Progress 09/15/02 to 09/14/06
Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/CeleryRAMP/celeryRAMPhome .htm. Disease predictors (TOM-CAST, Septoria, Cercospora) were tested yearly for MI late blight. TOM-CAST 10-DSV was similar to 7-day applications, while other programs were effective but inconsistent. Applying the 1st fungicide spray 1 week (early program) or 4 weeks after transplant (preventive) effectively prevented late blight and yield loss in MI; unacceptable yield loss occurred when the 1st spray was applied after disease developed. FL research with new reduced-risk (RR) products and 2 predictors (TOM-CAST, Berger) showed that an IPM program using strobilurin fungicides alternated with chlorothalonil improved early and late blight control by over 60% compared to chlorothalonil alone, reducing the numbers of sprays needed for disease control while maintaining or improving marketable yields. Aster yellows index treatment thresholds for MI growers were determined weekly for 2005-06. MSU
Diagnostics Services tested aster leafhoppers for % infectivity to determine insecticide treatment thresholds which were disseminated in person and published in MSU Vegetable CATAlerts, a growers newsletter. Cover crops research at 3 commercial and 2 research fields targeted weed control. All cover crops reduced weeds compared to bare ground and significantly increased yield (except cereal rye); most effective was oilseed radish. Breeding efforts developed celery with somaclonally-derived and celeriac-derived resistances to Fusarium yellows. The breeding lines had excellent disease resistance, high yield and plant height in single plot breeding line and bulk line trials. Seed was sent to CA for a medium-scale seed increase and should be available for testing and release in 2007. Muck-grown MI celery produced more marketable biomass yield when fertilized with 200 lb nitrogen (N)/A compared with 150 lb N/A across 4 different N sources. Application of 3 slow-release N products prior to
transplant resulted in equal or better yields compared with a standard urea N preplant/2 sidedressings program. Best yields occurred when phosphorous and potassium were applied according to soil test values; overfertilization can decrease yields. Yearly foliar blight trials in MI, CA, FL found chlorothalonil alone or alternated with azoxystrobin (RR) effective in all trials. Disease was also significantly reduced by propiconazole, TM-47, polyoxin D zinc salt (biopesticide) and IR-4 classified RR products (boscalid/pyraclostrobin, boscalid, famoxadone/cymoxanil, fenamidone, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin). Herbicide trials in 6 grower and 5 research fields on organic soil compared new and labeled products. Metolachlor (RR) is now labeled for preemergence use alone or in combination with prometryn. Flumioxazin is nearing registration through IR-4. Other herbicides with good tolerance on celery are sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen and pyroxasulfone; IR-4 labeling will be pursued.
Organophosphate (OG) alternatives (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) significantly reduced aphid and tarnished plant bug damage, while carbaryl and acetamiprid (RR) were effective for tarnished plant bugs on celery in MI.
Impacts
Applying fungicide sprays to control late blight according to the TOM-CAST 15-DSV predictor required up to 5 fewer sprays and reduced fungicide costs up to $87/A compared to 7-day sprays in MI. Starting fungicide sprays 4 weeks after transplant (preventive program) required three fewer applications, saving up to $54/A, compared to starting 1 week after transplant (early program). Registration of new herbicides with different modes of action will help growers avoid buildup of herbicide-resistant weeds. It will also improve the spectrum of weed control, which will reduce handweeding and cultivation expenses. A reduction in the use of prometryn should result in a 10% increase in yield. Most MI celery growers now use cover crops, especially oilseed radish and sorghum sudangrass. Oilseed radish recycled over 50 lb/A nitrate, which allows celery growers to decrease fertilizer rates by 50% without affecting yield. Cover crops use protects the environment by limiting nitrate
leaching into ground water. MI growers, surveyed at a 2006 meeting, have increased use of reduced-risk fungicides by 12%, increased the use of aster yellows thresholds by 26%, have increased testing aster leafhoppers for infectivity by 60%, and 71% of the growers said they were likely to use a disease predictor for celery production. FL growers have incorporated strobilurin reduced-risk fungicides into their IPM program, reducing chlorothalonil (B2 carcinogen) use by 60-75% from pre-2000 levels, while foliar disease has been effectively controlled and yields per acre have increased.
