Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Experiments were initiated with bermudagrass (for hay forage), rice, soybean, and winter wheat to develop a better understanding of the relationships between soil testing and fertilization, crop response to fertilization, or soil processes that influence crop response to fertilization and fertilizer reactions. Research objectives were focused on N, P, and K, but selected experiments were conducted to examine crop response to micronutrient fertilization. Nitrogen, P and K fertilization trials with bermudagrass grown for forage hay production were conducted in the same plots for five years to monitor yield and soil test response to different annual P and K fertilizer rates. A second three-year trial was compared yield and NH3-N loss from fertilization with NH4NO3, urea, Agrotain-treated urea (ATU, urease inhbitor), and pelleted poultry litter. Results from N rate trials conducted in Aransas during a 20-year period were used to develop a N rate for producing near maximal bermudagrass forage yields. The primary emphasis of rice and irrigated soybean fertilization trials was to develop research-based K fertilization recommendations, develop or verify critical tissue K concentrations for monitoring plant k nutritional status and assess how Mehlich-3 (M3) soil test K responds to annual fertilization. For rice we also examined how the time and rate of K fertilization influenced yield and stem rot incidence and severity in rice using both short- and long-term fertilization trials. Research-based, K-fertilizer recommendations were developed from 32 rice and 34 irrigated-soybean trials. Efforts to identify a controlled-release N source suitable that could be applied preplant as an alternative to urea applied preflood included field and laboratory trials evaluating N-release rates of several polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilizers as affected by time, temperature, and soil series. The relationship between M3-P and winter wheat and soybean response to P fertilization were investigated in numerous experiments, and the objective continues to be researched. The potential benefits of using ATU for the topdressed N application (in February and March) on winter wheat were investigated at 6 site-years that encompassed 24 different N applications between February and early April. Research results were communicated via refereed journal articles, extension publications, popular or farm press articles, and oral presentations made at grower educational meetings and regional, national and international professional meetings. Projects that had conclusive results were used to improve crop production and soil nutrient management recommendations including K fertilizer recommendations for bermudagrass, rice and irrigated soybean, agrotain use onwinter wheat, and PCU use for corn. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator of all described experiments was Dr. Nathan Slaton, Professor/Director of Soil Testing - University of Arkansas. As project director, Dr. Slaton prepared funding proposals, designed experiments and treatments, coordinated establishment and management of field and laboratory trials, performed statistical analyses of results, and developed oral and written reports to funding agencies and clientele. Research collaborators include Drs. Rick Norman, Robert Bacon, Andrew Sharpley, Trent Roberts and Brad Watkins with the University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (UAAES); Chuck Wilson, Extension Rice Agronomist-University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (UACES); Jeremy Ross, Extension Soybean Agronomist-UACES; Morteza Mozaffari, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Leo Espinoza, Extension Soils Specialist-UACES; Rick Cartwright, Extension Plant Pathologist-UACES; Jason Kelley, Extension Wheat Agronomist-UACES; Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor-Louisiana State University; Bobby Golden, Assistant Professor- Mississippi State Univ.; Assistant Professor-MSU ; Tim Walker, Assistant Research Professor-Mississippi State University. Research collaborators aided in developing research treatments and establishing and managing trials when needed. Suitable commercial field sites for research objectives were found in cooperation with various UACES county Extension Agents including Craig Allen, Poinsett County; Brent Griffen, Prairie County; Johnny Gunsaulis, Washington County; Brian Haller - White County; Mike Hamilton, Poinsett County; Robert Seay, Benton County; and Rick Thompson, Poinsett County. Experiment station personnel aided in locating suitable sites on UA-AES farms. Research staff at the Arkansas Agric. Research and Extension Center (AAREC), Rice Research Extension Center (RREC), Pine Tree Research Station (PTRS), Marianna Soil Test Laboratory, Fayetteville Agricultural Diagnostic Laboratory, and Lon Mann Cotton Branch Research Station assisted with establishment and management of research tests or analyses of plant, soil, and manure samples. Field and laboratory work was also facilitated by Mr. Russ DeLong and Colin Massey, Program Specialists-UAAES. Financial support for research was provided by the Arkansas Rice Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Soybean Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Wheat Research Promotion Board, Fertilizer Tonnage Fees administered by The Arkansas Soil Test Review Board, Agrium Inc., AgXplore Inc., Dow Agrosciences, Florikan Inc., Kingenta Fertilizer, Loveland Industries, NuFarm, The Mosaic Company, Winfield Solutions, US Department of Energy, and USDA-CSREES. Research activities included training of numerous graduate students including Bobby Golden, Brett Gordon, Elliot Maschmann, and Colin Massey numerous UAAES staff, as well as growers and consultants at field days held at Fayetteville, Rice Research Extension Center, Lake Hogue Research Farm, Pine Tree Research Station, and various state, local, and county grower and professional meetings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences for the described research and outreach activities were open to all individuals, which includes interested farmers, consultants, landowners, Extension agents, farm service personnel, peer scientists, and interested general public. Efforts to disseminate information were made via popular press articles and interviews, publication of reports in refereed and non-refereed journals, and oral and poster presentations. Oral presentations were made on soil testing and crop fertilization to regional, state (Arkansas), and local audiences each year in professional meetings hosted by land grant universities and private companies (e.g., Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences) and professional organizations (e.g., American Society of Agronomy and Arkansas Plant Food Association). Information was also extended through on-campus teaching efforts to undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at the University of Arkansas - Fayetteville. