southwest Virginia mine soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69: 463-472.
- Burdt A.C., Galbraith, J.M. and Daniels, W.L. 2005. Season length indicators and land use effects in southeast Virginia wet flats. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J. 69:1551-1558.
- Daniels, W.L. 2005. Effects of cover soil thickness on revegetation of acidic Appalachian coal refuse. P. 255-266 In: R.I. Barnhisel (ed.), Proc., 2005 Nat. Meeting Amer. Soc. Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge CO, June, 19-23 2005. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502, 1271 p.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Continued monitoring of yardwaste compost loading rate experiments installed at multiple locations into constructed non-tidal wetlands in 2001 and 2002 supports optimal loading rates of approximately 100 Mg/ha. At this loading rate (dry as compost; not ash-free) both woody and herbaceous hydrophytic vegetation showed a positive response vs. lower rates, and underlying soils developed significant redoximorphic features within 3 years. In contrast to earlier results, heavier loading rates of up to 224 Mg/ha had settled and compressed sufficiently by early 2005 such that they readily supported hydrophytic vegetation. In a parallel constructed tidal freshwater wetland (Fall 2003) experiment, yardwaste compost applications (80 and 160 Mg/ha) are being compared with topsoil return, and pit-and-mound microtopography was formed in all plots. Hydrophytic vegetation dominated all treatments and hydric soil indicators were noted in all plots by June of 2005. During the first
growing season, Taxodium responded favorably upon the low (15 cm) mounds while in the second season, trees growing in the pits outperformed those on mounds. Continued work at a large (200 ha) acid sulfate soil remediation site in northern Virginia indicates that a one-time application of lime stabilized biosolids at rates ranging from 100 to 225 Mg/ha has maintained soil pH at > 6.0 for three full years following application to pH 3.0 soils. Water quality monitoring indicates that N losses to surface waters were negligible beyond the application year (2002). Lime stabilized biosolids were also employed in a large (16 plots, 0.5 ha each) mine soil reconstruction project in central Virginia designed to evaluate soil reconstruction strategies for prime farmlands disturbed by mineral sands mining. First-year yields (Zea mays) from 2005 indicated that 78 Mg/ha biosolids combined with deep tillage treatments were superior to topsoil (15 cm) return. This experiment will be continued in
rotation row-crops in 2006 and also replicated in a parallel experiment with intensively managed forages. Finally, working cooperatively with several mining companies in Virginia, we have developed a range of value-added manufactured soil products for use in the land development and landscaping industry. Stable organic amendments such as yardwaste compost generally comprise 10 to 20% by volume of these products with the remaining mineral soil fraction fabricated from saprolites, waste soil and overburden, aggregate screening rejects, and pond fines.
Impacts
Our results indicate that much lower amounts of organic amendment are required for successful recreation of hydric soil conditions in constructed wetlands than had been commonly assumed by consultants and regulators. Application of our results would cut organic amendment costs at these sites by as much as $2000 per ha. Our combined wetland restoration research results were utilized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality as their primary technical support for the development of wetland soil reconstruction guidance that was published in a joint agency memo in July of 2004. This is the first formal regulatory guidance with respect to wetland soil reconstruction in the USA to date. Our work with lime-stabilized biosolids at the Stafford Airport in northern Virginia resulted in a cost savings in excess of $2,000,000 relative to the costs of topsoil return or combined lime plus compost alternatives.
Application of our prime farmland reconstruction protocols in central Virginia and North Carolina has the potential to return up to 5,000 ha of prime farmland slated to be mined in the next 15 years to 90% of pre-mining productivity levels. One Virginia mining company has utilized our research to develop a manufactured topsoil business that is projected to gross in excess of $1,000,000 in 2005.
Publications
- Fanning, D., Rabenhorst, M.,Coppock, C., Daniels, W., and Orndorff, Z. 2004. Upland active acid sulfate soils from construction of new Stafford County, Virginia, USA, airport. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 42:527-536.