Publications
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for managing late blight of celery, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V121.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of products for managing bacterial leaf spot of celery, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V122.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of fungicide programs and disease predictors for managing late blight of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V123.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of spray initiation timings for managing late blight of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V124.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Evaluation of spray initiation timings for managing crater rot of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V125.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of disease predictors and scheduling the first fungicide spray for managing late blight of celery. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 95:S161.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Combining disease control tactics and the utility of registered fungicides when applied according to disease predictors for managing late blight of celery. (Abstr.) APS North Central Division Meeting, Windsor, Ontario June 29-July1.
- Charles, K.S., Ngouajio, M., Warncke, D.D., Poff, K.L., Hausbeck, M.K. 2006. Integration of cover crops and fertilizer rates for weed management in celery. Weed Science 54:326-334.
- Koike, S.T., Daugovish, O., Downer, J.A. 2006. Sclerotinia petiole and crown rot of celery caused by Sclerotinia minor in California. Plant Disease Note 90:829.
- Ngouajio M., Wang, G., Charles, K.S. 2006. Effects of Brassica biofumigants on celery and onion production under temperate climate. (Abstr.) Second International Biofumigation Symposium, Moscow, ID, June 25-29.
- Raid, R.N., Pernezny, K. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for management of early blight on celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V051.
- Raid, R.N., Pernezny, K. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for management of late blight on celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 61:V052.
- Raid, R.N., Pernezny, K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and two weather-based forecasting systems for management of early blight on celery, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V144.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/CeleryRAMP/celeryRAMPhome .htm. Disease forecasting was tested in four MI trials, two had minimal disease incidence. Alternations of Quadris (reduced-risk, RR) with Bravo applied according to the Septoria and Cercospora Predictors, TOM-CAST 15-DSV and 7-day sprays were compared for late blight control. There were 9, 9, 8 and 11 sprays applied at a cost of $154, $154, $133 and $187/A, respectively. All were equally effective at late blight control. Starting 7-day alternations of Bravo with Amistar (RR) at 2 and 5 weeks after transplant were compared with the Septoria Predictor and TOM-CAST 10-DSV. There were 10, 7, 7 and 8 sprays applied at a cost of $146, $99, $99 and $117/A, respectively. All were equally effective at late blight control. Historically, aster yellows index (AYI) treatment thresholds for MI growers had been determined at the start of the growing season. 2005 thresholds for applying insecticides to control
aster leafhoppers were determined after collecting and determining infectivity of leafhoppers weekly. AYI thresholds were disseminated to growers, scouts and consultants and published weekly in Vegetable CATAlerts, a Michigan State University growers newsletter. Five bulked lines of Fusarium-resistant celery bred in MI were tested on grower cooperator farms and in a replicated field trial. All lines performed well at all locations with average disease ratings of 1.0 for four lines and 1.1 for one line (1=no disease, 5=>50% crown discoloration); commercial cultivars were rated 1.3 or less. Two MI, one CA and two FL trials tested 15 products including plant activators (PA), biopesticides (BP), RR and others for the control of foliar diseases. MI programs that significantly decreased Septoria leaf and petiole blight while increasing yield included Bravo and rotations of Amistar (RR) with Bravo or Tilt, Pristine/Bravo and TM 473/Bravo. Applications of Kocide, Actigard (PA) + Kocide, Tanos
+ Kocide and Messenger STS (BP) + Kocide effectively limited bacterial leaf spot in MI. Flint (RR), Reason (RR) and Tilt significantly limited Septoria leaf and petiole disease in CA. Early and late blight were significantly limited and marketable yield increased by applications of Bravo Ultrex and alternations of Quadris (RR) or Tanos with Bravo in FL field trials; alternations of Tilt/Bravo were effective for late blight control. 2005 field research in FL was complicated by 3 hurricanes and several heavy rainfall events. RR (dimethenamid, penoxsulam, flucarbazone) and other herbicides were tested on celery at two MI sites. KIH-485, flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, dimethenamid and pendimethalin were safe on celery with good to moderate weed control, but penoxsulam and flucarbazone caused serious crop injury. Imidacloprid (organophosphate alternative) applied at planting was tested for the control of aphids and tarnished plant bugs in a MI trial. Imidacloprid-treated plants had
significantly less foliar damage from aphids than untreated plants; however, tarnished plant bug populations were low on both treated and untreated plants.
