Source: RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY submitted to NRP
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO EXERCISE AND TRAINING IN HORSES:STUDIES IN HORSE AND HUMAN HEALTH
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0191728
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
May 1, 2013
Project End Date
Apr 30, 2018
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY
3 RUTGERS PLZA
NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08901-8559
Performing Department
Animal Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Horses are the number one livestock species in the state of New Jersey and they rate 4th in economic importance of all agricultural commodities in the state. from racing competition to trail rides. Competitive equine athletes sometimes require treatment by owners and veterinarians for a variety of sports medicine related conditions. Unfortunately, some of those practices and agents can compromise an animals eligibility to compete under the regulations of various state agencies. The data and information generated in studies associated with Objective 1 will allow researchers, veterinarians, and horse owners to provide better care for their horses. Another area of major concern is the growing list of herbal supplements with questionable efficacy for treating a wide variety of medical problems. Many of those products, while classified as natural, still have potent pharmacologic effects. The data and information generated in studies associated with Objective 2 will enhance the ability of researchers, veterinarians, and horse owners to provide for the well being of their horses Over 15 percent of the horses in the USA are over the age of 20 and many of those horses are still active. More data are needed to aid in the management of those animals to insure proper care in their senior years. Data generated in studies associated with this third objective will be used to better understand the basic physiological changes associated with aging with a focus on the role exercise can play as a countermeasure to the decline in function associated with aging.GENERAL METHODS: A series of acute and chronic exercise physiology studies will be performed. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: Objective 1: The information on the effects of therapeutic drugs will be presented in lay and scientific forums and published in various formats including fact sheets and journal articles. The information generated by the PI and his collaborators has been used in the past to shape policy targeted at insuring the integrity of equine sport. It is expected that the applied studies proposed by the PI will continue to shape policy and aid in the care of the equine athlete. Objective 2: The use of supplements costs horse owners billions of dollars. Those products are used despite a lack of sound scientific information on their safety and efficacy. The studies proposed by the PI will continue to generate information to guide horse owners and veterinarians. Objective 3: There are many physiological similarities between horses and humans including the effects of aging and the ability of exercise to reverse many of the deleterious effects of aging that contribute to a decline in the quality of life. The information on how exercise can benefit the older horse will be presented in lay and scientific forums and published in various formats including fact sheets and journal articles.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3053810102050%
3153810102050%
Knowledge Area
305 - Animal Physiological Processes; 315 - Animal Welfare/Well-Being and Protection;

Subject Of Investigation
3810 - Horses, ponies, and mules;

Field Of Science
1020 - Physiology;
Goals / Objectives
Objective 1: To continue to perform a series of experiments to determine if various exogenously administered therapeutic agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. Objective 2: To continue to perform a series of experiments to determine if various exogenously administered nutraceutical agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. In particular to examine the uptake and disposition of flavanols into blood, muscle, and urine and to determine if they reduce cytokine expression in muscle biopsies. Objective 3: For this objective studies will be conducted to further investigate the physiological mechanisms associated with the effects of aging and training on the endocrine response to exercise with a special focus on the control appetite and energy homeostasis
Project Methods
Objective 1: Drugs to be studied: Various therapeutic drugs currently in use by veterinarians in the Northeastern United States will be studied. Animals: All methods and procedures performed in the study will be conducted with the approval of the RU Institutional Board for Animal Care and Use. Twenty, clinically healthy, Standardbred mares (-450 kg; 4-9 yrs) will be used. The mares will be unfit, but accustomed to the lab and running on the treadmill prior to the start of the experiment. General Experimental Protocol: The will be conducted using a series of incremental exercise tests (GXT) and simulated race exercise tests (SRT) to evaluate the effect of various therapeutic agents on markers of performance. The studies will be conducted using a crossover design. Two weeks will be allowed between the first SRT and the second GXT to prevent any carry-over training effect and to logistically maximize the use of the treadmill lab. The drug treatments used will be administered approximately 6 hrs prior to the exercise test (GXT or SRT). Exercise Test Protocol: At the beginning of the experiment each horse will undergo an incremental exercise test (GXT) to measure maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), blood lactate concentration, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration. These tests will be conducted using previously published techniques. Measurements and blood samples will be obtained before exercise, for each step of the GXT and at 2 and 5 min after the GXT. Data will be used to calculate the speed and watts atVO2max, at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mMol/L, and at the maximal step of the treadmill test. The velocity to produce VO2max and the VO2 speed relationship will be used to establish the individualized speed to be used in the simulated race tests (SRT). During the SRT, horses will stand quietly for a 10 min equilibration period. The pre-exercise blood sample (20 mL) will be obtained at the end of this equilibration period. The mares then will run on the treadmill at a fixed 6% grade for a 2 min warm-up at 5 mis, followed by a 2 min run at a speed calculated to be 120% of the speed needed to elicit VO2max, and then for an additional 2 min at 5 m/s as a cool down. Statistical Analyses: Data will be analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures, Student-Newman Keuls tests and Dunnetts test. The null hypothesis will be rejected when P < 0.05. Studies to Address Objective 2: Various nutraceutical agents, currently in use by horse owners and veterinarians in the Northeastern United States will be studied. Methods and procedures will follow the outline provided above for Objective 1. Studies to Address Objective 3: The effects of aging and training will be conducted using the acute exercise tests outlined above and exercise training as performed in several published studies. Specific hypothesis driven experiments will be conducted with the appropriate designs so as to determine the effects of aging on physiological function and to determine if chronic exercise (training) and can ameliorate some of those alterations physiological function associated with aging.

Progress 05/01/13 to 04/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Horse owners, veterinarians and horse industry officals. Department of Defense, human health agencies, sports medicine specialists. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Seminars for stakeholders as well as the Equine Science center Stakeholder report. The information was also presented at international scientific meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We completed three funded projectsduring this period. The first was was a basic science project funded by the Equine Science Center. The title of the project was The effects of an acute bout of maximal exercise before and after chronic training, as well as after detraining, on the unfolded protein response and its role in the adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise in Standardbred horses. In short, this project looked at the cellular mechanism related to amino acid metabolism with a focus on mechanisms that are responsible for muscle hypertrophy with exercise training. In the second project we conducted a study for the Department of Defense and one of their contractors. That project, Oxidative stress in an equine mode sought to use the horse as an animal model to validate a non-invasive transocular device for the measurement of markers of oxidative stress in aqueous humor and plasma in horses subjected to exercise. The third project, Duration of Effect of of E4021 on pulmonary arterial pressures in horses exercising on a treadmill was funded by Equine Sports Medicine Consultants, LLC and Luitpold, Inc.. The drug in question would reduce pulmonary artery pressure to clinically significant levels that may give a new way to treat exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) without enhancing performance. Lasix is the drug currently used to treat EIPH. Lasix only reduces the severity of EIPH and it enhances performance. Therefore, E4021 may be a major breakthrough in the treatment of a disorder that affects 80-90+ percent of racehorses.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bello, N.T., W.C. Cohick, K.H. McKeever, K. Malinowski. Paul D. Sturkie: Avian Cardiac Physiologist. Journal of Poultry Science 97:2203-2206, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Malinowski, K., C. Yee, J.M. Tevlin, E.K. Birks, M.M. Durando, H. Pournajafi-Nazarloo, A.A. Cavaiola, K.H. McKeever. The Effects of Equine Assisted Activities Therapy on Plasma Cortisol and Oxytocin Concentrations and Heart Rate Variability in Horses and Measures of Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 64:17-26, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Avenatti, R.C., K.H. McKeever, D.W. Horohov, K. Malinowski Effects of age and submaximal exercise on physiological markers of stress, inflammatory cytokines, and HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression and protein content in whole blood and skeletal muscle in female Standardbred horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 14:27-45, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: McKeever, K.H., Birks, E.K., Durando, M.M. Effects of a type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor on pulmonary artery pressure in race fit horses, Abstracts of the 10th International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology in Comparative Exercise Physiology, 14:S69, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: McKeever, K.H., Malinowski, K., Maylin, G.A. Evaluation of cobalt as a performance enhancing drug in fit Standardbred race horses. Abstracts of the 10th International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology in Comparative Exercise Physiology 14:S72, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Invited Presentation: Racing Victoria, the primary sponsor of ICEEPX. McKeeverâ¿¿s talk Thermoregulation in Horses During Exercise, Racing Victoria Conference for Trainers and Veterinarians, Moonee Valley Racetrack, Melbourne, Australia, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Invited Lecture: Nutraceuticals: the Science Behind Them. 2nd Simposio International de Nutricion Animal de Biofarma, Rosario, Argentina, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Invited Lecture: From the Laboratory to the Track: Training Horses. 2nd Simposio International de Nutricion Animal de Biofarma, Rosario, Argentina, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Invited Expert Panelist: First Equine International Forum in Dubai at the invitation of the American University of UAE and Sheikh Al Maktoum. Panel 1): Behavior & Psychology, 2017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Invited Expert Panelist: First Equine International Forum in Dubai at the invitation of the American University of UAE and Sheikh Al Maktoum. Panel 2): The Future Directions for Research & Education.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Invited Expert Panelist: First Equine International Forum in Dubai at the invitation of the American University of UAE and Sheikh Al Maktoum. Panel 3): Equine Welfare: Nutrition, Breeding, Doping, and Injuries., 2017.


