Progress 07/15/02 to 07/14/04
Outputs
To identify and evaluate heat-tolerant potato cultivars that will address marketing niches in New Jersey. The marketing niches include potato chips directly out of the field and fresh market. The fresh market contains: long russet, round white, red, and purple skinned varieties, as well as, yellow, red, and purple fleshed varieties for wholesale and direct outlets. Trials were conducted at the Rutgers Agriculture Research & Extension Center (RAREC) for the wholesale items and the Snyder Agriculture Research and Extension Farm (SF) for the direct market items. Plots were graded and sized immediately after harvest. Russets were hand-sized by weight. Specific gravity was determined using the weight-in-air method. Internal tuber defects were determined by cutting ten of the largest tubers under 4" into quarters from each replication. Heat stress was the main factor that cause varieties to be discarded. The heat stress characteristics were internal heat necrosis(IHN), heat
sprouts, second growths, and misshapen tubers. Other defects that were observed were hollow heart, growth cracks, field rot, scab, and harvest cracks. Plant and tuber characteristics were rated along with yield, size, and specific gravity. Of the 375 seedling were tested and 90% were discarded. B0564-8 will became Harley Blackwell. Others nearing the naming milestone are B0766-3, A9014-2, and B1816-5. NDTX 731-1R had the best dark, red skin color. NY 129 is a good yielding light red seedling. Michigan Purple is a nice pale purple-skinned variety with bright, white flesh that has a very good flavor when boiled. In order to determine the plant population and nitrogen needed for maximum marketable yield. Marcy was tested at four seedpiece spacing and four nitrogen rates. The standard which is 9" spacing with 150 lbs of nitrogen per acre produced the highest significant marketable yield of Marcy. There was no significant difference in specific gravity among any rates or spacings. With
Reba, the 6" spacing with 150 lbs of nitrogen per acre produced the highest significant marketable yield. With Pike, Harley Blackwell, B0766-3, and Superior 150 lbs of nitrogen per acre produced the highest significant marketable yield. Several Calcium treatments were applied to Atlantic to reduce IHN. Non of the treatments were successful nor did they effect yield. Several varieties were tested with four rates of phosphorus applied broadcast and branded on soils that tested very high for phosphorus. Results were mixed. However, Superior and Atlantic did respond to additional applications of phosphorus even on the high phosphorus soils.
Impacts
Developing a variety with heat stress tolerance is an important factor for New Jersey. Marcy, Harley Blackwell, and B0766-3 will give chip growers an alternative to Atlantic for late season when Atlantic is often rejected by chippers because of IHN costing the grower thousands of dollars per acre. These varieties can be used for chipping and fresh market where Atlantic is not acceptable for the fresh market. With the direct market, A9014-2 is a good yield russet with nice tuber appearance. B1816-5 and Michigan Purple are purple skinned speciality items. NDTX 731-1R and NY 129 are good yielding reds with some promise. Having a diversity of varieties available for the direct marketers increases the volume and price of potatoes, and thus their profits. Knowing the correct fertilizer rate for each variety will save growers money by allowing them to use the rate that will produce the maximum marketable yield. This will also protect the environment by no putting more
fertilizer on the crop then it can use.
Publications
- Henninger, M.R. 2004. White Potato Res Report 2003 Part I. Variety Trials, pg 38.
- Henninger, M.R. 2004. White Potato Res Report 2003 Part II. Cultural Trials, pg19
- Yencho, G.C.*1, K.G. Haynes2, M.E. Clough1, S.B. Sterrett3 and M.R. Henninger4. 2004 Developing Potatoes Adapted to Diverse Environments: Results of Early-Generation Selection Studies in Maine and North Carolina. American J of Potato Res, Abs No. G63. 1NCSU, Raleigh, NC 27695; 2USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; 3VA Tech, Painter, VA 23420; and Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903.
- Haynes, K.G., el al. 2001. Amey: A Multipurpose Russet-Skinned Potato Cultivar For Eastern United States. Am J Pot Res78:175-181.
