Source: MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF WOMEN IN AMERICA: UNDERSTANDING WORK, FAMILY, AND PERSONAL ISSUES
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0190617
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
W-1167
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2005
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2010
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
BOZEMAN,MT 59717
Performing Department
HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Non Technical Summary
For most people, pursuing healthy work, family, and personal lives can be a challenge. Borrowing from the field of positive psychology, the technical team defines `healthiness' here as the extent to which people are able to flourish, or achieve happiness, well-being, healthy relationships, and satisfying work lives (Keyes and Haidt, 2003). To achieve such flourishing, many people seek guidance from family members, friends, and sometimes professionals. What distinguishes the sub-populations of interest to us here, however, is that they are forging new pathways toward economic, family and personal fulfillment. Female ranchers and farmers, professionals, and immigrants may find themselves in new economic roles, new household structures, and even new communities. Lacking family and friends that have experienced such roles, and being underserved in programming and services, these women must seek out alternative sources of information and guidance. The purpose of this project is to identify the questions, issues, and needs of female ranchers and farmers, professionals, and immigrants; determine the media messages that they receive in the areas of work, family, and healthy lifestyles; and assess the extent to which these messages help or hurt in the struggle to achieve healthy work, family, and personal lives.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
30%
Applied
50%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
80260203080100%
Goals / Objectives
1. Determine the major issues facing the three target populations (farm/ranch women, professional women, immigrant Latina women) with respect to work, family, and personal fulfillment. 2. Identify media and information sources used by the three target populations to resolve and/or confront these issues. 3. Examine and evaluate the messages and information that reach the three target populations through media and information outlets identified by focus groups. 4. Develop recommendations for adapting such messages and information to better address the needs of the three target populations.
Project Methods
This study is multi-method, with the first method being qualitative focus group interviews of women in the three target groups, and the second method being content analyses of different magazines. For the focus groups, the project will use purposive sampling and follow established guidelines for employing qualitative research methods. The purpose of the focus groups is to determine what media sources women are accessing for information on work, family, and personal lives, and to ascertain what women get from these sources. In other words, the technical team wants to understand what women make of the messages in the media that they access, how these media sources make them feel, as well as what they perceive as helpful and what suggestions they would have. Each participating station in the study will facilitate at least two focus groups for each of their target audiences. The pooled data will be comprised of at least six focus groups for each of the targeted womens audiences: female farm and ranch owners, professional women, and immigrant women. Technical committee members have experience using this method and facilitating such groups. The focus groups interviews will be audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Information from the focus groups will generate a list of media sources used by the women which will then be explored using content analyses. This information will also allow for rich descriptions of what women obtain from the media and how they feel these media help or hinder them in reaching a sense of fulfillment and balance in their work, family, and personal lives. The social scientists who will conduct the present investigation have already developed a template to code magazine data via a pilot project in the summer of 2004. While this template will likely be modified based on the media sources women identify through the focus groups and on the qualitative themes that emerge through the focus groups. The template systematically addresses each program such as in the case of radio/television or article as in the case of a magazine. The results from the content analysis will include basic information on how the coverage of media may not reflect womens lives, but it will also include careful illumination of how the media may be contradictory and inappropriate for women with time, economic, and geographical limitations (such as professional women, Latina immigrant women, and rural farm and ranch owning women).

Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/10

Outputs
Due to limited resources the Montana station will not be able to complete this project. To date the Montana station worked with the other states to develop a focus group protocol to use in Phase I of the project. Human Subjects approval was obtained from the university. The states involved in the project have been working on piloting the focus group protocol. The Montana station had not completed that step when the station needed to withdraw from the project.

Impacts
The project was too early in development to report any impacts.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
The W-1167 AES Project is expanding membership and several potential new stations joined the annual meeting held in Phoenix, AZ on March 10-11, 2006. The group designed a focus-group protocol that will be piloted by each station. Bailey & Zvonkovic submitted an article to the NCFR Report on the project from 2000-2005 and information on the new project as we are still expanding membership. No other publications have been submitted in this reporting period as the project is new.

Impacts
No impact report for this reporting period as we designed the focus-group interview protocol which will be piloted during the next reporting period.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Station Objectives 1. To determine the effects of work and family transitions on identity. 2. To determine the impact of identities on work and family transition outcomes. 3. To examine the effects of work and family transitions on well-being. Findings: Objective 1: To determine the effects of work and family transitions on identity. The Montana project focused on work and family identities of post-divorce parents. Residential and nonresidential parents were compared on the importance of their parenting role, importance of their work role, and how they perceive others (coworkers, friends, family members, etc.) view their work role and parenting role following divorce. Nonresidential parents are those parents who reside with their children less than 50% of the time. Results found that both residential and nonresidential parents role as a parent is influenced at least in part by other peoples view of their parenting following divorce. Work identity for nonresidential parents was influenced by others view of their work. For residential parents the work identity was influenced by job satisfaction and others view of their work. The difference may be due to the fact that there are more residential mothers than fathers. Following divorce, fathers are often the nonresidential parent and viewed as providing monetary support to their children but less day-to-day parenting. Objective 2. To determine the impact of identities on work and family transition outcomes. The Montana project examined the differences in work and family identities of parents following the transition of divorce. Nonresidential parents differ from residential parents in their parenting identity following divorce. Although parenting identity is strong for both groups, it is stronger for residential parents than it is for nonresidential parents. This finding is not surprising in that nonresidential parents live with their children less than 50% of the time. Nonresidential parents are more likely to be fathers, which might also account for less emphasis on the parenting role as men are often socialized to be the family provider and women are socialized to be the child caregiver. Therefore, nonresidential parents may focus more on work following divorce as a result of both structural (child residency) and social (gender socialization) constraints. Objective 3. To examine the effects of work and family transitions on well-being. Well-being was measured by assessing depression, self esteem, and positive affect. Well-being was related to overall life satisfaction for residential parents but was not related to overall life satisfaction for nonresidential parents. The difference may be due to the presence of children which may make life more stressful, thus reducing well-being for residential parents. When examining all parents in the sample, those with greater well-being also had greater overall life satisfaction.