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Stakeholders in the equine industry, scientists in the field, government and other regulators. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A number of undergraduate as well as graduate students have participated in the lab. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The PI served as an Invited Expert Panelist atthe First Equine International Forum in Dubai at the invitation of the American University of UAE and Sheikh Al Maktoum. Panel 1): Behavior & Psychology, Panel 2): The Future Directions for Research & Education, and Panel 3): Equine Welfare: Nutrition, Breeding, Doping, and Injuries. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to analyze data and write up papers from the many studies conducted during the last 4 years.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: To continue to perform a series of experiments to determine if various exogenously administered therapeutic agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. We completed a 4 year effort to study the effects of a novel PDE-5 inhibitor on pulmonary artery pressure during exercise. This drug is being targeted to replace lasix for the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing horses. Reports have been submitted and papers are being written up. Objective 2: To continue to perform a series of experiments to determine if various exogenously administered nutraceutical agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. In particular to examine the uptake and disposition of flavanols into blood, muscle, and urine and to determine if they reduce cytokine expression in muscle biopsies. We are writting up the results of our work to examoine the effects of cobalt salts on performance in the fit horse.We are analyzing data from a series of experiments conducted to determine the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the metabonomic profile and cellular signaling pathways related to protein metabolism.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: McKeever, K.H. Equine Exercise Physiology. In: The Biology of Domestic Animals, Eds, Colin G. Scanes and Rodney Hill, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Chapter 1, pp 3-17, 2017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Janabi, Ali H.D., Amy S. Biddle, Dylan Klein, Kenneth H. McKeever. The Effects of Acute Strenuous Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Standardbred Racehorses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 13:13-24, 2017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Manso, H.C., Betros, C.L., Gordon, M.E., Manso, H.E.C.C., Watford, M, McKeever, K.H.. Effect of aging and training on body composition, concentrations of glutamine and other amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle in mature Standardbred mares, 13:63-69, 2017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: McKeever, K.H. Nutraceuticals: a goldmine but for whom? Comparative Exercise Physiology 13:121-126, 2017.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Coffin, D., Causey, R., Staniar, B., Williams, C., McKeever, K., Gradil, C., Nadeau, J, Sanchez, A., Lichtenwalner, A., Biddle, A., and Cole K.. Equine Owners Research and Education Needs to Improve Gastrointestinal Health in Their Equids, Journal of the National Association of County Agriculture Agents (NACAA), Volume 10, Issue 1, Article 3, 2017.


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Stakeholders in the horse industry including but not limited to owners, veterinarians, regulators and legislators, and the general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students combined their dissertation projects onto our larger experiements. A large number of undergraduate students participated via the experiential part of the Research in Animal Science and Techniques in Equine Exercise Physiology classes. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been presented at scientific conferences, continuing education programs for veterinarians, physioltherapists,and medical doctors. Results have also been presented to stakeholders in the equine industry via newsletters, the ESC website, public educational seminars and other outlets. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to conduct conduct projects related to the major objectives stated as goals for this project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Several projects related to this research were externally funded and conducted including two which test a new drug to treat horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Our group also conducted a major project which examined the effects of cobalt administration on performance.A project is being written for submission but the findings cannot yet be released until approved. Also, this project has conducted a major study to examine the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on the equine microbiome. A key set of findings from this study is that intense acute exercise does not alter the microbiome of the horse. Secondly, changes associated with exercise training occur during the first weeks of training and are resolved as the horse becomes conditioned. The take home message for the horse owner here is that they should not spend money on probiotic supplements to "treat" horses undergoing acute exercise or exercise training.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: McKeever, K.H. Exercise and rehabilitation of the older horse. In: Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice, Geriatric Medicine, ed. Catherine McGowan. Elsevier, Philadelphia, Vol 32, pp. 317-330, 2016.
  • Type: Books Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: McKeever, K.H. and K. Malinowski. Equine Exercise Physiology. In: The Biology of Domestic Animals, Eds, Colin G. Scanes and Rodney Hill, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, In Press, 2016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: McKeever, K.H., B.A. McNally, R.A. Lehnhard, D.C. Poole. Effect of erythropoietin on blood volume, VO2MAX, and hemodynamics. Respiration Physiology and Neurobiology, 225: 38-47, 2016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Janabi, Ali H.D. Lee J. Kerkhoff, Lori R. McGuinness, Amy S. Biddle, Kenneth H. McKeever. Comparison between a Modified Phenol/Chloroform DNA Extraction method and a Commercial Kit using Regular and Next Generation Sequencing Techniques; Journal of Microbiological Methods 129:14-19, 2016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Janabi, Ali H.D., Amy S. Biddle, Dylan Klein, Kenneth H. McKeever. Exercise Training Changes the Gut Microbiota of Standardbred Racehorses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 12:119-129, 2016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Janabi, Ali H.D., Amy S. Biddle, Dylan Klein, Kenneth H. McKeever. The Effects of Acute Strenuous Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Standardbred Racehorses. Microbiome (Accepted), 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Invited Lecture: Nutraceuticals: a goldmine, but for whom? ICEEP Midterm International Meeting, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Invited Lecture: The Effect of PD Inhibitors on Pulmonary Artery Pressure: Lessons Learned at the Racetrack Thirteenth Annual Innovations and Trends in Cardiovascular Care Symposium 2016 - Excellence in Research and Evidence Based Cardiovascular Care: The future is now. Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, 2016.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience incudes scientists, equine industry professional, legislators and policy settting officials, horse owners, and the general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two PHD students are conducting their research in the lab. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?An update was made at the Equine Science Center annual evening of science and in the Equine Science Center stakeholder report. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on the ongoing projects listed in the goals of this Hatch project

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During this period we conducted several major experiments: The first sought to establish a threshold for the detection of exogenous cobalt administration in race horses. The goal of the second is the characterization of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)in Standardbred horses in response to acute and chronic endurance exercise, as well as de-training; in order to establish the role(s) of the UPR in the adaptations to exercise and the mediation of the inflammatory response The third project is examining the effect of acute exercise and exercise training on the equine microbiome. The fifth project is examining the effects of a simulated race test on GABA concnetrations in race fit Standardbred horses. The sixth projectis evaluatingexogenous cobalt administration as a performance enhancing drug (PED). The seventh project is evaluationg a new formulation of E4021 on Pulmonary Arterial Pressures in Strenuously Exercising Horses using a Treadmill. All seven projects are at various stages with ongoing analysis of samples and data,