- Sisson, J.A., et al. 2001. Performance Evaluation of Potato Clones and Varieties in the Northeastern States - 1998. MAES Pub. No. 747.
- Sterrett, S.B., et al 2001. S. PHUREJA-S. STENOTOMUM Contributes High Specific Gravity and Internal Tuber Quality Under High Temperature Growing Environments to 4x-2x Hybrids. Am J of Potato Res, Abs No. 13.
- Sterrett, S.B., M.R. Henninger and K.G. Haynes, 1999. Relationship of Internal Heat Necrosis to Specific Gravity. American J of Potato Res, Abs No. 59.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
To identify and evaluate heat-tolerant potato cultivars that will address marketing niches. Trials were conducted at the Rutgers Ag Res & Ext Center (RAREC) and the Snyder Ag Res and Ext Farm (SF). Plots were graded and sized immediately after harvest. Russets were hand-sized by weight. Specific gravity was determined using the weight-in-air method. Internal tuber defects were determined by cutting ten of the largest tubers under 4" into quarters from each replication. At the RAREC, B0766-3 (396 cwt/A) and B1523-4 (387 cwt/A) each produced significantly higher marketable yields then the Superior (342 cwt/A) and Atlantic (338 cwt/A) checks. Other high yielding seedlings included B1884-9, MSE149-5y, and B1870-3. They all had very desirable tuber characteristics. None of the seedling had higher specific gravity then Atlantic (1.090), but Liberator, B1240-1, and Jacqueline were good. Seedlings with good horticultural characters and good chip color were B1523-4, MSE149-5y,
B0546-8, and B1240-1. At the Snyder R&E Farm, Russets: ATX84706-2Ru (479 cwt/A) had a significantly higher marketable yield then all other entries. A9014-2 (399), TXNS 278 (344), A90586-1 (337), TXNS 223 (336), and TXNS296 (334) all had a significantly higher marketable yield then the Russet Norkotah check with 252 cwt/A. ATX84706-2Ru had no IHN and only one hollow heart out of 40 with good tuber appearance and only 7% defects, looks like a winner. Hollow heart was present in A9014-2 (30%), TXNS 278 (15%), and TXNS 223 (15%). A9014-2 and A90586-1 both had significantly less external defects that the TXNS seedlings. Reds: B1523-4 (519), NY W2-112 (501), AC Red Island (459) all had marketable yield significantly higher then Chieftain with 433 cwt/A. Chieftain had 25 tubers with severe IHN out of the 40 cut while AC Red Island has 15 out of 40 with severe IHN. NY W2-11 and NDTX 731-1R had the best dark red skin color, but both had a netted skin texture. Purples: B1816-5 and B1763-4 both
yielded well and had dark purple skin, but with a netted skin texture. Michigan Purple had a nice smooth skin, but a very light purple skin color. To determine the plant population and nitrogen needed for maximum marketable yield of Marcy (NY112) was tested at four seedpiece spacing and four nitrogen rates. The standard is 9" spacing with 150 lbs of nitrogen per acre. The marketable yield increased to 200 #/A, but there was no significant increase above 150 #/A. There was no significant difference in Specific Gravity among any rates or spacings. The marketable yield increased down to the 6" spacing. However, there was no significant increase below the 9" spacing. Tuber size increased as the seedpiece spacing increase to 12",however there was no significant increase above the 9" spacing.
Impacts
Developing a variety with heat stress tolerance is an important factor for New Jersey. In 2003, a seedling B0766-3 is being named and is available to growers. It has the potential to become a good fresh market potato with no internal defects. It is also a good chipper, but does not have as high a Specific Gravity as Atlantic. It could replace some of the Atlantic acreage that is at risk to have a problem with internal heat necrosis later in the season. With B0766-3 growers will have more options. Marcy is available to growers as a late chip or table potato.
