Source: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A USDA UVB MONITORING PROGRAM
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
SPECIAL GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0190217
Grant No.
2001-34263-11248
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
2002-06006
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 15, 2001
Project End Date
Jun 30, 2004
Grant Year
2002
Program Code
[HZ]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
FORT COLLINS,CO 80523
Performing Department
NATURAL RESOURCE ECOLOGY LAB
Non Technical Summary
(N/A)
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
50%
Applied
50%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
20404402070100%
Knowledge Area
204 - Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest);

Subject Of Investigation
0440 - Solar radiation;

Field Of Science
2070 - Meteorology and climatology;
Goals / Objectives
The project is to support development, coordination, and data management for a UVB monitoring program consisting of a national network of sites designed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with timely data, of known quality, on the status and trends in UVB irradiance in the U.S. and to serve as an "early warning" system for agriculture.
Project Methods
Continued development, coordination, and data management is being provided for a program consisting of a referenced network of six sites with spectroradiometers and a regional status-and-trends network currently consisting of 30 sites with spectral UVB and visible radiometers to provide UVB climatology and trends data and to support aerosol studies. Currently the emphasis is on instrument calibration, data management, QA/QC procedures and protocols, coordination with other federal and non-federal agencies, establishing comparability with other monitoring programs in the U.S. and Canada, information needs of data users for agriculture, aquatic, and atmospheric science research, risk assessment and mitigation, and policy development. Research is being conducted to determine the influence of clouds, aerosols, and ozone on surface UVB irradiance.

Progress 09/15/01 to 06/30/04

Outputs
Continued development, coordination, and data management is being provided for a program consisting of a referenced network of six sites with spectroradiometers and a regional status-and-trends network currently consisting of 34 sites with spectral UVB and visible radiometers to provide UVB climatology and trends data and plant response to UVB research. Currently the emphasis is on instrument calibration, data management, QA/QC procedures and protocols, coordination with other federal and non-federal agencies, establishing comparability with other monitoring programs in the U.S. and Canada, information needs of data users for agriculture, aquatic, and atmospheric science research, risk assessment and mitigation, and policy development. Research is being conducted to determine the influence of clouds, aerosols, and ozone on surface UVB irradiance.

Impacts
The UVB data collected from the USDA network is using agricultural research performed at such places as the agricultural research service site at Beltsville, Maryland, Utah State at Logan, Mississippi State University, University of Nebraska, and Washington State. Data is also being used by health researchers at the University of Colorado Health Center and the U.S. Naval Warfare Center, Philadelphia, PA. We are providing information and data to students who contact us through the web.