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Walker, A.J., S.M. Arent, and K.H.McKeever Effectiveness of a supplement derived from dehydrated cantaloupe juice as a recovery aid for horses following strenuous exercise Comparative Exercise Physiology 11:213-221, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever, K.H. , R.C. Avenatti, and K. Malinowski Aging alters thermoregulation and cardiovascular function in Standardbred horses. Abstracts of the Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation Equine Geriatric Workshop II, Page 45, Middleburge, VA, 2014.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Invited Lecture: Aging, cardiovascular function, and performance in horses. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2014.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Stakeholders in the equine industry, including horse owners, veterinarians, private and public officials, as well as scientists. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Three PhD students and two MS students worked in the laboratory on a variety of ongoing projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Information has been disseminated via scientific and lay publications as well as professional meetings and stakeholder meetings as part of the outreach efforts of the lab and the Equine Science Center. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will conduct a second major trial to examine a drug to replace lasix. We will continue our research into the administration of cobalt to racehorses. We will examine the effects of exercise on the microbiome of the horse.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We conducted a major project to determine the dose and efficacy of a new drug to replace the use of lasix for the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses. Data is in the analysis phase. A small project was completed to examine the effects of various flavors on the palatability of a hyperimmune egg based supplement for muscle recovery in horses. The object of the study was test ways of improving the palatability of a hyper-immune egg based supplement for horses. The same supplement has been licensed for use in humans for the reduction of post-exercise inflammation and muscle soreness. Pilot work conducted by the sponsor determined that horses were reluctant to consume the product when top dressed on their feed. This project was designed to examine the use of various flavors to improve the palatability of the supplement in the horse. Nine unfit, healthy, Standardbred mares were used in a modified crossover design. Horses were housed as a group on a dry lot where they received hay and water ad libitum. The animals were brought into individual stalls at 7 AM and 7 PM daily where they were fed their assigned treatment. During days 1-14 the horses were brought into their assigned stalls and fed 500 grams of a commercial sweet feed twice a day. They were observed until all had stopped eating and/or completed their ration. This period served as an adaptation period and days 8-14 of served as the control for statistical purposes. The horses were then randomly assigned to one of three treatments: Treatment A: egg 50%/ starch 50% microencapsulated/0.3% sweetener Treatment B: egg 50%/ starch 50% microencapsulated/peppermint flavoring at 5% rate Treatment C: egg 50%/ carrot powder 50% microencapsulated/0.3% sweetener The horses were fed their treatment for 7 days followed by a 3 day washout. Each horse rotated through their second treatment for 7 days followed by another 3 day washout period. This was followed by 7 days of the third treatment for each horse. During the treatment phase the horses were fed 500 kg sweet feed mixed with 30 g of the assigned treatment plus 30 g of mineral oil twice per day. Horses given their treatment in their assigned stalls and allowed to eat until no further eating activity took place. The supplement mineral oil and sweet feed mix was weighed prior to feeding and any amountnot consumed was also weighed. The difference was calculated as well as percent eaten. The percent eaten for all 14 feedings (AM and PM) were used for the statistical analysis. The analysis of the data utilized a one way ANOVA. Post-hoc comparison of means used the Student-Newman-Keuls method. Significance was set at p<0.05. Horses ate 100% of the control ration, 98% of the carrot ration, 89% of the peppermint ration and 79% of the supplement mixed only with sweetener. There were no significant differences between control and carrot (Treatment C; P>0.05). Consumption of supplement with peppermint flavoring (Treatment B) was significantly lower than control and carrot but greater (P<0.05) than sweetener (Treatment A). Consumption of Treatment A was significantly lower than all the other treatments. This study served as a pilot for a proposed follow-up study that will test the efficacy of the supplement.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Gordon, M.E., D.L. Thompson, and K.H. McKeever. Effect of exogenous ghrelin infusion on feed intake and metabolic parameters of energy homeostasis in Standardbred mares. Comparative Exercise Physiology 10: 113-122, 2014
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever, K.H. Recent research testing the efficacy of equine feed supplements. Proceedings of the California Animal Nutrition Conference, Fresno, CA, pp. 147-151, 2014
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Avenatti, R.C., K. Malinowski, and K.H. McKeever. Glucose-Insulin homeostasis and characterization of proteins involved in glucose uptake signaling in equine skeletal muscle. American Society of Animal Science JAM, Joint Annual Meeting, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Malinowski, K., R.C. Avenatti, and K.H. McKeever. Ensuring good health and well-being in the aging equine population. American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: 3. Avenatti, R.C., K. Malinowski, and K.H. McKeever. Glucose-Insulin homeostasis and characterization of proteins involved in glucose uptake signaling in equine skeletal muscle. American Society of Animal Science JAM, J. Anim. Sci Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 2:594, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Malinowski, K., R.C. Avenatti, and K.H. McKeever. Ensuring good health and well-being in the aging equine population. American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting, J. Anim. Sci Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 2:32, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever K.H., R.A. Lehnhard, and K.W. Hinchcliff. Hemodynamic and endocrine changes associated with splenic reserve mobilization. Abstracts of 9th International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology, Chester, England, Equine Veterinary Journal, 46: 24, 2014
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Jose-Cunilleras, E. and McKeever, K.H. Body fluids and electrolytes: responses to exercise and training. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine Athlete Second Edition. Eds: K. Hinchcliff, A. Kaneps, R. Geor, Elsevier, Philadelphia, Section 2, Chapter 38, pp. 837-854, 2014.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever, K.H. and R.A. Lehnhard. Age and disuse in Athletes: Effects of detraining, spelling, injury, and aging. In:The Athletic Horse, Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine, 2nd Edition, Eds. D.R. Hodgson, K.H. McKeever, and C.T. McGowan, Elsevier, St. Louis, Section II, Chapters 12, pp. 243-252, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever, K.H. , R.C. Avenatti, and K. Malinowski Aging alters thermoregulation and cardiovascular function in Standardbred horses. Abstracts of the Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation Equine Geriatric Workshop II, Page 45, Middleburge, VA, 2014
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever, K.H. and R.A. Lehnhard Physiology of acid base balance and fluid shifts with exercise. In:The Athletic Horse, Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine, 2nd Edition, Eds. D.R. Hodgson, K.H. McKeever, and C.T. McGowan, Elsevier, St. Louis, Section II, Chapters 6, pp. 69-87, 2014.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McKeever, K.H., P. Davitt, and S. Arent. Hormonal responses to exercise and training. In:The Athletic Horse, Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine, 2nd Edition, Eds. D.R. Hodgson, K.H. McKeever, and C.T. McGowan, Elsevier, St. Louis, Section II, Chapters 7, pp. 88-107, 2014.


Progress 05/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Stakeholders in the equine industry including horse owners, veterinarians, private and public officials as well as scientists. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Currently a PhD student is conducting his research in the lab. A Masters student completed his dissertation research and undergraduates are involved in the research program. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Information has been disseminated via scientific and lay publications as well as professional meetings and stakeholder meetings as part of the outreach efforts of the lab and the Equine Science Center. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We are continuing to conduct experiments in all three areas. Funding has been obtained from private sources.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: We conducted and are in the process ofperforming experiments to determine if various exogenously administered therapeutic agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. Objective 2: We have completeda series of experiments and are in the middle of additional contract research designed to determine if various exogenously administered nutraceutical agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. In particular to examine the uptake and disposition of flavanols into blood, muscle, and urine and to determine if they reduce cytokine expression in muscle biopsies. Objective 3: Ongoing research in the lab is producing data fromstudieselucidatingthe physiological mechanisms associated with the effects of aging and training on the endocrine response to exercise with a special focus on the control appetite and energy homeostasis.

Publications

  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hodgson D, McKeever, K.H. and C. McGowan The Athletic Horse, Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, St. Louis, 2013.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Drake S.D., L.E. Hansen, C. Harris, W.C. Lewis, E. Miller, B. Moranville, M. Blyzka, W.G. Bergen, K.H. McKeever, G.J. Hausman, and M.V. Dodson. Effects of clenbuterol on horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 9:109-117, 2013.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Liburt, N.R., K. McKeever, D. Smarsh, K. Malinowski, R. Geor. The hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis response to stimulation tests before and after exercise training in old vs. young standardbred mares. Journal of Animal Science 91: 5208-5219, 2013.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Norton, R.P., Lehnhard, RA, Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H. Ephedra-induced alterations in cardiovascular function and thermoregulation during acute exercise in horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 9:109-117, 2013.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Betros, C.L., N.M. McKeever, K. Malinowski, H.C. Manso, K.H. McKeever.. Effects of aging and training on resting and intrinsic heart rate in horses. Comparative Exercise Physiol. 9:43-50, 2013.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Liburt, N.R., K.H. McKeever, K. Malinowski, D.N. Smarsh, R. Avenatti. Response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucose homeostasis during and in recovery from acute exercise, before and after training in old and young Standardbred mares. J. Equine Vet. Sci.33:327-328, 2013.


