Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Data were collected for 10 continuous years on constructed wetlands treatment of an anaerobic poultry lagoon effluent for BOD5, COD, TKN, NH4, P and K. Samples were taken at the effluent of the third stage of the lagoon system and at the effluent of each of the second cells of the 3 two-cell wetlands series. Averages of the data treatment efficiencies were attained after the removal of the vegetative matter (plant remains) following the first freeze in the fall of each year. The removal efficiencies were 41.9%, 48.9%, 38.5% 36.2%, 27.2%, and 17.3% for BOD5, COD, TKN, NH4, PO4, and K respectively. Non-removal of the plant residues would logically produce unacceptable treatment efficiencies. Work continued on a single comprehensive design equation (called the Universal Methane Productivity Equation, UMPE) for methane production from agricultural residues (for both mesophilic and thermophilic). The form of this equation is: N = 0.5 A F (0.5 + ATAN (((D (T-35)
B)-F)/0.211)/2.95). The numerical values of parameters A, B, and 2, necessary to use this equation are: Swine Beef Poultry Dairy A 0.6164 0.4815 0.6064 0.2266 B 6.69 9.21 4.89 10.12 and 2 = Van't Hoff-Arrhenius constant, 1.0355. The overall correlation coefficient, R, for the entire mesophillic and thermophillic data set was 0.978 and 156 total data points were used in the verification of the equation. The physical and chemical properties of densified poultry litter have been quantified. The optimal moisture content and pressure to compact poultry litter have been researched. The impacts of densification on nutrient content of broiler litter have been determined. Samples collected up to 14 days after densification decreased in nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentrations over time. Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations increased in the litter bricks for the same period. The pH of litter bricks also increased from 7.5 to 8.7. Density of samples decreased over time from 1109 to
952 kg per m3. An acid/ammonia process was developed to add value to broiler poultry litter to make it a potential source of crude protein for use as an enhanced nitrogen fertilizer, as an aquaculture and ruminant feed source, and as a nutrient adjunct for corn-to-ethanol fermentation. The process changes the appearance and olfactory characteristics of the litter to help disassociate it from the negative conations of raw litter. Preliminary studies indicate that the process increases the crude protein level by 60% with a significant change in the appearance and olfactory characteristics of the litter. Future studies will be devoted to the conversion of the crude protein to true protein thereby adding more uses and economic value to the litter.
Impacts
The analysis of the wetlands data for evaluation of pollution abatement parameters is the only analysis over a ten year period in the U.S. for the treatment of poultry lagoon wastewater. This data include the actual removal efficiencies of BOD5, COD, TKN, NH4, P and K through the wetlands system. Work on the UMPE (Universal Methane Productivity Equation) produced the Van't Hoff-Arrhenius temperature constant and the characterizing coefficients necessary to use the equation on the four major agricultural animal waste types. Work has shown predictive ability of the UMPE on animal waste to be in the 98 percentile range. Densification could lower transportation costs and negative environmental impacts of broiler litter. Some changes in nutrient content occur subsequent to densification of broiler litter, which will necessitate alterations in application rates in comparison to raw broiler litter. The acid/ammonia process could add economic value to broiler poultry litter
and increase its use as a valuable/marketable resource of agriculture.
Publications
- Whittington, S.F., C.W. Wood, B.H. Wood, R.L. Raper, D.W. Reeves, and G.E. Brinks. 2007. Tillage and forage system effects on forage yields and nutrient uptake under broiler litter-amended soils. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38:2535-2556.
- Bender, M.R. and C.W. Wood. 2007. Above and below-ground measurement of greenhouse gases from swine effluent amended soil. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38:2479-2503.
- Hammac II, W.A., C.W. Wood, B.H. Wood, O.O. Fasina, Y. Feng, and J. N. Shaw. 2007. Determination of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus from pelletized broiler litter. Sci. Res. Essay 2(4):89-94. http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE/contents/2007cont/Apr.htm
- Sturgeon, Laura, C.W. Wood, J.P. Fulton, B.H. Wood. 2007. Fertilizer Value of Densified Broiler Litter. In Abstracts of technical papers, 2007 annual meeting, S. Branch, ASA, 104th, Mobile, AL. 3 to 6 Feb. 2007. ASA Madison, WI.