Publications

  • Thines, N.J., J.H. Bassman, L.A. Shipley, and J.R. Slusser. 2004. Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on secondary metabolites in forage plants and potential consequences for multiple trophic responses involving mammalian herbivores. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 117-130.
  • Tree, R., and J.R. Slusser. 2004. Comparison of column ozone retrievals obtained by UV multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 81-89.
  • Yuan, Y., L. Hu, Q. He, X. Pan, and W. Gao. 2004. Preliminary study on the characteristics of sand-surface reflective spectra in the hinterland of the Taklimakan deserter in winter. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 481-488.
  • Barnard, J.C., E.G. Chapman, J.D. Fast, J.R. Schmelzer, J.R. Slusser and R.E. Shetter. 2004. An evaluation of the FAST-J-photlysis algorithm for predicting nitrogen dioxide photosynethesis rates under clear and cloudy sky conditions. Atmos. Environ. 38: 3393-3403.
  • Grant, R., J.R. Slusser. 2004. Estimation of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density from 368-nm Spectral Irradiance. J. Appl. Meteorol. 21: 481 - 487.
  • Hand, J. L., S.M. Kreidenweis, J. Slusser, G. Scott. 2004. Comparisons of aerosol optical properties derived from Sun photometry to estimates inferred from surface measurements in Big Bend National Park, Texas. Atmos. Environ. 38: 6813-6821.
  • Milchunas, D.G., J.Y. King, A.R. Mosier, J.C. Moore, J.A. Morgan, M.H. Quirk and J.R. Slusser. 2004. UV Radiation Effect on Plant Growth and Forage Quality in a Shortgrass Steppe Ecosystem. Photochem. Photobiol. 79: 404 - 410.
  • Davis, J.M., and J.R. Slusser. 2004. Impact of clouds with limited horizontal extent on UV radiation measurements. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 36-42.
  • Gao, W., Y. Zheng, J.R. Slusser, and R.H. Grant. 2004. Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation combined with other climate stressors on winter wheat. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 111-116.
  • Gao, W., Z. Gao, X. Pan, J. Slusser, J. Qi, X. Zhan, and Y. Ma. 2004. Impacts of seasonal climate on net preimary productivity (NPP) in Xinjian, 1981-200. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 543-552.
  • Guo, X., W. Gao, P. Richard, Y. Lu, Y. Zheng, and E. Pietroniro. 2004. Canadian prairie drought assessment through MODIS vegetation indices. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 149-158.
  • Grant, R.H., G.M. Heisler, and W. Gao. 2004. Impact of cloud cover on erythermal UV-B exposure under vegetation canopies. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 71-80.
  • He, Q., H. Li, X., Li, Y. Qing, X., Pan, and W. Gao. 2004. The preliminary analysis on boundary climate effects between oasis and desert in the north margin of the Taklimakan Desert. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 448-454.
  • Hicke, J.A., J.R. Slusser, and K. Lantz. 2004. Long-term variability in surface UV-B across the United States. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 7-16.
  • Janson, G.T., J.R. Slusser, G. Scott, P. Disterhoft, and K. Lantz. 2004. Long-term stability of UV multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers: part 2. Lamp calibrations versus the Langley method. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 43-48.
  • Krotkov, N.A., P.K. Bhartia, J.R. Herman, J.R. Slusser, G. Scott, G. Labow, A.P. Vasilikov, T. Eck, O. Dubovik, and B. Holben. 2004. Measuring aerosol UV absorption optical thickness by combining use of shadowband and almuncantar techniques. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 17-27.
  • Liang, X., M. Xu, W. Gao, K. Kunkel, J. Slusser, Y. Dai, and Q. Min. 2004. New land surface albedo parameterization based on MODIS data: Preliminary result. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 55-60.
  • Lie-qun, H., W. Rong-qing, W. Xu, and W. Gao. 2004. Study on an early warning system and the hierarchical criterions of the forecast intensity of dust storms in the Tarim Basin, Xingjang. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 466-474.
  • Lu, Q., W. Gao, X. Pan, Z. Gao, and J. Liu. 2004. A preliminary numerical study on climate response to vegetation change in sensitive climatic area in arid region of china. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 207-229.
  • Qing, Y., L. Jiaqiang, W. Wenshou, Z. Jingfeng, and W. Gao. 2004. Study on the effects of artificial oases to the climate change trend. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 455-465.
  • Zheng, Y., W. Gao, J.R. Slusser, R.H. Grant, and C. Wang. 2004. Responses of different crop growth and yield to enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions. Proc. SPIE. 5545: 102-110.
  • Zhiqiang, G., J. Liu, M. Cao, Q. Wang, W. Gao, J. Slusser, and X. Pan. 2004. Analysis on impact of climate changes over the past twenty years on NPP in China. Proc. SPIE. 5544: 553-560.
  • Flint, S. D., R. J. Ryel, M. M. Caldwell. 2004. Serious complications in experiments in which UV doses are affected by using different lamp heights, Proc. SPIE. 5545: 56-62.
  • Koti, S., K. R. Reddy., V.G. Kakani., D. Zhao and V.R. Reddy. 2004. Flower and pollen morphology and in vitro pollen germination of soybean ( Glycine max L.) genotypes as affected by ultraviolet-B radiation. Annals of Botany 94: 1-10.
  • Reddy, K. R., V. G. Kakani., D. Zhao., S. Koti and W. Gao. 2004. Interactive effects of ultraviolet-B radiation and temperature on cotton growth, development, physiology and hyperspectral reflectance. Photochemistry and Photobiology 79: 416-427.
  • Kakani, V. G., K. R. Reddy., D. Zhao and W. Gao. 2004. Senescence and hyperspectral reflectance of cotton leaves exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation and carbon dioxide. Physologia Plantarum 121: 250-257.
  • Zhao, D., K. R. Reddy., V. G. Kakani., A. R. Mohammed., J. J. Read and W. Gao. 2004. Photosynthetic characteristics of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants as affected by elevated CO2 and UV-B radiation. Journal of Plant Physiology 161: 581-590.
  • Flint, S. D., P. S. Searles and M. M. Caldwell. 2004. Field testing of biological spectral weighting functions for induction of UV-A absorbing compounds in higher plants. Photochemistry and Photobiology 79: 399-403.