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research during this reporting period focused on the effects of aging and training on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and the interactions with the neuroendocrine and cytokine control of energy homeostasis. The PI also conducted contract work testing a device to measure osmolality of aqueous humor. The work was funded by the Department of Defense and their contractor Chromologic, Inc. The PI continued to teach, publish, and serve as a resource for the equine industry in general and the racing industry in particular. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Horse owners, veterinarians and horse industry officals. Department of Defense, human health agencies, sports medicine specialists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The findings of the studies of the aged horse have increased our knowledge of how aging alters the integration of the endocrine and other physiological systems in the control of energy balance. The information has application to human as well as equine medicine as both species suffer from obesity and the related metabolic disorders. Current research in the PI's lab are building upon that research to determine which signalling proteins are responsible for the observed changes. Potential future impacts may be novel ways to treat obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The information generated in the DOD sponsored project will lead to the development of an instrument that will allow clinicians and scientists to use the non-invasive measurement of aqueous humor osmolality to assess hydration status. This will advance the care of humans and animals by allowing for more rapid treatment of potential life threatening dehydration.

Publications

  • McKeever, K.H. Body fluids and electrolytes: responses to exercise and training. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine Athlete Second Edition. Eds: K. Hinchcliff, A. Kaneps, R. Geor, Elsevier, Philadelphia, In Press, 2012.
  • McKeever, K.H. and R.A. Lehnhard Part 2, Chapter 4. Physiology of acid base balance and fluid shifts with exercise. In:The Athletic Horse 2nd Edition, Eds. D. Hodgson, K.H. McKeever, and C. McGowan, Saunders, Philadelphia, In Press, 2012.
  • McKeever, K.H., P. Davitt, and S. Arent Part 2, Chapter 5: Hormonal responses to exercise and training. In: The Athletic Horse 2nd Edition, Eds. D. Hodgson, K.H. McKeever, and C. McGowan, Saunders, Philadelphia, In Press, 2012.
  • McKeever, K.H. and R.A. Lehnhard Part 2, Chapter 12: Age and disuse (Effects of detraining, spelling, injury, and aging). In: The Athletic Horse 2nd Edition, Eds. D. Hodgson, K.H. McKeever, and C. McGowan, Saunders, Philadelphia, In Press, 2012.
  • Liburt, N.R., M.N. Fugaro, E K. Wunderlich, J. L. Zambito, D.W. Horohov, A. Betancourt, Raymond C. Boston, Raymond Geor, K.H. McKeever. The effect of age and exercise training on insulin sensitivity, fat and muscle tissue cytokine profiles and body composition of old and young Standardbred mares. Comparative Exercise Physiology, In Press Online, 2012.
  • Baldassari, J., W.C. Franke, D.W. Horohov, A. Betancourt, and K.H. McKeever Effects of quercetin on exercise potential and exercise-induced cytokines in the horse Comparative Exercise Physiol. 8:131-142, 2012.
  • Watson, P, R.A. Lehnhard, S. Butterfield, and K.H. McKeever, The metabolic cost to treadmill graded exercise: traditional vs. underwater. Comparative Exercise Physiol. 8:11-17, 2012.
  • Manso, H.C. Filho, H.E. Manso, K.H. McKeever, S.R. Duarte, J.M.G. Abreu, Heart rate of of two breeds of four gaited horses to a simulated field gaited test Comparative Exercise Physiol. 8:41-46, 2012.
  • McKeever, K.H., S.M. Wickler, T. Smith, D.C. Poole Altitude not exercise increases plasma erythropoietin in equids. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7: 193-199, 2011.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two graduate students completed their thesis and dissertation projects. Those projects were focused on the effects of aging and training on the hypothaqlamic pituitary adrenal axis and the interactions with the neuroendocrine and cytokine control of energy homeostasis. The other project finished work sponsored by the Department of Defense where the investigator, his student, and a multiuniversity team examined the anti-inflammatory and performance effects of the flavonol quercetin. The PI continued to teach, publish, and serve as a resource for the equine industry in general and the racing industry in particular. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Horse owners, veterinarians and horse industry officals. Department of Defense, human health agencies, sports medicine specialists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The findings of the studies of the aged horse have increased our knowledge of how aging alters the integration of the endocrine and other physiological systems in the control of energy balance. The information has application to human as well as equine medicine as both species suffer from obesity and the related metabolic disorders. Current research in the PI's lab are building upon that research to determine which signalling proteins are responsible for the observed changes. Potential future impacts may be novel ways to treat obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The second major focus of the PI's work has been on food extracts that can reduce the inflammation seen following exercise. The data answers key questions regarding the safty and efficacy of quercetin, a flavonol found in cranberries and other fruits and vegetables. The extract has been of major interest to the US Army as a supplement that can offset the need to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to fight delayed onset muscle soreness. In the horse phenylbutazone is used heavily to fight soreness. The results will benefit horses as well as humans by offering an alternative to drugs.

Publications

  • McKeever, K.H., S.M. Wickler, T. Smith, and D.C. Poole. 2011. Altitude not exercise increases plasma erythropoietin in the horse. Comparative Exercise Physiology. Published Online doi:10.1017 S1755254011000109).
  • Aulisio, J.L., N.R. Libut, K. Malinowski, and K.H. McKeever. 2011. Training-induced alterations in rump fat thickness and plasma leptin concentration in young and old Standardbred mares. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7: 127-132.
  • Lehnhard, R.A., A.A. Adams, A. Betancourt, D.W. Horohov, N.R. Liburt, J.M. Streltsova, W.C. Franke, and K.H. McKeever. 2011. Phenylbutazone blocks the cytokine response following a high intensity incremental exercise challenge in horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7:103-108.
  • Lehnhard, R.A., M. Barlett, B. Roche, K.W. Hinchcliff, and K.H. McKeever. 2011. Variations in lactate during a graded maximal exercise test due to sampling location and method. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7:81-87.
  • McKeever, K.H.. 2011. Feed Supplements to Maintain Performance and Health, In: Applied Equine Nutrition and Training, ENUTRACO, Ed: Arno Lindner, Wageningen Academic Press, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 179-191.
  • McKeever, K.H. 2011. Endocrine alterations in the equine athlete: an update. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice, Endocrine Diseases, ed. Ramiro Toribio. Elsevier, Philadelphia, Vol. 27:197-218.
  • Liburt, N.R., M.N. Fugaro, E.K. Wunderlich, J.L. Zambito, D.W. Horohov, A. Betancourt, R.C. Boston, K.H. McKeever, R.J. Geor. 2011. The effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and fat and muscle tissue cytokine profiles of old and young Standardbred mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 31:237-238 (Abstract).


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Several experiments were completed during the period in question. Information was disseminated at scientific meetings, lay symposia, the lay press, and scientific journals. PARTICIPANTS: Collaborators included investigators from the University of Kentucky and the University of Maine. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The research projects conducted produced substantial new information on the effects of food extracts on exercise performance and markers of inflammation. The reduction of post-exercise inflammation may lead to better ways to treat delayed onset muscle soreness. In particular a reduction in the use of NSAIDs. The other focus of research was on the effects of aging and training on a variety of physiological systems. The data gained from the horse will benefit our understanding of how to care for older animals. Information gained from this animal model will also help us understand physiological mechanisms associated with aging in humans.

