Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/06
Outputs
One research experiment consists of production systems as main plots and vegetable rotation sequence as subplots. Tomato yields were measured in this experiment using conservation-tillage and conventional-tillage culture with (+) and without (-) synthetic fertilizer and pesticides (SFP) and a no fertilizer, no pesticide control. Yields where continuous tomatoes had been grown for 12 previous years resulted in the following order for tomatoes grown throughout the 12 years: conventional-till +SFP > conservation-till +SFP > conservation-till -SFP = conventional-till -SFP > control. Measured factors reducing tomato yield were in the order: plant foliar disease late blight > weed control > soil fertility > insects. Rotating vegetables for 2 years before tomato production gave 4.5- 9 Mg/ha yield increase for all treatments in each of the 4 years this sequence occurred. Broccoli and squash yields were in the order: conservation-tillage> conventional-tillage> control.
Synthetic fertilizer (ammonium-nitrate) decreased soil pH greater than non-synthetic fertilizer (soybean meal as an organic source) in the 0-15 cm depth. Earthworm, nematode, and microorganism populations were greater in conservation-tilled treatments compared to plowed treatments regardless of pesticide inputs. No-till pumpkins planted in mid June showed yield response to the highest rate of nitrogen, with increasing yield as nitrogen fertilizer increased. Small grain cover crops removed 75-250 kg N/ha and 15-40 kg P/ha when harvested as spring silage. Small grains fertilized at fall, winter, or early spring had greater yields when fertilized in the fall or winter treatments for each N rate (0, 67, 135 Kg N/ha), with spring silage increasing as N increased. Silage no-till corn was grown in these same small grain fertilizer N treatments (no corn N applied) with similar no-till silage corn yield response as the small grain silage yields. Organic fertilizers gave a sweet corn yield in
the following order: bulldog soda= soybean meal= cottonseed meal > composted chicken processing waste> composted chicken manure> no fertilizer. Chemical free burley tobacco had similar fertilizer response to these treatments.
Impacts
Providing growers with specific production information for no-till vegetable crops will improve their chances of success when they attempt to grow these crops for the first time. Studies on organic fertilizers will help organic growers make informed decisions on whether they should use these materials on their own crops.
Publications
- Buckelew, J.K., D.W. Monks, K.M. Jennings, G.D. Hoyt, and R.F. Walls, Jr. 2006. Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.) Reproduction and Interference in Transplanted Plasticulture Tomato. Weed Science (54:490-495).
- Hoyt, G. D. and A.D. Cole. 2006. Chemical free burley tobacco. pp. 124-127. IN: 2006 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Hoyt, G. D. 2006. Cover Crops for Burley Tobacco. pp. 43-46. IN: 2006 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Hoyt, G. D. and J.W. Rideout. 2006. Fertilization. pp. 35-42. IN: 2006 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Vaughan, J.D. and G.D. Hoyt. 2006. Evaluation of a Quick Test Method for Tobacco Petiole Nitrate Analyses. Tobacco Science (In press).
