Progress 09/15/02 to 09/14/05
Outputs
The effects of biological control agents, herbicides, and native grass species alone or in combination for leafy spurge control were evaluated at two locations. Leafy spurge density at the Sheyenne National Grassland and Walcott sites was unchanged by the Aphthona spp. flea beetles 36 mo after release and interseeded native grass seedlings 15 mo after seeding. However, imazapic did reduce leafy spurge density from an average of 92 to 8 stems per sq m 1 yr after application at 105 g/ha. The combined treatment of imazapic plus Aphthona plus interseeded native grasses reduced leafy spurge stem density more effectively than any single treatment at both locations. Canada thistle stem densities initially were higher in the burned compared to non-burned areas because plants were slower to emerge in the non-burned treatments. However, the effect was short-lived and Canada thistle densities were similar regardless of burn treatment by the second season. Canada thistle control
averaged 78% 60 d after treatment with clopyralid, clopyralid plus triclopyr, or picloram when spring applied whether or not application was preceded by a prescribed burn. Control declined to less than 60% by 363 d after application. Previous research to sequence the 3' ends of wild oat plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) genes identified Acc1;1 and Acc1;2 transcripts in the leaf tissue of seedlings, but not Acc1;3. We used sequence information from Acc1;1 and Acc1;2 cDNA to design PCR primers for amplification of ACCase 3' ends from genomic DNA. PCR products were cloned and Acc1;1 was identified among the clones and was sequenced. Thus, sequence information for the 3' ends of all known wild oat plastidic ACCase gene loci have now been obtained. Several data-mining functions are being developed for WeedIT (Weed Information Transfer), but they are not completed. The major limitation of progress on data-mining has been entry and verification of data. However, data from 1992-2004
is now available, which should be enough to obtain useable information for land managers. Also, in development is HIDES (Herbicide Injury Diagnostic Expert System), a hybrid expert system of WeedIT, a tool developed primarily to help non-experts to diagnosis crop injury from herbicide application. Web based weed identification and control publications were developed for both cropland and invasive weeds. The electronic information has been heavily accessed by extension specialists, agronomists, consultants, and ag dealers in a five state region.
Impacts
WeedIT (Weed Information Transfer) allows quick retrieval and summarizing of archived information plus has the capability for data mining to identify correlations between herbicide efficacy on different weed species and various soil and environmental factors. The program is formatted so information from other states could use the same template. The program has been distributed to growers, consultants, and extension personnel in the region. Integrated leafy spurge management using biocontrol agents, herbicides, and competitive grass species has been utilized by land managers in the region, especially those that manage federal lands. The integrated program is more cost-effective and should provide better long-term control than any control method used alone. No differences were found in Canada thistle control when herbicides were combined with a prescribed burn. Herbicide re-treatment may be needed to provide the Canada thistle control desired in a long-term management
plan. The greater long-term concern may be the lack of desirable species present in the seedbank to replace Canada thistle once the weed is controlled. Identification of herbicide resistance mutations in polyploid weeds such as wild oat is complicated by the presence of more than one gene copy for herbicide target sites. Gaining information on all gene copies is important to develop genetic tests for herbicide resistance.
Publications
- Erickson, A. M., and R. G. Lym. 2004. Integration of Aphthona spp. flea beetles and herbicides for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control in the habitat of the western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara), a threatened species. Proc. XI Intern. Symp. Bio. Cont. Weeds (eds Cullen, J. M., Briese, D. T., Kriticos, D. J., Lonsdale, W. M., Morin, L. and Scott, J. k.), pp. 389-393. CISRO Entom., Canberra, Australia.
- Lym, R. G. 2005. Integration of biological control agents with other weed management technologies: Successes from the leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) IPM program. Biological Control. Invited paper. 35:366-375.
- Lym, R. G. and R. Becker. 2004. Herbicide use during Aphthona lacertosa flea beetle establishment expedites control of leafy spurge. Proc. XI Intern. Symp. Bio. Cont. Weeds (eds Cullen, J. M., Briese, D. T., Kriticos, D. J., Lonsdale, W. M., Morin, L. and Scott, J. k.), p. 476. CISRO Entom., Canberra, Australia.
- Kloster, J. D. and C. G. Messersmith. 2004. Humectants as adjuvants with grass control herbicides. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 115. [CD-ROM computer file]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc, Champaign, IL.
- Kloster, J. D. 2005. Humectants as adjuvants with grass-control herbicides. M.S. thesis. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. 66 p.
- Mengistu, L. W., M. J. Christoffers, and R. G. Lym. 2005. A psbA mutation in Kochia scoparia (L.) Shrad. from railroad right-of-way with resistance to diruon, tebuthiuron, and metribuzin. Pest Manage. Sci. 61:1035-1042.
- Woznica, Z., J. D. Nalewaja, C. G. Messersmith, and E. Szelezniak. 2004. Enhancement of foramsulfuron efficacy with magnesium chloride. Pages 129-135. In Proc. Seventh Internat. Symp. Adjuvants for Agriculture. Capetown, South Africa.