- Daniels, W.L., Haering, K.C., and Galbraith, J.M. 2004. Mine soil morphology and properties in pre- and post-SMCRA coal mined landscapes in southwest Virginia. p. 421-449: In: R.I. Barnhisel, (ed.) Proc., 2004 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Morgantown, WV, April 18-24, 2004. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lex,, KY, 40502.
- Daniels, W.L., Haering, K.C., Galbraith, J.M., and Thomas, J. 2004. Mine soil classification and mapping issues on pre- and post-SMCRA Appalachian coal mined lands. p. 450-477: In: R.I. Barnhisel, (ed.) Proc., 2004 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Morgantown, WV, April 18-24, 2004. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lex,, KY, 40502.
- Orndorff, Z.W., and Daniels, W.L. 2004. Evaluation of acid-producing sulfidic materials in Virginia highway corridors. Environmental Geology 46:209-216.
- Beck, M.A., Zelazny, L.W., Daniels, W.L. and Mullins, G.L. 2004. Using Mehlich-1 to estimate soil phosphorus saturation for environmental risk assessment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:1762-1771.
- Haering, K.C., Daniels, W.L., and Galbraith, J.M. 2004. Appalachian mine soil morphology and properties: Effects of weathering and mining method. Soil Sci. Soc. J. 68:1315-1325.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Yard waste compost was added to reconstructed soils in 3 mitigation wetlands and in an upland dredge spoil disposal site at rates varying from 56 to 226 Mg/ha in 2001 and 2002. Optimal rates for hydric soil reconstruction appear to be approximately 100 to 150 Mg/ha based upon observed reductions in soil redox potential,increases in volumetric water content, development of soil redox features, and increased vigor of planted hydrophytic vegetation in comparison to control plots. Loading rate effects in the upland dredge spoil experiment were not as clear cut, but an overall positive response to compost addition was noted. A new experiment was installed in 2003 to determine compost X topsoil replacement X micro-topography interactions in a mitigation wetland constructed in very sandy materials.
Impacts
Multi-year results from these experiments will allow us to properly specify appropriate organic amendment loading rates for both wetland and land reclamation applications. This will result in considerable economic savings in constructed wetlands efforts and optimized treatments for other revegetation applications.
Publications
- Orndorff, Z.W. and Daniels, W.L. 2004. Reclamation of disturbed sulfidic coastal plain sediments using biosolids at Stafford Regional Airport in Virginia. p. 1389-1407: In: R.I. Barnhisel, (ed.) Proc., 2004 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Morgantown, WV, April 18-24, 2004. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lex,, KY, 40502.
- Daniels, W.L. and Whittecar, G.R. 2004. Assessing soil and hydrologic properties for the successful creation of non-tidal wetlands. In: L. M. Vasilas and B. L. Vasilas (eds.) A Guide to Hydric Soils in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Version 1.0. Published by the USEPA Mid-Atlantic Hydric Soils Committee on CD and online at http://www.epa.gov/reg3esd1/hydricsoils/book.htm
- Miller, J.O., Galbraith, J.G. and Daniels,W.L. 2004. Soil organic carbon content in frigid southern Appalachian Mountain soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:194-203.
- Evanylo, G.K., Daniels, W.L. and Nagle, S.M. 2004. Suitability of fresh and aged paper sludge as soil amendments. J. Residuals Sci.and Tech. 1(1):27-34.