Publications

  • Lehnhard, R.A., M. Barlett, B. Roche, K.W. Hinchcliff, and K.H. McKeever. Variations in lactate during a graded maximal exercise test due to sampling location. Comparative Exercise Physiol 7:81-87, 2010.
  • Korinfsky, E.W. H.C. Manso Filho, H.E. Costa, T.A. Santiago, K.H. McKeever. Metabolic changes in four beat gaited horses after field marcha simulation. Equine Veterinary Journal, 42: 105-109, 2010.
  • McKeever, K.H. , T.L. Eaton, S. Geiser, C.F. Kearns, and R.A. Lehnhard Aging related decreases in thermoregulation and cardiovascular function. Equine Veterinary Journal, Supplement, 42: 220-227, 2010.
  • Liburt, N.R., A. Adams, A. Betancourt, D.W. Horohov, and K.H. McKeever. Exercise-induced increases in cytokine markers of inflammation in muscle and blood in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, Supplement, 42: 280-288, 2010.
  • Smarsh, D., C.A. Williams, N.R. Liburt, J.M. Streltsova, K.H. McKeever. Black tea, orange, ginger, and cranberry extract supplementation to horses undergoing an intense bout of exercise affects oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Equine Veterinary Journal, 42:317-322, 2010.
  • Lehnhard, R.A., A. Szucsik, V. Balaskonis, K. Malinowski, and K. McKeever. Effects of training and cessation of training on plasma tCO2 concentration in Standardbreds. Comparative Exercise Physiol. 7:15-17, 2010.
  • Balaskonis, V, A. Szucsik, R.A. Lehnhard, and K.H. McKeever Effect of pelleted dietary supplements on plasma tCO2 concentration in Standardbred horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7:43-48, 2010.
  • Arent, S.M., M. Senso, D.L. Golem, K.H. McKeever The effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extract on muscle soreness, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine responses to acute anaerobic interval training: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, (doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-11), 2010.
  • Caltibilota, T.J., J.G. Milizio, S.R. Malone, J. Kenney, and K.H. McKeever. Effect of Sucralfate7 on plasma total carbon dioxide concentration in horses subjected to a simulated race test. The Veterinary Journal, 183: 191-195, 2010.
  • Liburt, N.R., K.H. McKeever, D. Smarsh, K. Malinowski The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis response to stimulation tests before and after exercise training in old vs. young standardbred mares Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • Liburt, N.R., M.N. Fugaro, R. Geor, D.W. Horohov, A. Betancourt, Raymond C. Boston, K.H. McKeever. Fat and muscle tissue cytokine profiles, body composition and insulin sensitivity of old vs. young Standardbred mares before and after exercise training. Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • Liburt, N.R., D. Smarsh, R. Avanatti, K. Malinowski, and K.H. McKeever. Response of the equine HPA axis to acute, exhaustive exercise before and after training in old vs. young Standardbred mares. Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • McKeever, K.H. , T.L. Eaton, S. Geiser, C.F. Kearns, and R.A. Lehnhard Aging related decreases in thermoregulation and cardiovascular function. Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • McKeever, K.H., Arent, S.M., Walker, A. The age related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in horses. Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • Aulisio, J.L., N.R. Libut, K. Malinowski, and K.H. McKeever. Leptin, body composition, aging, and training. Equine Comparative Exercise Physiology 7:(4), 2010.
  • Lehnhard, R.A., A.A. Adams, A. Betancourt, D.W. Horohov, N.R. Liburt, J.M. Streltsova, W.C. Franke, K.H. McKeever. Phenylbutazone blocks the cytokine response following a high intensity incremental exercise challenge in horses. Comparative Exercise Physiol. 7(3): 2010.
  • McKeever, K.H. , T.L. Eaton, S. Geiser, C.F. Kearns, and R.A. Lehnhard Aging related decreases in thermoregulation and cardiovascular function. Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • McKeever, K.H., Arent, S.M., Walker, A. The age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in horses. Proceedings of the Havemeyer Foundation Geriatric Horse Workshop, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, Cambridge, MA, October, 2010.
  • Arent, S.M., A. Walker, K.H. McKeever. Maximal aerobic capacity in horses: a retrospective study to identify the age-related breakpoint Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 42:511, 2010.
  • Liburt N.R., K.H. McKeever, J.M. Streltsova, W.C. Franke,6 M.E. Gordon, H.C. M. Filho, DW Horohov, R.T. Rosen, C.T. Ho, A.P. Singh and N. Vorsa. 2010. Effects of ginger and cranberry extracts on the physiological response to exercise and markers of inflammation in horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 6:157-169.


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: During the period in question we continued to focus on factors impacting the equine athlete. We also ustilized the horse as an animal model to study basic physiological responses to exertion. A major project focused on the effects of the flavanol quercetin on markers of performance and markers of inflammation during and following exercise. Funding from the Department of Defense was used in this multidepartmental, multiinstitutional project that teamed up researchers from CAFT, Animal Sciences and the University of Kentucky. The project will aid the US Army in their decisions to continue or not to continue efforts related to the efficacy of quercetin. Other ongoing efforts have focused on the effects of aging and training on the endocrine and cytokine factors associated with glucose regulation, obesity, and insulin resistance. Infomation is being diseminated via scientific and lay presentations and seminars and via scientific publications, lay publications, webinars, and other media. PARTICIPANTS: During the period in questions we collaborated with investigators from several Rutgers departments including Food Science, CAFT, Plant Science, Exercise and Sport Science, and Nutritional Sciences. We also collaborated with investigators from the University of Kentucky, Univsrity of Maine, the US Army Natick Labs and Antidoping Research Inc. TARGET AUDIENCES: Presentations were made at several universites including the University of Kentucky, UC Davis, University of Maine, University College Dublin, UC Irvine, and University of Limerick. Other audiences included stakeholders from the equine industry who attended Horses 2009 and the ESC Equine Update. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The above DOD funded project is the first perfomed in the lab that combines the ability to use blood and muscle samles to examine the cytokine response to exercise in the horse. These techniques allow for a more direct approach to examine muscle, the end tissue of interest in the prevention or modulation of inflammation. Data will benefit both horses and humans as food extracts with anti-inflammatory actions will allow for a lesser reliance on NSAID drugs to counter inflammation.

Publications

  • Manso, H.C., K.H. McKeever M.E. Gordon, H.E. Manso, W.S. Lagakos, G. Wu, M. Watford. Developmental changes in the concentrations of glutamine and other amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle of the Standardbred foal. Journal of Animal Science, 87:2528-2535, 2009.
  • Manso, Filho, H.C., H.E. Costa, G. Wu, K.H. McKeever, M. Watford. Equine placenta expresses glutamine synthetase. Veterinary Research Communication, 33:175-182, 2009.
  • Lehnhard, R.A., H.C. Manso, Filho,, R. Causey, M. Watford, and K.H. McKeever. Maternal and fetal heart rates during exercise in horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 6:43-48, 2009.
  • Liburt, N.R., K.H. McKeever, E.K. Wunderlich Response to Cortisol Stimulation Tests in Old vs. Young Standardbred Mares, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 29:332-333, 2009.
  • Zambito, J., K.H. McKeever, J.M. Streltsova, and N.R. Liburt Effect of Food Extracts on Plasma Electrolytes and Strong Ion Difference During and After Exercise in Standardbred Mares, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 29:479-480, 2009.
  • Caltibilota, T.J., J.G. Milizio, S.R. Malone, J. Kenney, and K.H. McKeever. Effect of Sucralfate on plasma total carbon dioxide concentration in horses subjected to a simulated race test. The Veterinary Journal (doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.003), 2009.
  • Arent, S.M., P. Davitt, D.L. Golem, C.A. Williams, K.H. McKeever, and C.A. Jaouhari. The effects of a post-workout nutraceutical drink on body composition, performance, and hormonal and biochemical responses in Division I college football players. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 6:73-80, 2009.
  • Catlin, D.H., G.A. Maylin, S.A. Benchaar, S.M. Neades, M.S. Timmons, K.H. McKeever. Detection of pegylated-epoetin beta in horse plasma after intravenous administration, Comparative Exercise Physiology. doi:10.1017/S1755254009990171, 2009.
  • Ciolino, D., Lehnhard R.A., and McKeever, K.H. Effect of Gastrogard on plasma tCO2 concentration in Standardbred horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 6:81-87, 2009.
  • Kearns, C.F. and K.H. McKeever. Clenbuterol and the horse revisited. The Veterinary Journal, 182:384-391, 2009.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: During the year in question we have conducted several key experiments and analyzed data some of which has been presented at national and international meetings. The experiments have been part of a team effort that has also been used to teach three graduate students, three GH Cook Senior Honors Thesis students, and approximately 60 undergraduate students enrolled in experiential based classes. Information has been diseminated at seminars, national and international invited talks and RCE sponsored updates. Included in those talks were presentations at veterinary colleges, referal practices and at the International Equine Institute and University of Limerick in Ireland. Data has also been used to support the mission of NJ and NY Racing Commissions with the PI serving as a consultant and expert witness for several key cases. PARTICIPANTS: The project took a multi-departmental, multi-institutional approach with collaboration from Dr. Franke from CAFT, Dr. Nic Vorsa and Dr. Ajay Singh from the PEM Blueberry and Cranberry Institute, Dr. David Horohov from the University of Kentucky Gluck Ctr., Dr. Ray Geor from Michigan State University and Dr. Robert Lehnhard from the University of Maine. Collaborators from the DOD included Dr. Pat Dunn and Dr. Ed Zambraski. The publications listed include several student authors. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The information gathered in the experiments conducted during the past year have allowed horse owners, veterinarians and racing officials to adjust recommendations concerning medications and management practices. The consultations provided by the PI have influenced the formation of new regulations in NJ and other states. Studies of the effects of nutraceuticals have led to increased funding from the DOD to use the horse as an animal model for intermediate studies with data benefiting both humans and horses.