- Sturgeon, Laura, C.W. Wood, J.P. Fulton, B.H. Wood. 2007. Fertilizer Value of Densified Broiler Litter. p. 77. In Abstracts. 17th Annual GSC Research Forum. 6 to 8 March. 2007. Auburn University. Auburn, AL.
- Macklin, K.S., J. P. Blake, J.B. Hess and T.A. McCaskey. 2007. Bacterial levels associated with lime as a litter amendment. 59th Annual International Poultry Expo Atlanta, GA, January 24-26, 2007. (Abstract)
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Background data of lysimeters placed between the cells and around the periphery (5m) of a constructed wetlands treating poultry lagoon effluent for 10 years at depths of 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.3m showed no great spatial variation in the parameters of N, P, COD, alkalinity and pH, with average data respectively of 72.3, 3.1, 157.6, 672.3 (mg/l) and 6.1 (pH) for the 0.3m depth. Nitrogen continually increased, both with time and depth. The final average of Total N at the 0.3m depth was 153.5 mg-N/l at the lysimeters located between the cells. At the 3.3m depth, the value was 57.6 mg-N/l. Increases in all parameters at the 5m distance on the periphery (all depths) was negligible. Work on a single comprehensive design equation for digestion of agricultural waste residue (named UMPE) was begun. This design equation accounts for all parameters in the design of methane production systems. Given design parameters for a system, the equation will give the projected volumetric
methane productivity. The form of this equation is: φ = 0.5 A σ (0.5 + ATAN (((θ (T-35) (B-σ))/0.211)/2.95) where: A = unstressed (maximum) VS reduction, B = inhibitory loading rate, φ =volumetric methane productivity, σ = VS loading rate, T = operating temperature, and θ = Van't Hoff-Arrhenius constant. Accuracy, based on preliminary work, will be in the 96 percentile range. Studies are being conducted determine the impacts of densification of broiler litter on nutrients and forage yield. Broiler litter was subjected to approximately 193 MPa of pressure and compacted into 30.5 x 30.5 x 20 cm bricks. Samples are collected at various time periods over one year to determine differences in nutrient content, temperature, and density. Density of bricks decreased over time from 1109 kg m-3 to 952 kg m-3. Internal temperature of litter bricks increased and then decreased to ambient temperature within 14 days. As density of bricks decreased, N and C
concentrations decreased. Nitrogen and C loss are likely due to microbial respiration in the litter. Phosphorus and potassium, however, increase in concentration over time because of a decrease in brick density. An objective of composting is to destroy pathogens. For class A municipal solid waste EPA requires the composting process to achieve and maintain 50C for >5 days. This condition is readily achieved during poultry mortality composting. A study showed that Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Salmonella spp. inoculated (105/gram) into poultry mortality compost were reduced by 8 logs in 10 h at 50C. At 60C pathogen die-off was faster, but at 40C they persisted for more than 3 days with viable counts of >105g of compost. Listeria was more heat-tolerant at 50C than the other pathogens. Listeria required 1.2 h at 50C to reduce the viable count 90%, E. coli required 0.75 h and Salmonella 0.56 h .To ensure the elimination of these pathogens, the minimum temperature of poultry mortality
compost should attain 50C or higher for 5 days.
Impacts
The analysis of the wetlands data for evaluation of the movement of nutrients in the soil and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus around and below the wetland cells provides the only such analysis over a ten year period in the U.S. using poultry waste. This data also includes the actual treatment parameters used to determine the efficiency of the wetlands system in pollution control and abatement over a ten year period. Work in 2006 on the UMPE (Universal Methane Productivity Equation) produced an equation with 2 biological constants and one temperature coefficient that describes the production of methane gas from any organic waste material. It is based on work that began over 30 years ago and will be a significant engineering achievement in the design of biological systems for the production of methane gas from any organic waste material (human, animal, crop residue, yard waste, or any combination). Preliminary work has shown predictability to be in the 96
percentile range. When transportation costs are considered, densified poultry litter used as fertilizer could be transported further than raw poultry litter. Densification could lower transportation costs of poultry litter.The study demonstrated that Listeria monocytogens, E. coli and Salmonella spp. are eliminated in poultry mortality compost by the composting guidelines recommended by EPA for class A municipal solid waste.