- Vaughan, J.D., G.D. Hoyt, and A.G. Wollum. 2006. Assessment of Burley Tobacco Nitrogen Needs Following Cover Cropping and Manure Application. Tobacco Science (In press)
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
One research experiment consists of production systems as main plots and rotation sequence as subplots. The rotation sequence within each main plot consists of: 1) continuous staked tomato; and 2) yearly rotation of pepper, summer squash, fall broccoli, and tomato. Production systems are: 1. Conventional tillage and chemically-based IPM; 2. Conventional tillage and biologically-based IPM; 3. Conservation tillage and chemically-based IPM; 4. Conservation tillage and biologically-based IPM; 5. Conventional tillage and no pest control. Each treatment will be intensively monitored and data collected to determine production system effects on plant growth, nutrition and yield, soil chemical and physical properties, weeds, and earthworms. Tomato yields were measured in this experiment using conservation-tillage and conventional-tillage culture with (+) and without (-) synthetic fertilizer and pesticides (SFP) and a no fertilizer, no pesticide control. Yields where continuous
tomatoes had been grown for 11 previous years resulted in the following order for tomatoes grown this year: conventional-till +SFP (20.1 tons/acre) > conservation-till +SFP (16.4 tons/acre) > conservation-till -SFP (8.2 tons/acre) = conventional-till -SFP(5.3 tons/acre) > control (0.2 tons/acre). Measured factors reducing tomato yield were in the order: plant foliar disease late blight > weed control > soil fertility > insects. Rotating vegetables for 2 years before tomato production gave 4.5-9 Mg/ha yield increase for all treatments. Broccoli yields were in the order: conservation-tillage> conventional-tillage> control. Synthetic fertilizer (ammonium-nitrate) decreased soil pH greater than non-synthetic fertilizer (soybean meal as an organic source) in the 0-15 cm depth. Earthworm, nematode, and microorganism populations were greater in conservation-tilled treatments compared to plowed treatments regardless of pesticide inputs. No-till pumpkins planted in mid June showed yield
response to the highest rate of nitrogen, with increasing yield as nitrogen fertilizer increased. Small grain cover crops removed 75-250 kg N/ha and 15-40 kg P/ha when harvested as spring silage. Small grains fertilized at fall, winter, or early spring had greater yields when fertilized in the fall or winter treatments for each N rate (0, 67, 135 Kg N/ha), with spring silage increasing as N increased. Silage no-till corn was grown in these same small grain fertilizer N treatments (no corn N applied) with similar no-till silage corn yield response as the small grain silage yields.
Impacts
Providing growers with specific production information for no-till vegetable crops will improve their chances of success when they attempt to grow these crops for the first time. Studies on organic fertilizers will help organic growers make informed decisions on whether they should use these materials on their own crops.
Publications
- Hoyt, G. D. 2004. Cover Crops for Burley Tobacco. pp. 34-35. IN: 2004 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Overstreet, L.F. 2005 Relationships between Soil Biological and Physical Properties in a Long-term Vegetable Management Study. Ph.D. Thesis. North Carolina State University. 202 p.
- Harrelson, E.R. 2004. No-tll Pumpkin Production. M.S. Thesis. North Carolina State Univ. 76 p.
- Hoyt, G. D., L. Overstreet, and A.D. Cole. 2004. Chemical free burley tobacco. pp. 99-102. IN: 2003 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
One research experiment consists of production systems as main plots and rotation sequence as subplots. The rotation sequence within each main plot consists of: 1) continuous staked tomato; and 2) yearly rotation of pepper, squash, broccoli, and tomato. Production systems are: 1. Conventional tillage and chemically-based IPM; 2. Conventional tillage and biologically-based IPM; 3. Conservation tillage and chemically-based IPM; 4. Conservation tillage and biologically-based IPM; 5. Conventional tillage and no pest control. Each treatment will be intensively monitored and data collected to determine production system effects on plant growth, nutrition and yield, soil chemical and physical properties, weeds, and earthworms. Tomato yields were measured in this experiment using conservation-tillage and conventional-tillage culture with (+) and without (-) synthetic fertilizer and pesticides (SFP) and a no fertilizer, no pesticide control. Yields where continuous tomatoes
had been grown for 10 previous years resulted in the following order for tomatoes grown this year: conventional-till +SFP = conservation-till +SFP > conventional-till -SFP > conservation-till -SFP = control. Measured factors reducing tomato yield were in the order: plant foliar disease late blight > weed control > soil fertility > insects. Rotating vegetables for 2 years before tomato production gave 4.5-9 Mg/ha yield increase for all treatments. Synthetic fertilizer (ammonium-nitrate) decreased soil pH greater than non-synthetic fertilizer (soybean meal as an organic source) in the 0-15 cm depth. Earthworm populations were greater in conservation tilled treatments compared to plowed treatments regardless of pesticide inputs. No-till pumpkins planted from mid June to early July (every 2 weeks) showed yield response to earlier planted treatments. Adding nitrogen up to 134 Kg/ha increased yields at each timing. Small grain cover crops removed 75-250 kg N/ha and 15-40 kg P/ha when
harvested as silage. Small grains fertilized at fall, winter, or early spring had greater yields when fertilized in the fall or winter treatments for each N rate (0, 67, 135 Kg N/ha), with silage increasing as N increased. Silage no-till corn was grown in these same small grain fertilizer N treatments (no corn N applied) with similar no-till silage corn yield response as the small grain silage yields.