Publications
- Henninger, M.R. 2003. White Potato Research Report. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Publication.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
To identify and evaluate heat-tolerant potato cultivars that will address marketing niches. Trials were conducted at the Rutgers Ag Res & Ext Center (RAREC) and the Snyder Ag Res and Ext Farm (SF). Plots were graded and sized immediately after harvest. Russets were hand-sized by weight. Specific gravity was determined using the weight-in-air method. Internal tuber defects were determined by cutting ten of the largest tubers under 4" into quarters from each replication. At the RAREC, Atlantic, Snowden, Katahdin, Eva, Superior and Reba produced the highest marketable yields. NY112, ATX85404-8w, MSF373-8, and MSE149-5y were the highest yielding seedlings. They all had very desirable tuber characteristics. Suncrisp, W1313, and AF2207-4 had higher specific gravity then Atlantic, but none of them were horticulturally exceptable. Seedlings with good horticultural characters and good chip color were AF1938-3, B0546-8, B0766-3, and B1240-1; but only B1240-1 (1.088) had
specific gravity as high as Atlantic (1.090). Common Scab was present in the plots, B1826-1 and B1806-8 were severely infected. While MSE221-1, NY125, NY126, NYV76-13, ATX85404-8, NY112, B0766-3, Aquilon, and Superior had no scab. At the SF, Russets: A90586-11 and Amey had a significantly higher marketable yield, then the Russet Norkotah 8 check. Reds: Roselys, B1523-4, CO86218-2, and Chieftain all with marketable yield were significantly higher then Dark Red Norland. Chieftain had 18 tubers with severe internal heat necrosis out of the 40 cut. Roselys and BriseduNord had high yields, but very poor tuber appearance and a very light pink color. B1523-4 and CO86218-2 had a nice dark red color, but the skin was netted which took away from its attractiveness. Two recently named varieties (Reba and Pike) and two seedlings (B0564-8 (Harley Blackwell) and B0766-3 were tested at four nitrogen rates. The standard rate is 150 lbs of nitrogen per acre. There was no significant increase in
marketable yield of Pike and B0564-8 with more than 100 lbs; while B0766-3 and Reba topped out at 150 lbs. There was no significant difference in Specific Gravity among any of the varieties and only B0766-3 had a significant increase in size with more than 50 lbs. To determine the plant population need for maximum marketable yield for NY-112 (Marcy) and Reba, a spacing study was conducted. With NY-112, the marketable yield increased down to the 7" spacing. Tuber size increased was the seedpiece spacing increase to 12" producing the largest tubes. With Reba, there was a significant increase in marketable yield down to the 6" seedpiece spacing with no significant change in tuber size. To examine the influence of additional calcium application on tuber calcium concentration and the susceptibility to internal heat necrosis of selected clones from interspecific 4x-2x S. tuberosum x S. phureja - S. stenotomum (4x-2x) hybrids (USDA - Beltsville program). The addition of 400 lbs of Calcium
per acre had not significant effect on the incidence or severity of internal heat necrosis in 18 hybrids and two checks. There was a significant increase in tuber calcium with the addition of calcium.