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Thirty-one sites planned for USDA UVB climatological network have been established. These sites are in AK, AZ, CA (2), CO (3), FL, GA, HI, IL, LA, MD (2), ME, MI, MN, MT, NC, NE, NM, NY, OH, OK, MS, TX, VT, WA, UT, WI, Canada (2) and New Zealand. Calibrated UV data is now available from these sites the next day on the web. Four of the high-grade research spectrometers have been installed at Table Mountain, CO, Beltsville, MD, Lamont, OK and Ft. Collins, CO. Instruments at each site now include two shadow-banded seven wavelength multi-spectral radiometers on one ultraviolet and one visible, a broadband UV meter, temperature, PAR and humidity. The USDA,USEPA, NOAA, NSF, and NIST have joined resources to establish a national facility to provide instrument calibration. The facility is being operated by the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory in Boulder, CO and includes a field site for instruments intercomparisons - the first intercomparisons were held in 1994, 1995, and 1997. The most recent was June 2003. Additional network descriptions and the data plots are available on the Web site - http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/.

Impacts
The UVB data collected from the USDA network will be used for agricultural research performed at such places as the agricultural research service site at Beltsville, Maryland, Utah State at Logan, Mississippi State University and the University of Nebraska. Data is also being used by health researchers at the University of Colorado Health Center and the U.S. Naval Warfare Center, Philadelphia, PA. We are providing information and data to students who contact us through the web.