Publications
- Gacengo, C.N., C.W. Wood, J.N. Shaw, K.S. Balkcom, and R.L. Raper. 2006. Effects of soil management and landscape factors on greenhouse gas emissions. Southern Association of Agricultural scientists, Southern Region Branch Conference. February 2-4, 2006, Orlando, FL.
- Yang, S.Y., K. S. Ji, Y.H. Baik, W.S. Kwak, and T.A. McCaskey. 2006. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation of food waste for swine feed. Bioresource Technol. 97:1858-1864.
- McCaskey, T.A. 2006. Bacterial pathogen die-off in poultry mortality compost. Proceedings 2006 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. Oct. 23-25, Springdale, AK. pp. 54-58.
- McCaskey, T.A. 2006. Evaluation of ten recipes for composting poultry mortalities. Proceedings 2006 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. Oct. 23-25, Springdale, AK. pp. 69-76.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
A two cell constructed wetlands treated poultry lagoon effluent continuously for 10 years at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Poultry Research Unit. This past year, progress was made in converting about 10,000 additional data points from the 37,000 originally collected for a total of approximately 25,000 into the final data for BOD, COD, NH3, alkalinity and PO4. It is anticipated that this data analysis and reporting will last at least one more year. This effort is not at the stage that warrants preliminary reporting at present. The data from the lagoon renovation project reports suggestions for future research in the area of renovating aged animal waste treatment lagoons. Sampling of the contents of the lagoon is critical in determining the status of the lagoon. The lagoon should be broken into four quadrants, and four samples should be taken randomly within each of these quadrants. Samples should also be taken at any point of special interest such as the
influent point, any discharge points, the deepest point in the lagoon, as well as any unusually shallow areas within the lagoon. A large number of depth measurements also need to be taken to yield a greater accuracy when computing lagoon and sludge volume. Studies were performed to measure bioavailable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from pelletized broiler litter in the greenhouse. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were grown to determine dry matter accumulation and uptake of N and P. Cumulative data for all three cuttings showed that pelletized broiler litter had lower uptake of N and P in comparison to reagent grade N and P (R2 = 0.95 and 0.86). Dry biomass production owing to use of pellets was less than that for NH4NO3 in the N experiment (R2 = 0.91), but biomass production from the use of pellets was similar to that of CaHPO4 for the P experiment (R2 = 0.65). A study was conducted to evaluate hydrated lime as a breeding
treatment in dairy cow free-stalls to control mastitis. Somatic cell counts in quarter, foremilk>165,000/ml determined by the Wisconsin Mastitis test were used to determine the incidence of mastitis. Based on monthly quarter milk samples collected over a 12-month period, 21.1% of the quarters of the control cows and 10.0% of the quarters of the lime treatment cows had mastitic quarters. The application of 50g of hydrated lime daily to the back 1/3 of the stalls bedded with 0.77 kg of peanut hulls reduced the incidence of mastitis in quarters of cows using the stalls by 50%. The cost to lime treat one stall was calculated to be $0.011/day or $4.02/cow/year.
Impacts
The wetlands data analysis includes the movement of nutrients in the soil and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus around and below the wetland cells and the actual treatment parameters used to determine the efficiency of the wetlands system in pollution control and abatement over a ten year period. The data from the lagoon renovation project reports suggestions for future research in the area of renovating aged animal waste treatment lagoons. Studies on use of pelletized broiler litter as a source of N and P for plants indicate that it is a useful fertilizer. However, N and P contained in the broiler litter pellets may not be as available as that in inorganic fertilizer. Mastitis is estimated to cost the US dairy industry about $1 billion annually. Infectious mastitis can be contracted from several sources including the cow environment such as wet, muddy, and manure-soiled paddocks and stalls where the cow lies down. The economic benefit of lime treating dairy cow
stalls was estimated to improve milk production by $46.53/cow/year.
Publications
- Kwak, W.S., J. W. Huh, and T. A. McCaskey. 2005. Effect of processing time on enteric bacteria survival and on temperature and chemical composition of broiler poultry litter processed by two methods. Bioresource Technol. 96:1529-1536.
- McMullen, J., O.O. Fasina, C.W. Wood, and Y. Feng. 2005. Storage and handling characteristics of pellets from poultry litter. Applied Eng. Ag.21(4):645-651.
- Sullivan, D.G., C.W. Wood, W.F. Owsley, M.L. Norfleet, B.H. Wood, J.N. Shaw, and J.F. Adams. 2005. Denitrification from a swine waste amended pasture. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 36 (9&10):1277-1288.
