Progress 09/15/01 to 09/14/04
Outputs
Eight selections already established in tissue culture are in advance testing on cooperators farms. These include four red cut flower selections, with red being the most popular color in anthurium sales. Tests continue for red "Waimea" under protected cultivation. Anthracnose testing continued for new selections. Over 100 new hybrids are in individual plant selection stage in the greenhouse. Of these, 48 new plant selections were initiated from leaf explants in tissue culture. An experiment to determine the response of 4 potted anthurium cultivars to sequential preemergence herbicide applications was conducted at Green Point Nursery (owner Harold Tanouye) located in Mt. View on the Big Island. The four cultivars selected for treatment were: "Lady Ann", "Sundial", "Tropic Fire", and "Nicoya". The herbicides were applied at two rates, the anticipated labeled use rate (1X) and two times the anticipated labeled use rate (2X). The herbicides evaluated in this experiment
were Direx 4L (diuron), Gallery (isoxaben), Spartan (sulfentrazone) and Surflan (oryzalin). Herbicide applications were directed to the base of plants to avoid direct contact with leaves and flowers. There was a significant interaction between the chemical treatments and the cultivar for leaf dry weights. Spartan at 1X and 2X significantly reduced all four cultivars compared to the untreated controls. Leaf weights for the Gallery 1X treatments were not significantly reduced for all cultivars. However, Lady Anne was significantly reduced at the 2X rate. Leaf weights for Direx and Surflan for both 1X and 2X treatments were not significantly different from the untreated control. In fact, for all cultivars except Tropic Fire they had higher weights. Spartan at both rates consistently caused stunted growth and distorted leaf growth across all cultivars tested and will not be pursued for registration. Direx 4L, Gallery and Surflan did not reduce leaf number, shoot dry weight accumulation or
flower number. However, both Gallery and Surflan significantly reduced root weight at the time the experiment was terminated. These data indicate that Direx 4L is clearly the least inhibitory herbicide with regards to anthurium growth. Both Gallery and Surflan caused a reduction in root dry weight and may be excluded from registration. Although these herbicides did not cause growth distortions of aerial portions or reductions in flower numbers, the stunting of root growth is an important consideration for companies considering the addition of these crops to their product labels. An experiment to determine the response of 10 orchid cultivars in the seedling stage to sequential postemergence herbicide applications was conducted at the Waianae location of Hawaii Rainbow Orchids (owner Creighton Mow). The orchids selected for this experiment included 9 Dendrobiums and 1 Vanda. For most cultivars, the 4X level of Direx 4L appears to be suppressing dry weight accumulation. The suppression
in growth was not significantly less than untreated plants but was significantly different than plants treated with the 1X level of Direx 4L.
Impacts
During this funding period, Hawaii's floriculture industry grower sales of flower and nursery products totaled a record $97.7 million dollars in 2003. Cut flowers and orchids increased in 2003. The research conducted through funding of the project has direct benefit to growers, key to the success of Hawaii's floriculture industry.
Publications
- Kuehnle, A.R., Fujii, T., Chen, F.C., Alvarez, A., Sugii, N., Fukui, R., Aragon, S. and Jaynes, J.M. 2004. Peptide biocides for engineering bacterial blight tolerance and susceptibility in cut flower Anthurium. HortScience. 39:1327-1331.
- Sipes, B., Kuehnle, A., Lichty, J., Sewake, K. and Hara, A. 2004. Anthurium decline: Options for controlling burrowing nematodes. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series PD-26.
- Progress report for chemical weed control in orchids. Presentation made to the Dendrobium Orchid Growers Association (on Oahu) on Jan. 09, 2003 http://www2.hawaii.edu/~defrenk/research_reports_and_update/ORCHID_WE EDS_2003.pdf
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
A total of 40 Dendrobium crosses were germinated. Of these, two crosses were aimed for potted plant development, 13 for cut flower development and 4 for purposes such as novelty, germplasm maintenance. 224 seed pods of 12 different cut flower and potted plant cultivars were provided to grower associations. Twenty plant selections of anthuriums were propagated in tissue culture; three were worthy of immediate release to growers. Forty new Leucospermum (Protea) cultivars were introduced to the Hawaii industry via the Protea Growers Association. Protea tolerant to root and collar rots caused by the soil borne fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi were evaluated. Controlled atmosphere (CA) studies (High carbon dioxide and/or low oxygen) at UC-Davis determined that at a temperature of 35 degrees C complete mortality of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, occurred between 48 and 60 hours in 1.5% oxygen and within 12 hours in 55% carbon dioxide. Overall 23 types of
tropical flowers and foliages and 12 different anthurium cultivars were evaluated for tolerance to X-ray treatment. All stems were packed into shipping boxes and subjected to target doses of 400 GY and held for three days prior to unpacking and quality evaluation. Severity and expression of injury varied among varieties. All 10 anthurium cultivars, dendrobium and oncidium orchids, king protea, psittacorum and some of the foliages were negatively affected by the treatment.
Impacts
During this funding period, Hawaii's floriculture industry grower sales of flower and nursery products totaled a record $97.7 million dollars in 2003. Cut flowers and orchids increased in 2003. The research conducted through funding of the project, has direct benefit to growers, key to the success of Hawaii's floriculture industry.