Publications

  • Zheng, Y.F., W. Gao, J. R. Slusser, R. H. Grant, and C.H. Wang, Yield and yield formation of field winter wheat in response to supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120 (1-4), 279-283, 2003.
  • Bawhey, C.I., R.H. Grant, and W. Gao, Digital measurement of heliotropic leaf response in soybean cultivars and leaf exposure to solar UVB radiation, J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120 ,161-175, 2003.
  • Gao, W., Y. Zheng, J.R. Slusser and G.M. Heisler, Impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B irradiance on cotton growth, development, yield and qualities under field conditions. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120, 241-248, 2003a.
  • Gao, W., R.H. Grant, G.M. Heisler and J.R. Slusser, Ultraviolet-B radiation in a row-crop canopy: an extended 1-D model. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120, 141-152, 2003b.
  • Grant, R.H. and J. Slusser, Spatial variability in UV radiation during the growing season across the continental USA, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 74, 167-177, 2003a.
  • Grant, R.H. and W. Gao, Diffuse fraction of UV radiation under partly cloudy skies as defined by the Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS). J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4046-4055, 2003b.
  • Grant, R. H., G. M. Heisler, W. Gao, and M. Jenks, Ultraviolet leaf reflectance of common urban tress and the prediction of reflectance from leaf surface characteristics. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120, 127-139, 2003c.
  • Grant, R.H. and J.R. Slusser, Defining the probabilities of solar UV event exposures for plant effects research, Proc. SPIE, 5156, 207-215, 2003d.
  • Harrison, L.C., M. Beauharnois, J.L. Berndt, P.W. Kiedron, and P. Disterhoft, Transfer of UV irradiance calibration to our field spectroradiometers: current performance and operational experience at Table Mountain, Colorado, Proc. SPIE, 5156, 135-142, 2003.
  • Heisler, G.M., R.H. Grant, and W. Gao, Individual- and scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120, 113-126, 2003a.
  • Heisler, G.M., R.H. Grant, W. Gao and J.R. Slusser, Ultraviolet radiation and its impacts on agriculture and forests. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120, 3-7, 2003b.
  • Janson, G.T. and J.R. Slusser, Long-term stability of UV multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers, Proc. SPIE, 5156, 94-100, 2003.
  • Kakani, V.G., K.R. Reddy, D. Zhao, and K. Sailaja, Field crop responses to ultraviolet-B radiation: a review. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol, 120, 191-218, 2003a.
  • Kimlin M.G., J.R. Slusser, K.A. Schallhorn, and R.S. Meltzer, U.S. EPA spectrophotometer network and the USDA UVB monitoring and research program: data comparison from co-located instruments, Proc. SPIE, 5156, 85-93, 2003.
  • Krotkov, N.A., P.K. Bhartia, J.R. Herman, J.R. Slusser, G.R. Scott, G. Labow, A.P. Vasilkov, T. Eck, O. Dubovik, and B. Holben, Goddard UV aerosol absorption closure experiment (2002-03), Proc. SPIE, 5156, 54-62, 2003.
  • McArthur, L.J.B., D.H. Halliwell, O.J. Neibergall, N.T. ONeill, J.R. Slusser, and C. Wehrli 2003, Field comparison of network Sun photometers, J. Geophys. Res. 108 (D9), 4596, doi:10.1029/2002JD002964, 2003.
  • Petters, J.L., V.K. Saxena, J.R. Slusser, B.N. Wenny, and S. Madronich, Aerosol single scattering albedo retrieved from measurements of surface UV irradiance and a radiative transfer model. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4288, doi:10.1029/2002JD002360, 2003.
  • Reddy, K.R., V.G. Kakani, D. Zhao, A.R. Mohammed, and W. Gao, Cotton responses to ultraviolet-B radiation: experimentation and algorithm development. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 120, 249-266, 2003.
  • Slusser, J.R., D. Bigelow, W. Gao, G.R. Scott, and B. Olson, Comparison of UV synthetic spectra with broadband and spectral irradiances, Proc. SPIE, 5156, 403-408, 2003.
  • Wetzel, M.A. and J.R. Slusser, Mesoscale distributions of UV spectral irradiance obtained by merging satellite remote sensing and ground based measurements, Proc. SPIE, 5156, 291-302, 2003a.
  • Wetzel, M.A., G.E. Shaw, J.R. Slusser, R.D. Borys, and C.F. Cahill, Physical, chemical and ultraviolet radiative signatures of aerosol in central Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4418, doi:10.1029/2002JD003208, 2003b.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Thirty-one sites planned for USDA UVB climatological network have been established. These sites are in AK, AZ, CA (2), CO (3), FL, GA, HI, IL, LA, MD (2), ME, MI, MN, MT, NC, NE, NM, NY, OH, OK, MS, TX, VT, WA, UT, WI, Canada (2) and New Zealand. Calibrated UV data is now available from these sites the next day on the web. Four of the high-grade research spectrometers have been installed at Table Mountain, CO, Beltsville, MD, Lamont, OK and Ft. Collins, CO. Instruments at each site now include two shadow-banded seven wavelength multi- spectral radiometers on one ultraviolet and one visible, a broadband UV meter, temperature, and humidity. The SDA,USEPA, NOAA, NSF, and NIST have joined resources to establish a national facility to provide instrument calibration. The facility is being operated by the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory in Boulder, CO and includes a field site for instruments inter-com- parisons - the first inter-comparisons were held in 1994, 1995, and 1997. Additional network descriptions and the data plots are available on the Web site - http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/.

Impacts
The UVB data collected from the USDA network will be used for agricultural research performed at such places as the Agricultural Research Service site at Beltsville, Maryland, Utah State at Logan, Mississippi State University and the University of Nebraska. Data is also being used by health researchers at the University of Colorado Health Center and the U.S. Naval Warfare Center, Philadelphia, PA. We are providing information and data to students who contact us through the web.