Impacts
Identifying new RR or alternative products to use in rotation with industry standards can reduce input of carcinogens by up to 50% without compromising disease control. A disease predictor can reduce the number of sprays needed to produce a crop. Alternations of Quadris/Bravo applied according to the Septoria and Cercospora Predictors or TOM-CAST 15-DSV required 2 or 3 fewer sprays compared to 7-day sprays, resulting in fungicide savings of 18% or 27%, and monetary savings of $33 or $55/A, respectively. Delaying the start of a 7-day program from 2 to 5 weeks after transplant or using TOM-CAST 10-DSV saved 3 and 2 sprays, resulting in fungicide savings of 30% and 20%, and monetary savings of $47 and $29/A, respectively. Implementing weekly AYI treatment thresholds in MI scheduled insecticide sprays only when needed to prevent aster yellows infection; resulting in savings of one or more applications. Disease-resistant cultivars are essential to production in areas where
soilborne Fusarium yellows is prevalent. The MI breeding program used resistance from somaclonal variation and hybridization with commercial cultivars (resistance from celeriac) to develop new celery lines that should allow for greater Fusarium resistance and durability. Continued use of older herbicides may lead to herbicide-resistant weeds. Metolachor has been labeled recently and registrations for dimethenamid, flumioxazin and pendimethalin are pending. Better weed control should result in 10% greater yields, which amounts to an increase in value of about $2 million per year for MI celery growers.
Publications
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for managing late blight of celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V009.
- Charles, K.S. 2005. Celery (Apium graveolens L.) and weed response to cover crops and nutrient management on muck soil. M.S. Thesis. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.
- Raid, R.N., Pernezny, K., Havraneck, N., Saddler, B., Sanchez, J. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides and two weather-based forecasting systems for management of early blight on celery, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 60:V111.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/CeleryRAMP/celeryRAMPhome .htm. Foliar blights and crater rot were studied in 9 MI field trials. The Septoria, Cercospora and Tom-Cast 10/15/20 DSV disease predictors significantly reduced foliar blights of celery compared to untreated plants in 4 field trials. These predictors saved up to 9 sprays and $154/A in fungicide costs compared to a 7-day schedule. Spray programs were started 2 or 5 weeks after transplanting in 2 MI trials; the 5-week program saved 3 sprays and was equally effective as the 2-week for controlling foliar blight and crater rot. A MI scouting trial found that starting sprays 2 or 5 weeks after transplant prevented disease, starting sprays after disease was detected was ineffective. Foliar blight was effectively controlled by Bravo Ultrex 82.5WDG, reduced risk products (Pristine 38WG, Amistar 80WG) alternated with Bravo, Endorse 2.5WP (biopesticide) alternated with Bravo, and Amistar alternated with Tilt
3.6EC in 2 MI efficacy trials. MI insecticide trials found reduced risk (Assail), OP alternative (Platinum) products and Sevin significantly reduced damage in 2 tarnished plant bug trials, OP alternatives (Actara, Admire, Provado) were effective in 1 trial. Platinum controlled aphids. A MI nutrient trial found that applying more than 120 lb N, 75 lb P2O5 and 150 lb K2O per acre did not improve growth and yield. Topdressing 8 weeks after transplant with urea + MgSO4 resulted in celery with the greatest biomass. Type of N carrier or supplemental K, Ca, Mg had no effect on marketable yield. Two MI trials found that all cover crops reduced weeds. Oilseed radish most effectively suppressed weeds and recycled over 50 lb/A N and significant amounts of K into the soil. MI research has produced Fusarum-resistant celery breeding lines. Replicated field trials with F4 progeny and commercial lines showed the breeding lines had high yield, strong horticultural qualities and a high level of disease