- Yang, S. Y., K. S. Ji, Y. H. Baik, W. S. Kwak, and T. A. McCaskey. 2006. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation of food waste for swine feed. Bioresource Technol. (Submitted for publication).
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
A two cell constructed wetlands treated poultry lagoon effluent continuously for 10 years at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station s Poultry Research Unit. This past year, progress was made in converting about 15000 of the data points from raw hand recorded data into the final data for BOD, COD, NH3, alkalinity and PO4. It is anticipated that this data analysis and reporting will last at least two more years. This effort is not at the stage that warrants preliminary reporting at present. The data from the lagoon renovation project reports the analysis of the stratification of the sludge layers in aged lagoons. The pollution parameters (COD, nitrogen, phosphorus and solids) become concentrated greater in the lower sludge depths. The level of these components also become approximately constant in the upper 1.0m of the sludge layer. Therefore, undiluted sludge would have a higher agro-economic value, on a volume basis, due to the greater nitrogen and phosphorous
concentrations found in the deepest sludge. Data collected in spring of 2004 from an experiment in Shorter, AL designed to determine the impact of soil/tillage/manure management across terrain on greenhouse gas emissions represent only one point in time, but suggest: 1) CO2 emissions are greatest under conventional tillage on upland and concave landscape positions whether or not dairy manure has been applied, while they are greatest under no-till in concave positions. It appears that fall-applied dairy manure has little influence on CO2 emissions at this site. 2) Methane emissions are small at this site, and in many cases the soil serves as a sink for CH4. Greatest emissions appear to be on concave slopes with the exceptions of the no-till/sideslope and no-till + manure/upland positions. 3) Nitrous oxide emissions are greater under conventional tillage than no-till, and for most management/landscape combinations the greatest N2O emissions occur on concave positions. Studies have
progressed from a laboratory assessment to field studies for evaluation of alkaline earth oxides as an intervention strategy to control pathogens in cattle environments. Laboratory studies showed that inoculations of 1 million E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella per gram of bovine feces treated with 2% W/W of calcium oxide eliminated these enteric pathogens in less than 10 minutes. A field study is underway to evaluate calcium oxide treatment of dairy cow free stall bedding for control of mastitis. Treated bedding has been demonstrated to be effective in controlling environmental mastitic pathogens such as E. coli. The ongoing study is also monitoring the incidence of mastitis in two groups of lactating dairy cows.
Impacts
The analysis of the wetlands data for evaluation of the movement of nutrients in the soil and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus around and below the wetland cells includes the actual treatment parameters used to determine the efficiency of the wetlands system in pollution control and abatement over a ten year period. The data from the lagoon renovation project reports the analysis of the stratification of the sludge layers in aged lagoons. Undiluted sludge would have a higher agro-economic value, on a volume basis, due to the greater nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations found in the deepest sludge. Information from the greenhouse gas emissions project will aid in the development of agro-ecosystem management that reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The information gathered will also feed estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in the southeastern U.S. Intervention strategies to control zoonotic, enteric pathogens in cattle environments is being
advocated by USDA/FSIS as an important strategy to reduce the incidence of pathogens in animal derived foods. There is also the opportunity to reduce the incidence of mastitis in dairy cattle through the use of intervention strategies. Benefits to the dairy industry alone are estimated to be between $1 billion annually.
Publications
- Hainze, M.T.M., R.B. Muntifering, C.W. Wood, C.A. McCall, and B.H. Wood. 2004. Faecal phosphorus excretion from horses fed typical diets with and without added phytase. Animal Feed Sci. and Tech. 117(3-4):265-279.
- Wood, C.W., K.A. Cummins, C.C. Williams, and B.H. Wood. 2004. Impact of diet and age on element excretion from dogs. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal. 35:1263-1270.