Publications

  • Gao, W., R.H. Grant, G.M. Heisler and J.R. Slusser. 2002. A geometric UV-B radiation transfer model applied to agricultural vegetation canopies. Agron. J. 94, 475-482.
  • Grant, R.H., G.M. Heisler, and W. Gao. 2002. Estimation of pedestrian level UV exposure under trees. Photochem. Photobiol., 75, 369-376.
  • Lantz, K, P. Disterhoft, E Early, A. Thompson, J. DeLuisi, J. Berndt, L. Harrison, P. Kiedron, J. Ehramjian, G. Bernhard, L. Cabasug, J. Robertson, W. Mou, T. Taylor, J. Slusser, D. Bigelow, B. Durham, G. Janson, D. Hayes, M. Beaubien, and A. Beaubien. 2002. The 1997 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Spectroradiometers Including Narrowband Filter Radiometers, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 107, 19-62.
  • Slusser, J.R. and W. Gao. 2001. Interim Report: USDA Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Program, 1999. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO. Feb. 2002.


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Thirty-one sites planned for USDA UVB climatological network have been established. These sites are in AK, AZ, CA (2), CO (2), FL, GA, HI, IL, LA, MD (2), ME, MI, MN, MT, NE, NM, NY, OH, OK, MS, TX, VT, WA, UT, WI, Canada (2)and New Zealand. Calibrated UV data is now available from these sites the next day on the web. Three of the high-grade research spectrometers have been installed at Table Mountain, CO, Beltsville, MD and Lamont, OK. Instruments at each site now include two shadow-banded seven wavelength multi-spectral radiometers on one ultraviolet and one visible, a broadband UV meter, temperature, and humidity. The SDA,USEPA, NOAA, NSF, and NIST have joined resources to establish a national facility to provide instrument calibration. The facility is being operated by the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory in Boulder, CO and includes a field site for instruments intercomparisons - the first intercomparisons were held in 1994, 1995, and 1997. Additional network descriptions and the data plots are available on the Web site - http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/.

Impacts
The UVB data collected from the USDA network will be used for agricul- tural research performed at such places as the agricultural research service site at Beltsville, Maryland, Utah State at Logan, Mississippi State University and the University of Nebraska. Data is also being used by health researchers at the University of Colorado Health Center and the U.S. Naval Warfare Center, Philadelphia, PA. We are providing information and data to students who contact us through the web.