Publications

  • Caltibilota, T.J., J.G. Milizio, S.R. Malone, J. Kenney, and K.H. McKeever. Effect of Sucralfate on plasma total carbon dioxide concentration in horses subjected to a simulated race test. The Veterinary Journal (doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.003), EPub, In Press, 2008.
  • Kearns, C.F. and K.H. McKeever. Clenbuterol and the horse revisited. The Veterinary Journal, (doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.208.08..021), EPub, In Press, 2008.
  • Manso, Filho, H.C., H.E. Costa, G. Wu, K.H. McKeever, M. Watford. Equine placenta expresses glutamine synthetase. Veterinary Research Communication, (doi:10.1007/s11259-008-9167-2), EPub, In Press, 2008.
  • Manso, H.C., K.H. McKeever, G. Wu, and M. Watford. Changes in physiological and biochemical parameters during the post-partum transitional period in Standardbred mares. Journal of Animal Science, 86:3424-3431, 2008.
  • Manso, Filho, H.C., H.E. Costa, Y. Wang, K.H. McKeever, M. Watford,. Distribution of glutamine synthetase and an inverse relationship between glutamine synthetase expression and intramuscular glutamine glutamine concentration in the horse Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology In 150:326-330, 2008.
  • Williams, C.A., M.E. Gordon, C.L. Betros, K.H. McKeever. Apoptosis and antioxidant status are influenced by age and exercise training in horses. Journal of Animal Science 86:576-583, 2008.
  • Liburt, N.R., K.H. McKeever, J.M. Streltsova, H. Manso Filho, M.E. Gordon, D.W. Horohov, R.T. Rosen, W.C. Franke. Effects of Ginger and Cranberry Extracts on Markers of Inflammation & Performance Following Intense Exercise In Horses. Proceedings of the 6th Annual Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference, p. 219, Timonium, MD, 2008.
  • Roos, J., N.R. Liburt, J.M. Streltsova, K.H. McKeever, S. Malone, W. Franke, A.P. Singh, N. Vorsa. Ginger and cranberry and the insulin response to intense exercise in horses. Proceedings of the 6th Annual Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference, p. 227, Timonium , MD, 2008.
  • Malone, S.R., A.P. Singh, N.R. Liburt, N. Vorsa, W. Franke, K.H. McKeever. The bioavailability of a commercially available cranberry powder in an equine model. Proceedings of the 6th Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference. p. 220, Timonium, MD, 2008.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: During the year in question we have conducted several key experiments and analyzed data some of which has been presented at national and international meetings. The experiments have been part of a team effort that has also been used to teach two graduate students, two GH Cook Senior Honors Thesis students, and approximately 60 undergraduate students enrolled in experiential based classes. Information has been diseminated at seminars, national and international invited talks and RCE sponsored updates. Included in those talks were presentations at veterinary colleges, referal practices and at the International Equine Institute and University of Limerick in Ireland. Data has also been used to support the mission of NJ and NY Racing Commissions with the PI serving as a consultant and expert witness for several key cases. PARTICIPANTS: The project took a multi-departmental, multi-institutional approach with collaboration from Dr. Franke and Kokini from CAFT, Dr. Nic Vorsa from the PEM Blueberry and Cranberry Institute, Dr. David Horohov from the University of Kentucky Gluck Ctr.. Collaborators from the DOD included Dr. Pat Dunn and Dr. Ed Zambraski. The publications listed include several student authors.

Impacts
The information gathered in the experiments conducted during the past year have allowed horse owners, veterinarians and racing officials to adjust recommendations concerning medications and management practices. The consultations provided by the PI have influenced the formation of new regulations in NJ and other states. Studies of the effects of nutraceuticals have led to increased funding from the DOD to use the horse as an animal model for intermediate studies with data benefiting both humans and horses.

Publications

  • Kearns, C.F. and K.H. McKeever. Clenbuterol and the horse revisited. The Veterinary Journal, (Submitted for review), 2007.
  • Williams, C.A., M.E. Gordon, C.L. Betros, K.H. McKeever, S. Carlucci. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in young vs. old Standardbreds exercising pre- and post- training. J. Animal Sci. In Press, 2007.
  • Manso, Filho, H.C., K.H. McKeever, M.E. Gordon, H. Costa, M. Watford. Novel findings regarding Glut-4 expression in adipose tissue and muscle in horses - a preliminary report. The Veterinary Journal, 174: 565-569, 2007.
  • Gordon, M.E., K.H. McKeever, C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso, Filho Exercise-induced alterations in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in horses. The Veterinary Journal, 173: 532-540, 2007.
  • Gordon, M.E., C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso, K.H. McKeever. Plasma leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin concentrations in fit vs. unfit Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal, 173-93-102, 2007.
  • Milizio, J.G., T.J. Caltibilota, S. Malone, R.W. Miller, and K.H. McKeever. Effect of a new electtrolyte supplement on plasma tCO2 concentration in Standardbred horses subjected to a simulated race test. Proc. 20th Equine Science Society Symp., pp248-249, Baltimore Maryland, 2007.
  • Caltibilota, T.J., J.G. Milizio, S. Malone, J. Kenney, and K.H. McKeever. Sucralfate does not alter plasma total carbon dioxide concentration in horses subjected to a simulated race test. Proc. 20th Equine Science Society Symp., pp 66-67, Baltimore Maryland, 2007
  • Arent, S.M., J. Pellegrino, K.H. McKeevver, M. Epstein, M. Senso, D. Freidenreich, C.A. Williams, R. Monaco. The impact of nutritional supplementation on performance and muscle breakdown in collegiate soccer players nutritional supplementation, body composition, performance, and hormonal responses in division I college football players. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 39:S361, 2007.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
We have conducted several studies mentioned below in the impact statement that address issues related to the equine industry. Data from those studies also are being used to better understand basic phyiological questions related to human health.

Impacts
Data generated in the lab have increased our understanding of the athletic horse as well as used the horse as a model for basic research on the effects of growth and development and aging. We have published several articles demonstrating that exercise training affects the endocrine control of appetite in the horse. This situation is analogous to anorexia exercans in humans and on a basic level the information will benefit both horses and humans. We have continued to use the horse as an animal model for a US Army funded project investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of food extracts and have a patent in submission as well as publications listed below. New garnered through the success of this project will go in place on December 1, 2006. Finally, we continue to conduct studies to aid in our understanding of various drugs and other practices on performance. Some of this information was published this year and it aids efforts worldwide to maintain the integrity of the competitive horse industry as well as the viability of the overall equine industry in the state and nation.