- Wood, C.W., J.F. Adams, and B.H. Wood. 2004. Soil management and conservation: nutrient management: macronutrients. p. 387-393 In Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, Vol. 2, D. Hillel (ed.). Academic Press, London, UK.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Last year's report stated that approximately 30,000 bits of data were involved in the 10 year constructed wetlands project. Actually, more that 37,000 data points have been tabulated. This past year, progress was made in converting about 5000 of the data points from raw hand recorded data into the final data for BOD, COD, NH3, alkalinity and PO4. It is anticipated that this data analysis and reporting will last at least two more years. This effort is not at the stage that warrants preliminary reporting at present. The objective of a second project was the development of a pumping and filtration system used for the removal of the lower sludge layer of a swine lagoon without disturbing the supernatant. The material that was removed from the lagoon was taken from three locations; the inflow/tank of the filter; the outflow from the diverter to the sludge pile on the ground; and the return flow to the lagoon. The average values from this analysis were 5.62, 16.39 and 0.03%
for TS; 39,291, 40,439 and 3,857 mg O2/L for COD; 3,275, 3,198 and 295 mg PO4/L for TP; and 3,867, 3,152 and 1,138 mg TKN/L for nitrogen for the inflow/tank, screen and lagoon return, respectively. The amount of poultry litter (PL) and plant nutrients removed from 19 broiler houses in the Sand Mountain region of Alabama during cleanout was determined. PL mass averaged 1.11 kg/bird, with mean N and P concentrations of 32 and 19 g/kg, respectively. Arsenic (As) concentrations of 40 PL samples from the southeastern USA were determined. Arsenic in PL was highly soluble with an average of 71% of water-soluble extractions. Roxarsone was the major As species in 50% of PL samples. However, the presence of As(V) as the major species in 50% of the PL samples indicates that mineralization of roxarsone had occurred. Ammonia volatilization was quantified from three circular bermudagrass plots receiving three split swine effluent applications during three growing seasons. Peak volatilization rates
ranged from approximately 3 to 8 kg NH3 ha-1 day-1, and total N losses were between 8 to 31% of N applied as swine effluent supplemented with ammonium nitrate.The dissemination of enteric, zoonotic bacterial pathogens among feedlot cattle is more likely to occur via the feces of an infected animal to the hair coat, hide, and hoofs of pen mate animals. Intervention strategies to control the spread of pathogens at the livestock production unit could reduce the incidence of E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella on retail meats. Studies have demonstrated that calcium and magnesium oxides are effective germicides when applied to bovine feces at 2% W/W necessary to achieve a pH of 12 in the feces. At pH 12 microbial activity and ammonification cease. Odor of the feces is substantially reduced, insects are repelled, water binding in the feces occurs, and phosphorous in the feces is tied up as insoluble calcium and magnesium salts. E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella inoculated into bovine feces at 1
million bacteria per gram of feces die off in less than 10 minutes when 2% alkaline earth oxide is incorporated into the feces.
Impacts
The analysis of the wetlands data includes the actual treatment parameters used to determine the efficiency of the wetlands system in pollution control and abatement over a ten year period. The lagoon renovation project results provide data that indicate that effective solids separation can be achieved simultaneously during the sludge removal procedure. A majority of the solids, COD, TP and TKN are retained on the screen while marginal separation results were obtained for K and OP. This has the effect of concentrating the nutrients in a smaller volume of material before final disposal. Results of poultry litter analytical studies indicate that 1) less litter, and, thus, less nutrients are produced/excreted than previously stimated, and 2) the high solubility of As from litter and its apparent ready mineralization to inorganic forms coupled with the large quantity of litter that is annually land-applied Southeast suggests a potential detrimental effect on soil and
water quality in the long term. Ammonia volatilization from swine effluent studies indicate that losses associated were greatest immediately following application and quickly diminished to background rates. To reduce the incidence of E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella in retail beef, the USDA is pursuing strategies to control the pathogens at the farm. Studies have demonstrated the application of 2% W/W of calcium and magnesium oxide to feces kills 1 million enteric pathogens in < 10 minutes.
Publications
- Hill, D. T., T. W. Tyson and D. A. Mays. 2003. Animal Waste Lagoon Renovation and Solid Waste Management. Final Completion Report. S-1000 Contributing Project. BioSystems Engineering Department. Auburn University, AL 36849-5417.
- Jackson, B.P., P.M. Bertsch, M.L. Cabrera, J.J. Camberato, J.C. Seaman, and C.W. Wood. 2003. Trace element speciation in poultry litter. J. Env. Qual. 32:535-540.