resistance compared to the control. Two MI herbicide trials found no yield reduction with post-transplant or postemergence treatments of prometryn 1-2 lb ai/A or linuron 1 lb, and post-transplant treatments of s-metolachlor 1.9 lb or dimethenamid-p 0.98 lb. Effective season-long programs included prometryn 1 lb post-transplant and postemergence, prometryn 2 lb post-transplant and postemergence, s-metolachlor 1.9 lb post-transplant followed by postemergence applications of prometryn 1 lb or linuron 1 lb. CA disease field and greenhouse assessments found bacterial leaf spot to be the most common foliar disease, Fusarium yellows the most common soil-borne field problem, with late blight, aster yellows, viruses and powdery mildew being minor problems in 2004. Bravo applied according to the Tom-Cast 15 DSV and Cercospora predictors significantly reduced foliar blight compared to the untreated and saved 9 and 8 sprays, respectively, in a FL field trial. The forecasters were not as effective
as 7-day sprays, although marketable yield was not affected.
Impacts
Reducing fungicide input to the celery crops would benefit growers and consumers. The Septoria, Cercospora and Tom-Cast 10/15/20 DSV disease forecasters significantly reduced foliar blights of celery compared to untreated plants in 4 trials in 2004. Forecasters saved 1-9 sprays and $17-$154/A in fungicide costs compared to a 7-day schedule in MI without compromising crop quality. Using forecasters on celery acreage has the potential of saving MI growers $39,100-$354,200 in a similar growing season. FL growers could lower their fungicide input by 62-69% by using the Cercospora or Tom-Cast 15 DSV predictors without reducing marketable yield. These nutrient studies support the use of soil testing. With costs for N, P, and K fertilizers increasing significantly, celery growers can optimize costs by soil testing. Savings may amount to $20-$30/A or more. With all N carriers producing similar celery yields and quality, N input costs be be minimized by using the least
expensive fertilizer. Savings can be $10/A or more. Grower cooperators more than doubled the use cover crops (oilseed radish, sorghum sudangrass) in 2004. Other celery growers are considering integrating oilseed radish into their cropping system, however, finding an adequate seed source has been a problem. Registration of dimethenamid and sulfentrazone will help control difficult weeds such as yellow nutsedge and common groundsel. Consistent weed control should result in increased yields and better quality celery.
Publications
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of disease predictors and scheduling the first fungicide spray for managing late blight of celery. APS North Central Division Meeting (Abstract), Publication no. P-2005-0005-NCA.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides and biopesticides for managing late blight of celery, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V079.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of a biopesticide and fungicides for managing late blight of celery, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V080.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for managing crater rot of celery, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V081.
- Bounds, R.S., Hausbeck, M.K. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for managing early blight of celery and impact on yield, 2003. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 59:V082.