Impacts
Providing growers with specific production information for no-till vegetable crops will improve their chances of success when they attempt to grow these crops for the first time. Studies on organic fertilizers will help organic growers make informed decisions on whether they should use these materials on their own crops.
Publications
- Hoyt, G.D. 2000. The effect of tillage systems on burley tobacco yield and nitrogen uptake patterns. Tobacco Science 44:1-6.
- Hoyt, G.D. 2004. Producing Vegetables in Conservation Tillage Systems in North Carolina. Pp. 135-142. In: Proceedings from the Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Ed. David Jordan. NC State University, Raleigh, NC.
- Osmond, D.L., N.N. Ranells, G.C. Naderman, M.G. Wagger, G.D. Hoyt, J.L. Havlin, and S.C. Hodges. 2004. Role of Adopting Reduced Tillage Practices to Satisfy Government Mandates in the Neuse River Basin and other Sensitive Watersheds in North Carolina. Pp. 5-14. In: Proceedings from the Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Ed. David Jordan. NC State University, Raleigh, NC.
- Harrelson, R. A. Cole, G.D. Hoyt, J.L. Havlin, and D.W. Monks. 2004. No-till Pumpkin Production. Pp. 161-165. In: Proceedings from the Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Ed. David Jordan. NC State University, Raleigh, NC.
- Overstreet, L.F., G.D. Hoyt, S. Hu, W. Shi, and M.G. Wagger. 2004. Comparing Biological and Structural Features of Soils Under Conventional and Conservation tillage. Pp. 126-134 In: Proceedings from the Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Ed. David Jordan. NC State University, Raleigh, NC
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
One research experiment consists of production systems as main plots and rotation sequence as subplots. The rotation sequence within each main plot consists of: 1) continuous staked tomato; and 2) yearly rotation of pepper, squash, broccoli and cabbage, and tomato. Production systems are: 1. Conventional tillage and chemically-based IPM; 2. Conventional tillage and biologically-based IPM; 3. Conservation tillage and chemically-based IPM; 4. Conservation tillage and biologically-based IPM; 5. Conventional tillage and no pest control. Each treatment will be intensively monitored and data collected to determine production system effects on plant growth, nutrition and yield, soil chemical and physical properties, weeds, and earthworms. Tomato yields were measured in this experiment using conservation-tillage and conventional-tillage culture with (+) and without (-) synthetic fertilizer and pesticides (SFP) and a no fertilizer, no pesticide control. Yields where continuous
tomatoes had been grown for 9 previous years resulted in the following order for tomatoes grown this year: conservation-till +SFP = conventional-till +SFP > conventional-till -SFP > conservation-till -SFP = control. Measured factors reducing tomato yield were in the order: plant foliar disease late blight > weed control > soil fertility > insects. Rotating vegetables for 2 years before tomato production gave 4.5-9 Mg/ha yield increase for all treatments. Synthetic fertilizer (ammonium-nitrate) decreased soil pH greater than non-synthetic fertilizer (soybean meal as an organic source) in the 0-15 cm depth. No-till pumpkins planted from mid June to early July (every 2 weeks) showed yield response to earlier planted treatments. Adding nitrogen up to 134 Kg/ha increased yields at each timing, and at the highest N rate gave similar no-till pumpkin yields at all timings. Small grain cover crops removed 75-250 kg N/ha and 15-40 kg P/ha when harvested as silage. Small grains fertilized at
fall, winter, or early spring had similar yields for each N rate (0, 67, 135 Kg N/ha), with silage increasing as N increased. Silage no-till corn was grown in these same small grain fertilizer N treatments (no corn N applied) with similar no-till silage corn yield response as the small grain silage yields. Organic fertilizers gave a sweet corn yield in the following order: bulldog soda= soybean meal= cottonseed meal > composted chicken processing waste> composted chicken manure> no fertilizer. Chemical free burley tobacco had similar fertilizer response to these treatments.
Impacts
Providing growers with specific production information for no-till vegetable crops will improve their chances of success when they attempt to grow these crops for the first time. Studies on organic fertilizers will help organic growers make informed decisions on whether they should use these materials on their own crops.