- Zollinger, R. K., D. R. Berglund, M. J. Christoffers, A. G. Dexter, G. J. Endres, T. D. Gregoire, K. A. Howatt, B. M Jenks, G. O. Kegode, R. G. Lym, C. G. Messersmith, A. A. Thostenson, and H. H. Valenti. 2005. 2005 Agricultural weed control guide. North Dakota State Univ. Ext. Ser. Cir. W-253R.
- Zollinger, R. K. and R. G. Lym. 2004. Identification and Control of Field Bindweed. North Dakota State Univ. Ext. Ser. Cir. W-802R.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Twelve in-crop and pre-harvest herbicide treatments were evaluated for short- and long-term control of common milkweed. Herbicide treatments consisted of tribenuron plus various tank mix partners applied in-crop followed or not by glyphosate pre-harvest. Milkweed control (visual) ranged from 50 to 81%, 2 months after the in-crop treatment but density varied considerably, due in part to continuous milkweed emergence through the growing season. Glyphosate applied pre-harvest reduced milkweed densities 78 to 93% compared to 42 to 71% for in-crop treatments alone which confirmed glyphosate was more effective when applied in late summer compared to early summer. Canada thistle stem densities initially were higher following a controlled burn compared to the non-burned areas because plants were slower to emerge in the non-burned treatments. However, the effect was short-lived and Canada thistle densities were similar in the burn and non-burned treatments by the second
season. Canada thistle control with spring-applied herbicides was similar with clopyralid, clopyralid plus triclopyr, and picloram whether or not application was preceded by a prescribed burn and averaged 78%, 3 months after treatment. Plastidic ACCase genes from hexaploid wild oat were previously classified as Acc1;1, Acc1;2, or Acc1;3. The Acc1;1 sequence of a herbicide-susceptible biotype originally collected in 1964 was shown to differ from the Acc1;1 alleles of wild oat biotypes collected in 2000, suggesting a distinct origin. The ACCase genes from diploid progenitors of hexaploid wild oat were sequenced to determine the likely origins of Acc1;2, Acc1;3, and the Acc1;1 alleles. Within a 335 bp region, ACCase from the A-genome progenitors Avena strigosa and Avena wiestii were identical and differed from Acc1;2 and the Acc1;1 alleles by one nucleotide each. In contrast, the ACCase region from the C-genome progenitor Avena eriantha differed from that of the other diploid Avena spp.
by nine nucleotides. Following 1 year of burial, survival of biennial wormwood seeds averaged 88% and similar for seeds buried at 0, 2.5, and 10 cm in the soil; whereas survival of lanceleaf sage was 75% for seeds buried at 0 and 2.5 cm in the soil, and 91% for seeds buried at 10 cm. Biennial wormwood seeds geminated best in response to high temperatures (30 to 40 C) with a relatively high diurnal fluctuation (16 C or higher). Following burial in an environment that provided temperatures of -10 C for 42 days, 25 to 35% of the biennial wormwood seeds germinated in response to a constant temperature treatment of 25 C. Lanceleaf sage germination was best when seeds were exposed to constant temperatures of 25 C. Burial in an environment that provided temperatures of -10 C for 42 days caused greater than 50% mortality of seed.
Impacts
Biennial wormwood can emerge throughout the growing season and populations can be genetically distinct from one another. Biennial wormwood competes vigorously with soybean but can be selectively controlled by a few preemergence and postemergence herbicides. Although a prescribed burn caused an initial increase in Canada thistle density and cover, no differences were found in Canada thistle control when herbicides were combined with a prescribed burn. Herbicide re-treatment may be needed to provide the Canada thistle control desired in a long-term management plan. The greater long-term concern may be the lack of desirable species present in the seedbank to replace Canada thistle once the weed is controlled. Management practices to control common milkweed in crop have been described and released to the public in both written, oral, and electronic communication formats.
Publications
- Christoffers, M. J., V. K. Nandula, L. W. Mengistu, and C. G. Messersmith. 2004. Altered herbicide target sites: implications for herbicide-resistant weed management. p. 199-210. In Inderjit, Weed Biology and Management. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Mahoney, K. J. and G. O. Kegode. 2004. Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) biomass allocation and seed production. Weed Sci. 52:246-254.
- Fronning, B. E. and G. O. Kegode. 2004. Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) postemergence control in soybean. Weed Technol. 18:380-387.
- Fronning, B. E. and G. O. Kegode. 2004. Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) early-season control with herbicides. Weed Technol. 18:611-618.
- Jenks, B. M., D. M. Markle, and G. P. Willoughby. 2004. Common milkweed control in wheat. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 57:67.