Impacts
Developing a variety with heat stress tolerance is an important factor for New Jersey. In 2002, a seedling B0564-8 was named Harley Blackwell and became available to growers. It has the potential to become a good fresh market potato with no internal defects. It is also a good chipper, but does not have as high a Specific Gravity as Atlantic. It could replace some of the Atlantic acreage that is at risk to have a problem with internal heat necrosis later in the season. With Harley Blackwell growers will have more options. NY112 has been named Marcy and is available to growers as a late chip or table potato. The nitrogen studies would indicate that Pike and Harley Blackwell may produce good marketable yields with less nitrogen than is the present standard. This will reduce the amount of nitrogen in the environment
Publications
- Henninger, M.R. 2002. White Potato Research Report. Rutgers Cooperative Extension Publication.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Promising clones are selected in September at the USDA Chapman Farm and Aroostook State Farm, both in Maine, for the following growing season. Selections from the New York program are also included. Seed of all entries were hand cut, treated, bagged, and separated into appropriate trial (round white, red, russet, NE184, main and late season). In anticipation of continued funding and as as understanding of comments from last years proposal, a study has been developed cooperatively with Rikki Sterrett (VA), Craig Yencho (NC), and K. G. Haynes (USDABeltsville) to assess the influence of tuber calcium concentration on susceptibility to internal heat necrosis of selected clones from interspecific 4x-2x S. tuberosum x S. phureja - S. stenotomum (4x-2x) hybrids. The 10 most susceptible and 10 most resistant clones to symptoms of IHN were retained from the population evaluated at three locations in 2000 (as described in Two above). These clones, plus Atlantic and
Superior as standards, will be grown with and without gypsum applied over the seed pieces at planting. The study will be completed in NC, VA, and NJ. Tubers were harvested, separated into size categories, weighed and counted. Specific gravity was determined for tubers in the 64-83 mm size category. Tuber tissue samples were obtained from the 64-83 mm size category (or the largest size category present) and were analyzed for tissue calcium. The same tubers will be evaluated for IHN. This is the commencement of a coordinated effort to physiologically understand the mechanism controlling the development of symptoms associated with IHN. Of the three locations, environmental conditions were most favorable for the expression of IHN in NJ and least favorable in VA. The significant location by clone interaction for %IHN and IHN rating was due, in part, to the relative lack of environmental stress in VA. The mean IHN ratings for NC, NJ, and VA were 8.21(range 6.51-9.00), 7.87 (4.5-8.99) and
8.81 (8.0-9.0), respectively, using the NE184 9-1 rating scale (9=no IHN). The most severe ratings were recorded for clone BDT00114-1 in NC and NJ. Clones BDT60-9 and BDT112-3 were consistently resistant to IHN at all locations. The percentage of tubers exhibiting IHN followed the same pattern, with the mean (range) affected tubers in NC, NJ, VA of 26.8%(0-79.5%), 34.0% (0.4-94.6%) and 5.1% (0-42.9%), respectively. At all locations, BDT00127-3 exhibited the greatest percentage of tubers with IHN. The addition of Calcium, banded in the furrow at planting, reduced the percentage of tuber with IHN from 25.2 to 20.5%, and improved IHN rating from 8.2 to 8.3. Addition of Calcium had no significant impact the susceptibility of the clones tested to internal heat necrosis. This trial will be conducted again in 2002, with the same set of clones and treatments, and in all three locations.
Impacts
The goal of this project is to identify and evaluate heattolerant potato cultivars that are adapted to the growing conditions, and address the marketing niches identified by growers in the midAtlantic region. Improved yield and freedom from internal and external defects, as well as, improved pest resistance and an economically viable yield, will be needed to replace existing varieties.
Publications
- Henninger, M.R., S.B. Sterrett, K.G. Haynes. 2000. Broad-Sense Heritability and Stability of Internal Heat Necrosis and Specific Gravity in Tetraploid Potatoes. Crop Science 40(4):977-984.
- Henninger, M.R. 2000. White Potato Research Report 2000. 61 pages.
- Sterrett, S.B., M.R. Henninger and K.G. Haynes, 1999. Relationship of Internal Heat Necrosis to Specific Gravity. American J of Potato Res, Abs No. 59.
- Haynes, K.G., G.A. Porter, B.J. Christ, R.W. Goth, K.O. DeLong, D.E. Halseth, J.B. Sieczka, M.R. Henninger, S.B. Sterrett, G.C. Yencho, and R.E. Webb. 2001. Amey: A Multipurpose Russet-Skinned Potato Cultivar For Eastern United States. American Journal of Potato Research 78:175-181.
- Henninger, M.R. 2001. White Potato Research Report 2001.
- Sisson, J.A., et el. 2001. Performance Evaluation of Potato Clones and Varieties in the Northeastern States - 1998. MAES Pub. No. 747.
- Sterrett, S.B., M.R. Henninger, G.C. Yencho, and K.G. Haynes 2001. S. PHUREJA-S. STENOTOMUM Contributes High Specific Gravity and Internal Tuber Quality Under High Temperature Growing Environments to 4x-2x Hybrids. American J of Potato Res, Abs No. 13.
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