Publications
- Hoyt, G. D. 2003. Cover Crops for Burley Tobacco. pp. 37-38. IN: 2003 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Hoyt, G. D., L. Overstreet, and A.D. Cole. 2003. Chemical Free Burley Tobacco. pp. 100-102. IN: 2003 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Hoyt, G. D., M. Wagger, and C. Crozier. 2003. Winter Annual Cover Crops. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. In press.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
One research experiment will consist of production systems as main plots and rotation sequence as subplots. The rotation sequence within each main plot consist of: 1) continuous staked tomato; and 2) yearly rotation of pepper, squash, broccoli and cabbage, and tomato. Production systems are 1. Conventional tillage and chemically-based IPM, 2. Conventional tillage and biologically-based IPM, 3. Conservation tillage and chemically-based IPM, 4. Conservation tillage and biologically-based IPM, 5. Conventional tillage and no pest control. Each treatment will be intensively monitored and data collected to determine production system effects on plant growth, nutrition and yield, soil chemical and physical properties, weeds, and earthworms. No-tilled vegetables (pumpkins and southern peas) were planted in treatments of small grain residue. Cabbage will be produced under three tillage production systems: plow/disc, strip-till, and no-till culture. Five rates of fertilizer
nitrogen will be applied at sidedress (0 to 200 lbs N/acre) on each tillage treatment. Cabbage yield and nutrient uptake, root morphology, and soil physical properties will be measured at each location. Tomato yields were measured in an experiment using conservation-tillage and conventional-tillage culture with (+) and without (-) synthetic fertilizer and pesticides (SFP) and a no fertilizer, no pesticide control. Yields where continuous tomatoes had been grown for 8 previous years resulted in the following order for tomatoes grown this year: conservation-till +SFP> conventional-till +SFP> conservation-till -SFP> conventional-till -SFP> control. Measured factors reducing tomato yield were in the order: plant foliar disease late blight > weed control > soil fertility > insects. Synthetic fertilizer (ammonium-nitrate) decreased soil pH greater than non-synthetic fertilizer (soybean meal as an organic source) in the 0-15 cm depth. Yellow squash yields were in the order: conservation-till
+SFP> conventional-till +SFP= conventional-till -SFP= conservation-till -SFP> control. Leaf petiole nitrate was considerably higher in the conservation-till+SFP compared to the other treatments, indicating that late season nitrogen was increasing yield in the higher yielding treatment. No-till pumpkins showed some yield response to various types of small grain residue, with greater surface residue increasing yield and quality. Small grain cover crops removed 75-250 kg N/ha and 15-40 kg P/ha. Organic fertilizers gave a sweet corn yield in the following order: bulldog soda= soybean meal= cottonseed meal= composted chicken processing waste> composted chicken manure>no fertilizer. Chemical free burley tobacco had a very large yield response to trickle irrigation compared to dryland.
Impacts
Vegetable production requires good management skills and greater input for success than row crops. Vegetable crops too are very intensive on the soil, requiring more sustainable management. These studies will provide information for best management practices for high vegetable yields and improved soil properties.
Publications
- Hoyt, G. D. 2002. Cover Crops for Burley Tobacco. pp. 34-35. IN: 2001 Burley Tobacco Information. N. C. Cooperative Extension Publication. AG 376.
- Hummel, R.L., J.F. Walgenbach, G.D. Hoyt, and G.G. Kennedy. 2002. Effects of Production Practices on Vegetable Arthropods and their Natural Enemies. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 93:165-176.
- Hummel, R.L., J.F. Walgenbach, G.D. Hoyt, and G.G. Kennedy. 2002. Effects of Vegetable Production System on Epigeal Arthropod Populations. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 93:177-188.
- Hummel, R.L., J.F. Walgenbach, M.E. Barbercheck, G.G. Kennedy, G.D. Hoyt, and C. Arellano. 2002. Effects of Production Practices on Soil-Borne Entomopatholgens in Western North Carolina Vegetable Systems. Environmental Entomology 31:84-91.
- Hoyt, G.D. 2003. The effect of tillage systems on burley tobacco yield and nitrogen uptake patterns. Tobacco Science (In press)
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
na
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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