Publications
- Leonhardt, K.W., Shingaki, P. and Oka, D. 2002. New hybrid selections of Leucospermum from the University of Hawaii. 11th Biennial International Protea Association Conference, Wailea, Hawaii (abstract).
- Nakao, P., Leonhardt, K.W., Nagata, N.M. and Shingaki, P. 2002. Preliminary results of a screening of Leucospermum hybrids for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi. 11th Biennial International Protea Association Conference, Wailea, Hawaii (abstract).
- Leonhardt, K.W., Shingaki, P. and Oka, D. 2001. New Leucospermum Hybrids from the University of Hawaii. Acta Horticulturae. 545:55-60. (CTAHR Journal Series No. 4518).
- Hara, A.H., Tsuda, D., Tavares, J., Yogi, J. and Hensley, D. 2001. Hibiscus erineum mite. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Cooperative Extension Service, CTAHR Insect Pests 2001. IP-7, 2 pp.
- Hollingsworth, R.G., Hara, A.H. and Sewake, K.T. 2001. Scouting for thrips in orchid flowers. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Cooperative Extension Service, CTAHR Instect Pests, May 2001, IP-8, 4 pp.
- Yalemar, J.A., Hara, A.H., Saul, S.H., Jang, E.B. and Moy, J.H. 2001. Effects of gamma irradiation on the life stages of yellow flower thrips, Franliniella schultzei (Trybom) (thysanoptera: Thripidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 138:263-268.
- Paull, R.E. and Chantrachit, T. 2001. Benzyladenine and the vase life of tropical ornamentals. Postharvest Biology & Technology. 21:303-310.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Postharvest Handling Systems for Pest Disinfestation - Previous studies of hot water drenching of potted anthuriums for nematode eradication were very promising with nearly all treated plants successfully disinfected. Occasionally low numbers of nematodes were found in samples collected from treated plants.
Impacts
Sales of Hawaii's flower and nursery products totaled a record $88.0 million in 2001. According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, the 2001 wholesale value was 6 percent higher than the$82.7 million value for 2000. While flower sales of orchids, foliage plants and potted flowering plant categories increased in 2001, sales of cut flowers declined 5%. Grower sales of anthuriums were at $6.9 million down from $7.3 million in 2000. Although prospects for growth of the floriculture industry are great, the industry faces stiff competition from other countries. Hawaii is also home to many pests that are of quarantine significance worldwide. As global trade increases and plants are moved rapidly moved around the world, the ability to exclude pest from entering Hawaii and guarantee that they do not leave Hawaii becomes increasingly crucial to the success of Hawaii's floriculture industry. Hawaii's Federal Floriculture Advisory Committee has identified several
strategic issues affecting Hawaii's flower and foliage industry. Research needs identified were the development and release of new pest-resistant and attractive cultivars on a timely basis. As a result of the research conducted as part of this grant, new effective postharvest handling systems that reduce the reliance on toxic chemicals while increasing quarantine security. Without the ability to meet quarantine regulations, the world's market will cease to exist for Hawaii floral products. This grant continues to support Hawaii's floriculture industry.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
The effects of light enhancement on cut Dendrobium production during winter months in Hawaii, is being conducted in greenhouses with grower-cooperator plants. Two high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp fixtures and lamps and one metal halide (MH) lamp fixture and lamp were acquired and installed. Approximately 90 of the needed 120 plants were distributed on four benches in a campus greenhouse facility. A curtain system was devised to separate the benches so that the lights would not overlap onto adjoining benches. Beginning November 1, additional illumination was supplied for 6 hours from 4:00 pm to 10:00 pm. One HPS fixture was set up to cycle on and off, producing extra energy in the red wavelengths, while the other HPS fixture served as a control and the MH lamp provided greater amounts of energy in the blue wavelengths. An unlighted bench of plants serves as a control. The coqui frog has become one of the most notorious alien species to establish in Hawaii in recent
history. Research this year showed that a hot water drench was sufficient to rid plants of frogs and was not detrimental to plants. The very small frogs (and their eggs) have easily been spread around the State on nursery material and hot water will aid eradication techniques that are being developed to rid Hawaii of the frog. A mechanized hot water drenching unit was developed by this project and has potential for adoption by other shippers and sellers to disinfect potted ornamental plants of both the frog and numerous other quarantine pests. A total of 224 orchid seed pods of 12 different cut flower and potted plant cultivars were provided to three grower associations in 2001. Transgenic orchids (virus-resistant) are currently being grown to a size appropriate for evaluation. Three new anthurium varieties are ready for immediate release to the industry. These flowers have excellent vase life (up to 33 days), and moderate disease resistance, among other desirable traits. Two potted
flowering selections are also ready and these have potential for patenting with a commercial propagator. In addition, the selection process was accelerated by the planned transfer of the task of hardening-off of propagated materials to grower cooperators. This process made fast-tracking of three new releases possible. Forty new protea cultivars (6373 cuttings), released to the industry, are having a very positive impact on the protea industry in the State. The economic impact of allocating these Special Grant funds to the protea breeding program in the past year, will be evaluated in the future, but already the growers are experiencing greater sales volume.
Impacts
Hawaii will be able to export more diverse and desireable cut and potted flowering ornamentals world-wide.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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