- Sullivan, D.G., C.W. Wood, W.F. Owsley, M.L. Norfleet, B.H. Wood, J.N. Shaw, and J.F. Adams. 2003. Ammonia volatilization from a swine waste amended pasture. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34(11 & 12): 14991510.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
A two cell constructed wetlands has been treating poultry lagoon effluent continuously for 10 years. Data will be evaluated and analyzed for treatment efficiency as measured by COD removal, nitrogen conversion and removal as well as the fate of phosphorus. There are approximately 37,000 bits of data existing for various kinds of analysis. Determining the best approach and analysis technique will occupy most of the first year of this effort. A second project involved sludge removal from lagoons. This involved the development of a pumping and filtration system. The pump utilized was a SRS Crissafuli 48-inch Flump with 3-inch vertical pump. A total of three passes were completed over the entire lagoon. With each series of passes being perpendicular to the previous. The first three passes were made in the area near the outfall to the lagoon. During these three passes both the pump and the filters operated very well, with the exception of the second filter. The second
filter retained no material on the screen; this is due to the coagualitive nature of the sludge that had been noticed during particle size analysis in the laboratory. For this reason the 200-mesh filter was taken out of use and the discharge from the 70-mesh filter was returned to the lagoon. Problems developed involving entanglement of the pump with a canvas and dense sludge and trash, but even with the sporadic operation of the pump, there was an approximate 25% removal of the sludge from the lagoon in only three complete passes. Studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of alum and hydrated lime to control E. coli 0157; H7 (EC) and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 (ST) in bovine manure. The strategy of the study was to simulate conditions where the spread of the pathogens might occur in pens of animals via contact with infected manure. EC and ST were inoculated into bovine manure to achieve about 8,000 bacteria per gram of manure. Freshly voided bovine feces has a pH of 6.5
to 7.4, which declines with time. Alum and lime were added to the inoculated manure and the alum-treated manure declined to pH 4.7,whereas the lime-treated manure increased to pH 12. The viable EC count in limed manure decreased to <100 bacteria/ g in minutes after the lime was added. Three days were required to reduce the count in alum-treated manure. The viable ST count declined immediately to <100/g in the limed manure, and to <100/g after 1-day in the alum-treated manure. A study is being conducted to determine the amount of litter and plant nutrients removed from broiler houses in the Sand Mountain region of Alabama during cleanout. Litter mass from 19 broiler houses are being determined with truck scales, and subsamples are being taken for determination of plant nutrient concentrations. Data to date indicate that broiler houses on Sand Mountain produce an average of 83,300 kg litter/cleanout and 53 kg litter m2 floor space.
Impacts
The analysis of the data from the constructed wetlands will provide guidance as to the effectiveness of these systems in their removal of nutrients. The sludge removal project is well on its way to providing a practical answer to renovating and returning to service of aged lagoons. Lime treatment of manure in cattle pens is an effective method of controlling zoonotic, enteric bacterial pathogens such as E. coli 0157;H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104(ST) in the manure. Lime, which raises the pH of manure, is more effective in controlling pathogens than alum treatment which decreases the pH of the manure.
Publications
- Hill, D.T. and J.W. Baier. 2002. Physical and Chemical Properties of Screened-Flushed Swine Waste. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 77(4): 441-448.
- Hill, D.T., S.E. Taylor and T.E. Grift. 2002. Simulation of Low Temperature Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy and Swine Manure. BioResource Technology. 78 (2): 127-131.
- Jackson, B.P., J.C. Seaman, C.W. Wood, P.M. Bertsch, M.L. Camberato and M.L. Cabrera. 2002. Element speciation in poultry litter leachates. In: Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madison, WI.
- Jackson, B.P., J.C. Seaman, P.M. Bertsch, M.L. Cabrera, C.W. Wood and J.C. Camberato. 2002. Trace element speciation in poultry litter. In: Abstracts of Amer. Chem. Soc. Meeting, Boston, MA, Aug. 18-22, 2002.
- Rankins, Jr., D.L., M.H. Poore, D.J. Capucille and G.M. Rogers. 2002. Recycled poultry bedding as cattle feed. Vet Clin Food Anim 18: 253-266.
- Sherlock, R.R., S.G. Sommer, R.Z. Khan, C.W. Wood, E.A. Guertal, J.R. Freney C.O. Dawson and K.C. Cameron. 2002. Emission of Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide and Methane from Pig Slurry Applied to a Pasture in New Zealand. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1491-1501.
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