Publications

  • Kearns, C.F., K.H. McKeever, K. Malinowski. Changes in adiponectin and leptin are associated with changes in fat mass after clenbuterol treatment in horses. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 38:262-267, 2006.
  • Gordon, M.E., C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso Filho, and K.H. McKeever. Plasma leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin concentrations in fit vs. unfit Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal, E-Pub ahead of print. (doi:10.1016/tvjl.2005.11.004), 2006.
  • Kearns, C.F., K.H. McKeever, V. Roegner, S.M. Brady and K. Malinowski Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses The Veterinary Journal, 172: 460-465, 2006.
  • Manso, Filho, H.C., K.H. McKeever, M.E. Gordon, H. Costa, M. Watford. Novel findings regarding Glut-4 expression in adipose tissue and muscle in horses. The Veterinary Journal, Electronic Pub ahead of press, doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.02, 2006.
  • McKeever, J.M., K.H McKeever, J. Alberici, M.E. Gordon, and H.C. Manso, Filho Effect of Gastrogard on markers of performance in Standardbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36:668-671, 2006.
  • Vincent, T.L., J.R. Newton, C.M. Deaton, S.H. Franklin, T. Biddick, K.H. McKeever, P. McDonough, L.E. Young, D.R. Hodgson and D.J. Marlin. A retrospective study of predictive variables for maximal heart rate in horses undergoing strenuous treadmill exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36:146-152, 2006.
  • Abe, T., C.F. Kearns, H.C. Manso, Filho, Y. Sato, K.H. McKeever. Muscle, tendon, and somatotropin responses to restriction of muscle blood flow induced by KAATSU walk training Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36:345-348, 2006.
  • Gordon, M.E., K.H. McKeever, S. Bokman, C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso, Filho Interval exercise alters feed intake as well as leptin and ghrelin concentrations in Standardbred mares Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36:2596-605, 2006.
  • McKeever, K.H., J.M. Agans, S. Geiser, P. Lorimer, and G.A. Maylin. Low dose exogenous erythropoietin elicits an ergogenic effect in Standardbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36:233-238, 2006.
  • Malinowski,K., E. Shock, V. Roegner, P. Rochelle, C. Kearns, P. Guirnalda, K. McKeever. Plasma b-endorphin, cortisol, and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36:2267-273, 2006.
  • Streltsova, J.M., K.H. McKeever, N.R. Liburt, H.C. Manso, Filho, M.E. Gordon, D. Horohov, R. Rosen, W. Franke. Effect of orange peel and black tea extracts on markers of performance and cytokine markers of inflammation in horses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology. 3:126-131, 2006.
  • Gordon, M.E., K.H. McKeever, C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso, Filho Exercise-induced alterations in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in horses. The Veterinary Journal, In Press (doi:10.1016/tvjl.2006.01.003), 2006.
  • Gordon, M.E. and K.H. McKeever Oral and IV nutrient challenges decrease active ghrelin concentrations and alter hormones related to control of appetite and energy balance in horses. J. Animal Science 84: 1682-1690, 2006.
  • Gordon, M., K.H. McKeever, S. Bokman, C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso, Filho, N.R. Liburt, and J. M. Streltsova. Training-induced energy balance mismatch in Standardbred mares. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 3:73-82, 2006.
  • Szucsik, A., V. Balaskonis, K.H. McKeever. Effect of seven common supplements on plasma electrolyte and total carbon dioxide concentration and strong ion difference in Standardbred horses subjected to a simulated race test. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 3:37-44, 2006.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
The purpose of this study was to perform a series of experiments to determine if various therapeutic agents will alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. We also examined the effects of aging and growth and development on the physiological response to exercise with a focus on cardiovascular control and the endocrine control of appetite. Finally, we conduted studies to determine if various nutriceuticals alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance as well as the inflammatory response to exertion.

Impacts
Data generated in the lab have increased our understanding of the athletic horse as well as used the horse as a model for basic research on the effects of aging. We have also used the horse as an animal model for a US Army funded project that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of food extracts with possible patentable information.

Publications

  • Gordon, M.E. and K.H. McKeever Diurnal variation of ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin in Standardbred mares. Journal of Animal Science, 83:6365-6371, 2005.
  • McKeever, K.H. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine The Veterinary Journal, 170:174, 2005.
  • McKeever, K., K. Hinchcliff, S. Alway, J. Farris, J. Lombardo. Acute progressive resistance exercise alters intracardiac pressure in ponies. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2:113-118, 2005.
  • McKeever, K.H. Equine Exercise Physiology. The Veterinary Journal 170:76, 2005.
  • Liburt, N., K. McKeever, J. Streltsova, H. Manso, M. Gordon, D. Horohov, R. Rosen, W. Franke. Effects of ginger and cranberry extracts on markers of inflammation following intense exercise in horses. Proc. 19th Equine Science Society Symp., pp. 109-110, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
  • Williams, C., M. Gordon, C. Betros, S. Carlucci, K. McKeever. Apoptosis and antioxidant status after intense exercise in old vs young horses before and after exercise training. Proc.19th Equine Sci Soc. Symp., pp. 121-122, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
  • Streltsova, J., K.H. McKeever, N.R. Liburt, J. Streltsova, H.C. Manso Filho, M.E. Gordon, D.W. Horohov, R. Rosen, W. Franke. Effects of orange peel and tea extract on markers of performance and cytokine markers of inflammation following acute exercise. Proc. 19th Equine Science Society Symp., p. 113, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
  • Manso, H.C., K.H. McKeever, C.L. Betros, M.E. Gordon, D.T. Wilkinson, H.E.Costa, M. Watford. Glutamine synthetase expression varies in equine muscle. Proc. 19th Equine Science Society Symp., p. 119, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
  • Gordon, M.E., K.H. McKeever C.L. Betros, N. Liburt, J. Streltsova, H. Manso Energy balance mismatch in Standardbred mares. Proc. 19th Equine Science Society Symp., pp. 107-108, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
  • Abe T, Kearns C, Manso H, Sato Y, McKeever K Effects of walk training combined with restriction of limb muscle blood flow on skeletal muscle and tendon size in horses Proc 19th Equine Sci Soc Symp., p. 373, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
  • McKeever, K.H. Aging and how it affects the response to exercise in the horse. In: Equine Geriatric Medicine and Surgery, Ed: J. Bertone, Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp. 69-78, 2005.
  • McKeever, K.H. Does it Work? Testing the efficacy of feed supplements In: Advances in Equine Nutrition III Ed. Joseph D. Pagan. Nottingham University Press, Notingham UK, pp. 65-68, 2005.
  • McKeever, K.H. Can feed cause a positive blood test in racehorses? In: Advances in Equine Nutrition III Ed. Joseph D. Pagan. Nottingham University Press, Notingham UK, pp. 68-76, 2005


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
During the past year we have conducted several multi-institutional (US Army, Univ. of Maine, Tokyo Metropolitin Univ., University of KY, Univ. of MA, etc.) multi-departmental (Nutrition, Food Sciences, Exercise Science, Physiology, etc.) projects that have focused on the equine athlete as well as used the horse as a model for basic and applied research. The nutraceutical project sponsored by the US Army has used the horse as a model to demonstrate the performance and antinflammatory properties of several food extracts. Results will yield articles as well as a possible patent. Five graduate students conducted their research in the lab and will finish in the new year. Key projects focused on 1) the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system and the beneficial effects of training, 2) the effects pregnancy, lactation and growth and development on amino acid and protein turnover and the role of glutamine in normal muscle function, 3) the effects of nutraceuticals on performance and inflammation, and 4) the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the hormones controlling appetite and food intake. The later may help explain why some horses stop eating and may have direct implication for explaining human problems like anorexia exercans and nervosa.

Impacts
Data generated in the lab have increased our understanding of the athletic horse. We have also investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of food extracts with possible patentable information. We have also generated new information on the effects of aging and development.