- Charles, K.S. Ngouajio, M. 2004. Effects of cover crops on weed populations in celery (Apium graveolens L.) on muck soil. Weed Science Society of America (Abstract) 44:56
- Charles K., Ngouajio, M., Warncke, D. 2004. The effects of cover crop and fertilizer rate on celery (Apium graveolens L.) growth and development. HortScience (Abstract) 39:865.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/CeleryRAMP/celeryRAMPhome .htm. Disease, weed, and insect control studies were conducted in MI at research facilities and with grower cooperators. Fungicide studies identified several new reduced risk products (Cabrio 20WG, Pristine 38WG, Endura 70WG) for foliar blight control. Disease forecasting validation studies in MI determined that a Septoria predictor model gave significant control of Septoria late blight when using the industry standard Bravo Ultrex 82.5WDG and resulted in a reduction of 2 sprays compared to a weekly spray program. The Cercospora predictor, Tom-Cast 10 DSV, or Tom-Cast 15 DSV programs using Quadris 2.08SC alternated with Bravo Ultrex 82.5WDG limited petiole blight and reduced the number of applications. Applying sprays before disease development was more effective than starting applications after disease symptoms appeared. Additional MI studies determined that reduced risk strobilurin-based
fungicides are not detrimental to celery yields and have potential to control Rhizoctonia crater rot. Continuing work on developing celery tolerant to Fusarium yellows was performed in MI by replicated screenings of F3 somaclone progeny families and commercial varieties. The selected F3 families showed excellent resistance, high yield, and strong horticultural qualities, indicating stabilization of the phenotype. Cover crop studies indicated that oilseed radish has the potential to suppress weeds and recycle over 50 lb/A of nitrate released into the soil. The use of cover crops also increased celery yields over production on bare ground. Aster leafhoppers were collected across MI and subjected to PCR analysis to estimate the proportion of the population capable of vectoring aster yellows. Results showed that this proportion varied considerably by location and year. Herbicide screens in MI tested new materials for weed control and crop safety. Products such as flufenacet, flumioxazin,
and sulfentrazone appeared to be safe on celery. Sulfentrazone gave fair to good suppression of yellow nutsedge and also was active on common groundsel, common ragweed and pineapple weed. Preliminary nematology studies indicated that densities of the northern root-knot nematode associated with celery were lower following cover crop plantings of sudax or oil seed radish. Disease assessments studies were conducted in CA. The most common foliar disease in CA greenhouse and field settings was bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii. Some limited outbreaks of Septoria late blight was detected, and field studies indicated that the reduced risk fungicides Flint, Quadris, Cabrio, and Switch were comparable to the industry standard Tilt. Fusarium yellows is the most important soilborne problem in CA. First year studies of foliar disease forecaster validation were conducted in FL. A total of 15 sprays were saved during the winter growing season using the forecasters without
a loss of disease control.
Impacts
Faced with additional scrutiny by environmental watchdog groups and the increasing risk of loss of production tools through label reduction and increased regulation, the celery industry needs to develop new pest management and production practices in order to stay competitive. First year research in MI has determined that disease scouting can reduce chemical inputs by as much as $50 per acre without yield loss, and research of disease forecasting models used in combination with newer products can further reduce the amount of fungicide applications by 25% and lower the amount of active ingredient used per acre. Additional research into cover crops, new herbicides, and insect monitoring demonstrates the potential to reduce other chemicals inputs in a similar manner.
Publications
- Hausbeck, M.K., Cortright, B.D., Linderman, S.D. 2002. Control of foliar blights of celery using standard fungicides programs and a disease forecaster, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:V023.
- Raid, R.N. 2002. Evaluation of fungicides for control of late blight on celery, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:V024.
- Raid, R.N. 2002. Evaluation of standard fungicides and SAR compounds for control of late blight on celery, 2001. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 57:V025.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
http://plantpathology.msu.edu/labs/hausbeck/CeleryRAMP/celeryRAMPhome .htm. This project was initiated on 9/15/02. Researchers are planning their experiments for the 2003 field season. The objectives and research proposed for this project was presented to regional celery growers and other industry representatives at the Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market Expo, and to the Michigan commodity group, Celery Research, Inc. at its annual meeting at Grand Rapids, MI. Research in 2003 will focus on disease forecasting, pest monitoring, cover cropping systems, nutrient management, and evaluation of reduced risk pesticides, alternative biocontrol agents, and pest resistant varieties and hybrids.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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