Publications

  • Gao, W., R.H. Grant, G.M. Heisler and J.R. Slusser. 2000. A Geometric UV-B Radiation Transfer Model Applied to Agricultural Vegetation Canopies, American Society of Agronomy, accepted July 30, 2001.
  • Gibson, J.H., D.S. Bigelow and J.R. Slusser. 1998. Interim Report: USDA Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Program, 1997. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO. February 1998.
  • Gibson, J.H. 1998. Data Workshop: USDA UVB Monitoring Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, C0 80523, p5.
  • Gibson, J.H. 1992. Criterial for the Status and Trends Monitoring of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Recommendations of the UV-B Monitoring Workshop, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, C0 80523, p6.
  • Gibson, J.H. 1991. Justification and Criteria for the Monitoring of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Report of the UV-B Measurements Workshop, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, C0 80523, p21.
  • Gibson, J.H. 1991. Justification and Criteria for the Monitoring of of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Report of the UV-B Measurements Workshop. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, C0 80523, p21.
  • Gibson, J.H. 1992. Criteria for the Status and Trends Monitoring of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Recommendations of the UV-B Monitoring Workshop. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, C0 80523, p6.
  • Harrison, L., J. Michalsky and J. Berndt. 1994. Automated Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer: An Instrument for Optical Depth and Radiation Measurements, Appl. Opt., 33, 5118-5125.
  • Harrison, L. and J. Michalsky. 1994. Objective Algorithms for the Retrieval of Optical Depths from Ground-Based Measurements, Appl. Opt., 33, 5126-5132.
  • Kaye, J.A., B.B. Hicks, E.C. Weatherhead, C.S. Long and J.R. Slusser. 1999. US Interagency UV Monitoring Program Established and Operating, EOS, 80(10):114-116.
  • Lantz, K.O., P. Disterhoft, J.J. Deluisi, E.A. Early, A. Thompson, D. Bigelow, and J. Slusser. 1999. Methodology for Deriving Clear-Sky Erythemal Calibration Factors for UV Broadband Radiometers of the US Central UV Calibration Facility, J. Atmos. and Oceanic Technol., 16, 1736-1752.
  • Michalsky, J.J., L.C. Harrison and W.E. Berkheiser III. 1995. Cosine Response Characteristics of Some Radiometric and Photometric Sensors, Solar Energy, (54), 397-402.
  • Min, Q. and L. Harrison. 1998. Synthetic Spectra for Terrestrial Ultraviolet from Discrete Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,033-17,039.
  • Slusser, J.R., J.H. Gibson, D.S. Bigelow, D. Kolinski, M. Wanfeng, Koenig, and A. Beaubien. 1999. Comparison of Column Ozone Retrievals by Use of an UV Multi-filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer with those from Brewer and Dobson Spectrophotometers, Appl. Opt., 38, 1543-1551.
  • Slusser, J.R., J.H. Gibson, D.S. Bigelow, D. Kolinski, P. Disterhoft, K. Lantz and A. Beaubien. 2000. Langley Method of Calibrating UV Filter Radiometers, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 4841-4849.
  • Slusser, J.R. and D.S. Bigelow. 2000. Interim Report: USDA Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Program, 1999. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO. May 2000.
  • Vuilleumier, L., R.A. Harley, N.J. Brown, J.R. Slusser, D. Kolinski, and D.S. Bigelow. 2000. Variability in Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance During the Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97), Atmos. Environ., 35, 1111-1122.
  • Science and Policy Associates. 1992. UV-B Monitoring Workshop: A Review of the Science and Status of Measuring and Monitoring Programs. Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Washington D.C. p354.
  • Early E., A. Thompson, and P. Disterhoft. 1998. Field Calibration Unit for Ultraviolet Spectroradiometers, Appl. Opt., 37, pp. 6664-6670.
  • Farrell, M.P.(ed). 1993. UV-B Critical Issues Workshop. Center for Global Environmental Studies, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN. p34.
  • Frederick, J.E., J.R. Slusser, and D.S. Bigelow. 2000. Annual and Interannual Behavior of Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance Revealed by Broadband Measurements, Photochem. Photobiology, 72(4):488-496.
  • Gao, W., J.R. Slusser, J.H. Gibson, G. Scott, D.S. Bigelow, J. Kerr and B. McArthur. 2000. Direct-Sun Column Ozone Retrieval by the UV Multi-filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer and Comparison With Those From Brewer and Dobson Spectrophotometers, Appl. Opt., 40, 3149-3155.
  • Bigelow, D.S., J.R. Slusser, A.F. Beaubien and J.H. Gibson. 1998. The USDA Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Program, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., (79), 601-615.
  • Bigelow, D.S. and J.R. Slusser. 2000. Establishing the Stability of Multi-filter UV Rotating Shadowband Radiometers, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 4833-4840.
  • Bigelow, D.S., J.R. Slusser and J.H., Gibson. 1999. Interim Report: USDA Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Program, 1998. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO. May 1999.
  • Bigelow, D.S., J.R. Slusser and J.H., Gibson. 1997. Interim Report: USDA Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring Program, 1996. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO. January 1997.
  • Bodhaine, B.A., E.G. Dutton, N.B. Wood, and J.R. Slusser. 1999. Note on Rayleigh Optical Depth Calculations, J. Atmos. and Oceanic Technol., 16, 1854-1861.
  • Early, E., A. Thompson, P. Disterhoft et al. 1997. The 1994 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers, NIST Technical Journal of Research, 102, 279-322.
  • Early, E., A. Thompson, C. Johnson, J. DeLuisi, P. Disterhoft, D. Wardle, E. Wu, W. Mou, Y. Sun, T. Lucas, T. Mestechkina, L. Harrison, J. Berndt, D. Hayes. 1998. The 1995 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers, NIST Technical Journal of Research, 103, 15-58.
  • Early, E., A. Thompson, C. Johnson, J. DeLuisi, P. Disterhoft, D. Wardle, E. Wu, W. Mou, J. Ehramjian, J. Tusson, T. Mestechkina, M. Beaubien, J. Gibson, D. Hayes. 1998. The 1996 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectro- radiometers, NIST Technical Journal of Research, 103, 449-482.