Publications

  • Manso Filho, H.C., R. Causey, R.A. Lehnhard, and K.H. McKeever. Maternal and fetal heart rates during exercise in horses. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 36:S211-S212, 2004.
  • C.F. Kearns 1, T. Abe 2, H.C. Manso Filho 3, Y. Sato, M. Sleeper, K.H. McKeever. Increases in skeletal muscle size following moderate vascular occlusion in Standardbred horses. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 36:S343, 2004.
  • McKeever, K.H Physiology of body fluids in the equine athlete. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery:Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine Athlete Eds: K. Hinchcliff, A. Kaneps, R. Geor, Elsevier, Philadelphia, Chpt. 38, p. 853-871, 2004.
  • McKeever, K. & M. Gordon Endocrine alterations in the equine athlete. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine Athlete Eds: K. Hinchcliff, A. Kaneps, R. Geor, Elsevier, Philadelphia, Chpt. 35, pp. 793-814, 2004.
  • Malinowski, K, C.F. Kearns, P.D. Guirnalda, V. Roegner, and K.H. McKeever. Effect of chronic clenbuterol administration on immune function in horses. J Animal Sci. 82: 3500-3507, 2004.
  • Abe, T, C.F. Kearns, H.C. Manso Filho, Y. Sato, M. Sleeper, K.H. McKeever. Moderate vascular occlusion produced acute increases in skeletal muscle size and clinical blood parameters in Standardbred horses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1:239-243, 2004.
  • Lehnhard, R.A. K.H. McKeever, C. F. Kearns, and M. D. Beekley. Aging- related changes in fat free mass and myosin heavy chain in Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal 167: 59-66, 2004.
  • Manso Filho, H.C., C.L. Betros, M.E. Gordon, H. Costa, M. Watford, and K.H. McKeever. Changes in plasma and muscle glutamine concentration in horses with aging and exercise training. The Physiologist 47:322, 2004.
  • Gordon, M.E., C.L. Betros, H.C. Manso Filho, and K.H. McKeever. Plasma leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin concentrations in ft vs. unfit Standardbred mares. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 36:S303, 2004.
  • McKeever, K.H., M.E. Gordon, C.L. Betros, and H.C. Manso Filho Exercise-Induced alterations in plasma insulin, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin concentrations in horses. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 36:S139-S140, 2004.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
We have conducted a series of studies that have yielded new information that will ultimately benefit the way we care for horses. Experiments have examined if various management practices, therapeutic drugs, and nutraceuticals affect exercise performance.

Impacts
Data generated in the lab have increased our understanding of the athletic horse. We have also generated new information on the effects of aging and development.

Publications

  • Beekley, M.D., J.M. Ideus, W.F. Brechue, C.F. Kearns, K.H. McKeever. Chronic clenbuterol administration alters myosin heavy chain composition in Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal 165: 234-239, 2003.
  • McKeever, K., R. Norton, C. Kearns, C. Betros, M. Gordon, H. Manso Filho Effect of Ma Huang on Cardiovascular Function and Exercise Performance in Horses. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise. 35:S267, 2003.
  • McKeever, K.H Exercise and the geriatric equid. Clinical techniques in equine practice - sports medicine/exercise physiology series, 2 (4):September, 2003.
  • McKeever, K.H. Overtraining Syndrome In Standardbred Horses: New Insight into the Role of Red Blood Cell Hypervolemia The Veterinary Journal 165:190-192, 2003.
  • Lehnhard, R.A. K.H. McKeever, C. F. Kearns, and M. D. Beekley. Aging- related changes in fat free mass and myosin heavy chain in Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal 167: 59-66, 2004.
  • Plant, D.R., C.F. Kearns, K.H. McKeever, G.S. Lynch. Short-term clenbuterol treatment does not affect Ca2+-sensitivity of fast skeletal muscle fibers from horses. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, 24: 471-476, 2003.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Various management practices, therapeutic drugs, and nutriceuticals affect exercise performance in the horse. We performed a series of experiments to determine if various management practices affect plasma tCO2 concentration. Other experiments were conducted to determine if various therapeutic agents alter aerobic capacity and exercise performance in horses. Several publications were generated showing the effects of those practices/agents on the physiology of the horse.

Impacts
Information from these studies will be used by horse owners, trainers, and veterinarians to better the care and management of horses and by various governmental agencies form policy.

Publications

  • McKeever, K.H., Szucsik, A.M., Balaskonis, V.B., Betros, C.L., C.F. Kearns, C.F. and Malinowski, K.. 2002. Effect of management practices and training on plasma tCO2 concentration in horses J. Animal Science 80 (Supplement 1): 172.
  • Malinowski,K., Shock, E., Roegner, V., Rochelle, P., Kearns, C., Guirnalda, P. and McKeever, K.. 2002. Age and exercise training alter plasma b-endorphin, cortisol, and immune parameters in horses. J. Animal Science 80 (Supplement 1):156.
  • Sleeper, M., Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H.. 2002. Chronic clenbuterol administration negatively alters cardiac function in the horse. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 34:643-650.
  • McKeever, K.H. 2002. Does it Work? Testing the efficacy of feed supplements In: Proceedings of the 12th KER Equine Nutrition Conference "Nutrition of the Performance Horse-An International Perspective" pp. 95-98.
  • McKeever, K.H. 2002. Can feed cause a positive blood test in racehorses? Some recent information on the effect of dietary supplements on plasma tCO2 concentration in horses. Proceedings of the 12th KER Equine Nutrition Conference "Nutrition of the Performance Horse-An International Perspective." pp.65-72.
  • Betros, C.L., McKeever, K.H., Kearns, C.F. and Malinowski, K.. 2002. Effects of aging and training on maximal heart rate and VO2max Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 34:100-105.
  • McKeever, K.H., Kearns, C.F. and Antas, L.A.. 2002. Endothelin response to exercise in horses. The Veterinary Journal 164:41-49, 2002.
  • McKeever, K.H., Scali, R., Geiser, S. and Kearns, C.F. 2002. Plasma aldosterone concentration and renal sodium excretion are altered during the first days of training in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 34:524-531.
  • Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H, Kumagai, K., Abe, T.. 2002. Fat-Free mass is related to one mile race performance in elite Standardbred horses. The Veterinary Journal 163:260-266.
  • McKeever, K.H. 2002. Exercise physiology of the older horse. In: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; Geriatrics, edited by J.M. MacLeay, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 18:469-502.
  • McKeever, K.H. 2002. Endocrine response to the challenge of exercise. In: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; Equine Endocrinology, eds Messer, N.T. and P.J. Johnson W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 18:321-354.
  • Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H., Roegner, V., Brady, S. and Malinowski, K. 2002. Adipopnectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses The Veterinary Journal (Submitted for Review).
  • Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H., Roegner, V., Brady, S. and Malinowski, K. 2002. Changes in adiponectin and leptin are associated with changes in fat mass after clenbuterol treatment in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology (Submitted for review).
  • McKeever, K.H., Wickler, S.M., Smith, T. 2002. Altitude not exercise increases plasma erythropoietin in the horse. J. Appl. Physiol. (Accepted subject to revision).
  • Lehnhard, R.A.,McKeever, K.H., Kearns, C.F. and Beekley, M. 2002. Aging-related changes in fat free mass and myosin heavy chain in Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal (Accepted for Publication)
  • Plant, D.R., Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H. G.S. Lynch, G.S. 2002. Short-term clenbuterol treatment does not affect Ca2+-sensitivity of fast skeletal muscle fibers from horses. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, (Accepted for Publication).
  • Beekley, M.D., Ideus, J.M., Brechue, W., Kearns, C.F., and McKeever, K.H. 2002. Chronic clenbuterol administration alters myosin heavy chain composition in Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal (In Press).
  • Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H.. 2002. Clenbuterol disrupts central mechanisms of aerobic performance in the horse. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 34:1976-1985.
  • Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H. and Abe, T.. 2002. Overview of horse body composition and muscle architecture- implications for performance. The Veterinary Journal 64:224-234, 2002.
  • Roche, B.M., Schwartz, D., Lehnhard, R.A., McKeever, K.H., Nakayama, T., Kirby, T.E., Robitaille, P-M., Hamilin, R.L 2002. Changes in concentrations of neuroendocrine hormones and catecholamines in dogs with myocardial failure produced by rapid ventricular pacing. Am. J. Vet. Res., 63:1413-1417.
  • Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H., John-Alder, H., Abe, T. and Brechue, W.. 2002. Body composition and other predictors of maximal oxygen uptake. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 34:485-490, 2002.
  • Malinowski, K., Betros, C.L., Flora, L., Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H.. 2002. Effect of training on age-related changes in plasma insulin and glucose. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 34:147-153.


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
No progress to report -- too early in the life of the project to report any activities.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • No publications reported this period