Impacts
Impact: MSU Extension Publications has distributed 4,338 people have accessed the publication Work and Family: Balancing and Weaving (MT200211HR)to date. Expected Long-Term Impact: Individuals from families of divorce and those who work with families of divorce will have a better understanding of the work and family issues related to this family structure. Over 639 individuals have gained information during 2004 on how to manage family meals while dealing with busy schedules through an Extension publication on family mealtime -- Family Mealtime (MT200403) More than 3,508 individuals have gained information on handling stress through an Extension publication -- Handling challenging times. (MT200210 HR). More than 908 individuals have gained information during 2004 on dealing with grief related to death or family transitions through an Extension publication -- Understanding grief. (MT200402 HR). More than 101 individuals gained information on balancing work and family and dealing with stress through Extension programming.

Publications

  • Lombard, P. & Bailey, S. J. (2004). Understanding grief. (MT200402 HR) Montana State University: Extension Service.
  • Bailey, S. J., Paul, L., & Dennee, P. (2004). Family Mealtime. (MT200403 HR). Montana State University: Extension Service.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
The following station activities were conducted during 2003:1)data analyses were conducted, 2) data results were presented at professional meetings, and 3) related Extension publications continue to be disseminated to public. Preliminary data analysis is complete. Findings indicate that the salience of work is related to well-being but not the salience of parenting. Two presentations were conducted at national meetings: 1)Bailey, S.J. Family and work identities of divorced parents: The relationship to well-being and overall life satisfaction. National Council on Family Relations, Vancouver, BC, November. 2)Bailey, S. J., Schmiege, C., Traver, S., Zvonkovic, A., & Peters, C. Both sides of the work/family equation: Research and outreach with families of divorce, single parents, and workers with highly demanding jobs. Strengthening & Building Partnerships for Workforce Development National Conference, Orlando, FL, February.

Impacts
Impact: MSU Extension Publications has distributed 967 hard copies of the publication Work and Family: Balancing and Weaving (MT200211HR)to date. The web copy of the publication has received 3847 hits to date. Expected Long-Term Impact: Individuals from families of divorce and those who work with families of divorce will have a better understanding of the work and family issues related to this family structure.

Publications

  • Bailey, S. J. & Zvonkovic, A. M. (2003). Parenting from a distance: Parents perceptions of social and institutional support. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 39(3/4) 59-80.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Data collection from the mail survey has been completed. Data have been entered and cleaned. Program evaluation reports were compiled for the Extension agents in the two locations where data were collected. The researcher collaborated with the Extension agents to include evaluation questions that would assist them in assessing their parenting through divorce programs. Parents at both sites reported that the classes helped them keep their children out of the middle of conflicts, however, the classes did not necessarily reduce the amount of conflicts they had with their former spouses. This multi-state project is using an adaptation of Callero's identity scale as a common instrument across all stations. Initial results from the Montana station find that the alphas for some of the subscales are lower than desired. Further analyses will be conducted to assess the scales. One initial conclusion is that the questions as stated may not be appropriate for divorced parents. Using the scales for initial analyses has found that the salience of parenting is related to the amount of time a divorced parents spends with his/her children however the amount of time spend with children is not related to the salience of work. Overall life satisfaction was found to be related to the salience of work but not the salience of parenting. These initial results indicate that while parenting identity is related to the amount of time divorced parents spend with their children, their work identity is not. Furthermore, overall life satisfaction and well-being is related to their work not their parenting identity. Further analyses are currently being conducted. A presentation was conducted at the Northwest Council on Family Relations Conference in Vancouver, British Columbia. A refereed manuscript was accepted for publication and a fact sheet for the general public was published. The Montana station worked with other project members on a related monograph that is currently under review at the University of Southern California Davis.

Impacts
Divorced parents will gain a better understanding of the impact of work and family on their well being in their unique situation. Divorced parents will gain a better understanding of the impact of work and family on their overall life satisfaction in their unique situation. Employers will have a better understanding of the impacts of work and family on divorced residential and nonresidential parents.

Publications

  • Bailey, S. J. (2002). Work and Family: Balancing and Weaving. (MT200211 HR). Montana State University: Extension Service.