- Palumbo, A.V., McCarthy, J.F.,Amonette, J.E., Fisher,J.S., Wullschleger S.D., and Daniels, W.L. 2004. Prospects for enhancing carbon sequestration and reclamation of degraded lands with fossil-fuel combustion by-products. Adv. Env. Research 8 (2004) 425-438.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Four new field experiments and associated laboratory programs were initiated in the past project year to determine optimal loading rates of organic amendments for land reclamation and wetland restoration. Four of the loading rate experiments were installed in Charles City County, and one in Stafford County, Virginia. Stable (C:N = 30) yard waste compost was added to all experiments at loading rates ranging from 56 to 336 Mg/ha in completely randomized block designs. Applied sites included two Coastal Plain mitigation wetlands in Charles City County, silty Potomac River dredge spoil in Charles City County, and a highly acidic acid sulfate soil at a newly constructed airport in Stafford County. At the airport location, the yardwaste compost treatments are being compared to lime-stabilized biosolids at similar loading rates, and the overall water quality effects of treating over 150 ha of pH 3.5 acid sulfate soils with an average loading of 100 Mg/ha of lime-stabilized
biosolids are being monitored. First-year results indicate that (1) optimal loading rates for wetland applications appear to be between 112 and 224 Mg/ha, (2) added yardwaste compost successfully depressed soil redox potential in reconstructed wetland soils, and (3) appropriately amended dredge spoils can equal adjacent native soils in row-crop productivity. At the airport acid-sulfate soil site, response of mixed grass/legume vegetation to yardwaste compost + lime was similar to lime-stabilized biosolids in a small plot experiment. Application of lime-stabilized biosolids to the entire 150 ha at the airport location resulted in an increase of the in-stream pH of the second-order draining stream from 3.5 to 7.2 over the past year, but was associated with a significant loss of soluble ammonium-N followed by a lower amount of nitrate-N loss to surface waters. Future work will focus on (1) documentation of multi-year effects of compost loading rates on reconstructed wetland soil Eh and
the performance of wetland trees and grasses and (2) the ability of lime-stabilized biosolids to buffer soil pH in acid-sulfate soils systems and limit heavy metal bioavailability.
Impacts
Multi-year results from these experiments will allow us to properly specify appropriate organic amendment loading rates for both wetland and land reclamation applications. This will result in considerable economic savings in constructed wetlands efforts and optimized treatments for other revegetation applications.
Publications
- Daniels, W.L., Z.W. Orndorff, and P.D. Schroeder. 2003. Chemical and physical properties of mineral sands mine soils in southeastern Virginia. p. 209-227 In: R.I. Barnhisel, (ed.) Proc., 2003 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY, June 3-6, 2003, Billings, MT. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502.
- Daniels, W.L. 2003. Strategies for the return of heavy mineral sands mines to productive agricultural uses. P 373-380 In: Z. Agioutantis, (ed.). Proceedings, Conf. on Sustainable Indicators in the Minerals Industry, SDIMI - 03. May 13-17, 2003, Milos, Greece. Pub. by Milos Conf. Center - George Eliotopous, Milos Island, Greece. ISBN: 960-87054-1-X.
- Daniels, W.L., 2003. Pyrite oxidation: Mitigation of environmental effects. 2003 Annual Meeting Abstracts CD, Amer. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. Amer./Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, WI.
- Beck, M.A., L.W. Zelazny, W.L. Daniels and G.L. Mullins. 2003. A proposed laboratory ponding/leaching method for the assessment of potential runoff and subsurface P losses from agricultural fields. 2003 Annual Meeting Abstracts CD, Amer. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. Amer./Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, WI.
- Kukier, U., R.L. Chaney, J.A. Ryan, W. L. Daniels, R.H. Dowdy and T. Granato. 2003. Effect of biosolids on phytoavailability of Cd in long-term amended soils. 2003 Annual Meeting Abstracts CD, Amer. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. Amer./Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, WI.
- Orndorff Z.W. and W.L. Daniels. 2002. Delineation and Management of Sulfidic Materials in Virginia Highway Corridors. Va. Transp. Res. Council Rep. No. VTRC 03-CR3, VTRC, Charlottesville, VA, USA, 57 p.
- Daniels, W.L., B.R. Stewart, K.C. Haering and C.E. Zipper. 2002. The Potential for Beneficial Reuse of Coal Fly Ash in Southwest Virginia Mining Environments. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. 460-134; Reclamation Guidelines. Powell River Project, Virginia Tech Research Div., Blacksburg. 19 p..
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