- Travnicek, A J. 2004. Effect of a prescribed burn and herbicides on Canada thistle control and species composition in a grassland community. M.S. Thesis. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. 62 p.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
The effect Aphthona spp. alone or combined with herbicides and/or competitive grass species on the density of leafy spurge was assessed at two locations. At both locations, Aphthona flea beetle spp have established in the herbicide only treatment plots and in plots established to warm and cool season grasses with or without a herbicide application. The density of leafy spurge tended to be lower when Aphthona flea beetles were combined with a herbicide and/or competitive grass species compared to the absence of flea beetles. Compounds from lanceleaf sage mucilaginous seed coating slightly inhibited kochia but not black nightshade, green foxtail, red root pigweed or wild oat seed germination. Control of lanceleaf sage with carfentrazone and fluroxypyr decreased as plant size increased. Freezing temperatures prior to herbicide application did not influence Canada thistle control in a potato and spring wheat rotation with an average plant reduction of 88% the following
spring. Canada thistle densities were much lower in fields with potato compared to wheat crops regardless of herbicide treatment. Control of milkweed in wheat varied from 50 to 80% with various in crop herbicides, and the best long-term control was achieved when glyphosate was applied preharvest. Two introns upstream of a plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) mutation that confers herbicide resistance in wild oat were sequenced. These intron sequences were compared among the three known wild oat plastidic ACCase gene copies to identify polymorphisms that will allow polymerase chain reaction-based, copy-specific detection of the resistance mutation. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found within the intron furthest upstream, with an additional 3-bp duplication in one ACCase copy. Eight SNPs were found within the intron closest to the mutation site.
Impacts
Biennial wormwood can emerge throughout the growing season and populations can be genetically distinct from one another. Biennial wormwood competes vigorously with soybean but can be selectively controlled by a few preemergence and postemergence herbicides. Producers that have biennial wormwood have limited herbicide options and should incorporate crop rotations that include wheat to help reduce biennial wormwood. Late season Canada thistle control following wheat was very successful even when herbicides were applied after frost. However, Canada thistle density was unaffected by any herbicide applied following potato harvest. Thus, growers should rotate to crops such as wheat following potato in order to prevent Canada thistle expansion on their land.
Publications
- Carlson, M. G. and K. A. Howatt. 2002. Growth analysis of lanceleaf sage in four North Dakota soils. North Central Weed Sci. Soc. Abstr. 57:120 [D:\2002 NCWSS Proceedings\abstracts\120.pdf]. North Central Weed Sci. Soc., Champaign, IL.
- Carlson, M. G. and K. A. Howatt. 2003. Lanceleaf sage growth analysis and competition with hard red spring wheat and soybean. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 56:80.
- Carlson, M. G. 2003. Growth analysis of lanceleaf sage, competition with wheat and soybean, and control with fluroxypyr and carfentrazone. M.S. thesis. North Dakota State University, Plant Sciences, Fargo.
- Ankush Joshi and Denise L. Olson. 2003. The effect of winter environmental conditions on the overwintering success of Aphthona flea beetles. 51st. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Cincinnati, OH.
- Christoffers, M. J. 2003. Genetic diversity among weeds. in R. M. Goodman, ed. The Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. (in press).
- Dvorak, E. E., K. A. Howatt, and L. E. Del Rio Mendoza. 2003. Investigation of mucilaginous coating on lanceleaf sage seed. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 56:91.
- Mengistu, L. W., M. J. Christoffers, and G. O. Kegode. 2002. Genetic diversity of biennial wormwood. Artemisia annua internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, complete sequences. GenBank Accessions AY131969 and AY131970. (sequences).
- Mengistu, L. W., M. J. Christoffers, and G. O. Kegode. 2002. Genetic diversity of biennial wormwood. Artemisia biennis internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, complete sequences. GenBank Accessions AY131967 and AY131968. (sequences).
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
The objectives of this research are to address 1) factors affecting long-term integrated management of leafy spurge; 2) cropping factors that influence Canada thistle control; 3) factors affecting the distribution and survival of common milkweed in the state; 4) to develop and evaluate adjuvants that enhance herbicide efficacy on invasive and aggressive weeds; 5) to determine ACCase mutations in wild oat as a model for resistance to herbicides; 6) to evaluate the competitiveness of and control for lanceleaf sage and biennial wormwood in North Dakota crops; and 7) to distribute in a variety of extension media formats the results and conclusions of this research to farmers and land managers. Prescribed burns were conducted in areas where leafy spurge had been controlled by Aphthona spp. flea beetles and soil cores for seedbank analysis were collected. A Canada thistle study in a wheat and potato cropping sequence was established and initial thistle density determined.
Common milkweed was planted at five densities into land that will be seeded with wheat in 2003. Less than 40% of the common milkweed plants were tall enough to allow contact by a wick applicator without damage to the crop. Primers have been designed to amplify ACCase introns upstream of the wild oat carboxytransferase domain and primers are to be tested. A trial version of WeedIT which contains over 5 years of weed research data is on track for release in January 2003.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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