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
A summary of seven N rate experiments showed that 90% of maximum bermudagrass yield is produced by 364 lb N/acre/year and NH4NO3 often produced yields that were equal to or greater than urea or urea with a urease (Agrotain, NBPT) inhibitor. Results over a 3-year period showed no consistent yield advantage for Agrotain-treated urea (ATU) compared to urea alone, but semi-open chamber trials showed significant NH3-N losses from urea, which were reduced when ATU was used. A 5-year trial with P and K showed that forage yields and soil test K declined dramatically (from 85% of max yield in year 1 to 39% max yield in year 5) when <300 lb K2O/acre/year was applied and bermudagrass stand declined due to K deficiency. Nominal yield increases from P fertilization occurred on a soil with an initial soil test P of 116 ppm. After 5-years of crop removal and no P or K addition, soil test P and K declined 7 and 16 ppm/year, respectively, due to a negative nutrient balance. Potassium fertilizer recommendations were developed for rice based on the correlation between Mehlich-3 soil K (0-4 inch depth) and relative rice yield. Near maximal rice yields were produced when soil test K was >103 ppm indicating no need for K fertilization. When soil test K was <103 ppm, relative grain yield declined linearly by 0.35%/ppm in the absence of K fertilization. Critical whole-plant K concentrations at panicle differentiation (PD, >1.8%) and heading (HDG, >1.3%) were developed for diagnosing K deficiency. The best time to apply K fertilizer was preplant or preflood, but K applied at PD or HDG was effective at reducing yield loss from K deficiency. Potassium deficiency caused by inadequate fertilization was an important factor contributing to the severity of stem rot. Polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilizers were not suitable for use as a preplant N fertilizer source in the direct-seeded, delayed-flood rice production system (DSDFRPS). Field and laboratory methods were used to characterize the N-release rate of several PCU fertilizers showed that a large portion of N released during the 40-50 days between application and establishing the permanent flood was converted to NO3-N and likely lost after flooding. Research suggests the ideal PCU would release little or N for 40-50 days and then rapidly release N during the next 21 days. Potassium fertilizer recommendations were developed for irrigated soybean based on the correlation between Mehlich-3 soil K and relative soybean yield. Near maximal soybean yields were produced when soil test K was >108 ppm indicating no need for K fertilization. When soil test K was <108 ppm, relative grain yield declined linearly by 0.54%/ppm in the absence of K fertilization. The minimum K concentration for recently matured trifoliolate leaves at the R1-R2 stage was 1.8%. Mehlic-3 P is weakly, but significantly correlated with relative soybean yield. Agrotain-treated urea produced greater wheat yield (> 2.5 bu/A) than urea in 42% of the evaluated N applications. The correlation between M3P and relative wheat yield was weak but significant (r2 =0.36).
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybean plant nutrient concentration and yield response to fertilization with P and/or K was evaluated in 10 separate trials. Phosphorus and K trials evaluated multiple rates ranging from 0 to 160 lb P2O5 or K2O/acre or different fertilizer sources and application times. Trials included both full-season and double-cropped soybeans (following winter wheat). Winter wheat fertilization trials evaluating crop response to N, P, K, and poultry litter fertilization was performed in18 trials. Nitrogen and P rate experiments evaluated nutrient rates in effort to correlate and calibrate soil P and N test methods to develop or improve fertilizer recommendations. Experiments with poultry litter were implemented with the goal of determining its N-fertilizer value when applied at or before planting. The effect of a urease inhibitor [N-(n-Butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT] on wheat yield and ammonia loss were also evaluated. Rice fertilization trials were established to investigate an array of objectives. Seven trials were established to research the claims of three soil or fertilizer amendment products (humic acid and/or soil microbial stimulants) at two sites. Preliminary research was established in separate trials to research the benefits of 1) CruizerMaxx seed treatment and P fertilization and 2) a N-amended biosolid, called VitAG, compared to urea. The major emphasis of our research continued to be on various aspects of P, K, and Zn fertilization of rice including time (month), rate, and source of fertilization plus the effect of tillage on Zn uptake. A forage trial evaluating P and K fertilization was established at a new site, in central Arkansas having Midland 99 bermudagrass. Phosphorus and K rate trials evaluated soil-test (Mehlich-3) P and K responses to annual P (0-150 lb P2O5/acre/year) and K (0-450 lb K2O/acre/year) fertilizer rates and nutrient uptake and yield responses. Corn fertilization trials were also established to investigate corn response to polymer-coated urea and a host of Zn and P fertilizers. Information concerning crop fertilization was extended to clientele via various refereed and non-refereed publications, meeting proceedings/ and presentations at 14 field days, county educational meetings coordinated by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, industry groups, and various professional societies. Presentations focused on interpretation and practical use of soil-test based fertilizer recommendations for maximizing agronomic yields and net profits as well as best nutrient management practices for maximizing plant nutrient uptake and reducing soil and fertilizer nutrient movement into the surrounding landscape. The primary audience of outreach activities was growers, consultants, and other scientists. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator of all described experiments was Dr. Nathan Slaton, Professor/Director of Soil Testing - University of Arkansas. As project director, Dr. Slaton prepared funding proposals, designed experiments and treatments, coordinated establishment and management of field and laboratory trials, performed statistical analyses of results, and developed oral and written reports to funding agencies and clientele. Research collaborators include Drs. Rick Norman, Robert Bacon, Andrew Sharpley, Trent Roberts, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (UAAES); Chuck Wilson, Extension Rice Agronomist-University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (UACES); Jeremy Ross, Extension Soybean Agronomist-UACES; Morteza Mozaffari, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Leo Espinoza, Extension Soils Specialist-UACES; Rick Cartwright, Extension Plant Pathologist-UACES; Jason Kelley, Extension Wheat Agronomist-UACES; Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor-Louisiana State University; Bobby Golden, Assistant Professor- Mississippi State Univ.; Assistant Professor-MSU ; Tim Walker, Assistant Research Professor-Mississippi State University. Research collaborators aided in developing research treatments and establishing and managing trials when needed. Suitable commercial field sites for research objectives were found in cooperation with various county Extension Agents including Mike Hamilton, Poinsett County Extension Agent (CEA) -UACES; Brent Griffen, Prairie County Extension Agent (CEA) -UACES, and Brian Haller - White County Extension Agent. Experiment station personnel aided in locating suitable sites on UA-AES farms. Research staff at the Arkansas Agric. Research and Extension Center (AAREC), Rice Research Extension Center (RREC), Pine Tree Research Station (PTRS), Marianna Soil Test Laboratory, Fayetteville Agricultural Diagnostic Laboratory, and Lon Mann Cotton Branch Research Station assisted with establishment and management of research tests or analyses of plant, soil, and manure samples. Field and laboratory work was also facilitated by Mr. Russ DeLong and Colin Massey, Program Specialists-UAAES. Financial support for research was provided by the Arkansas Rice Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Soybean Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Wheat Research Promotion Board, Fertilizer Tonnage Fees administered by The Arkansas Soil Test Review Board, Agrium Inc., and The Mosaic Company. Research activities included training of graduate students (Brett Gordon), numerous UAAES staff, as well as growers and consultants at field days held at the Fayetteville Campus, RREC, PTBS, and various state, local, and county grower and professional meetings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences for the described research and outreach activities were open to all individuals which includes interested farmers, consultants, landowners, Extension agents, farm service personnel, peer scientists, and interested general public. Efforts to disseminate information were made via popular press articles and interviews, publication of reports in refereed and non-refereed journals, and oral and poster presentations. Oral presentations were made on soil testing and crop fertilization to regional, state (Arkansas), and local audiences at the following meetings: 1) Lonoke County (1/4/2011, Lonoke); 2) Poinsett County (1/12/2011; Weiner, AR), 3-4) Arkansas Crop Management Conference on enhanced efficient fertilizers and plant tissue analysis (1/18/2011, North Little Rock, AR), 5-6) Prairie County on crop fertilization and foliar feeding (1/27/2011, Hazen, AR), 7) Association of Southern Feed, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Control Officials Plant Food Officials Little Rock, AR (6/14/2011, Little Rock, AR), 8) Rice Expo/Field Day on new product evaluation (8/4/2011, Stuttgart, AR), 9) Jimmy Sanders Staff Training on enhanced efficiency fertilizers (8/16/2010, Stoneville, MS, 10) Pine Tree Field Day on P and K fertilization (8/18/2010), 11) Pioneer Sales and technical Staff training on soybean nutrition (10/24/2010, Fayetteville, AR), 12) Arkansas Farm Organization leaders (11/17/2011, Little Rock, AR), 13) Armor Seeds on plant nutrition (12/1/2011, Branson, MO), and 14) Arkansas Soybean Research Conference on soybean fertilization (128/2011, Stuttgart, AR). Research results were also used/presented in classroom instruction during the fall semester 2011 for CSES 4224 (Soil Fertility) and the following professional meetings: Southern Branch American Society of Agronomy (2/2011, Corpus Christi, TX) and American Society of Agronomy International Meetings (10/2011, San Antonio, TX). PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
After five years of P and K fertilization on a Dewitt silt loam the yield of full-season irrigated soybean was increased by ~3 bu/acre (~5%). Likewise, after 12 years of fertilization with different K rates, soybean yields were 24 to 35% greater on a Calhoun silt loam receiving K compared to soil receiving no K. Soybean yield was not affected by P fertilization in other short-term trials. After four years of fertilization, soil test P and K on Dewitt silt loam increased by 1 ppm for every 13 lb K2O and 21 lb P2O5 applied/acre. After 11 years of fertilization, soil test P and K on the Calhoun soil has increased 1 ppm for every 45 lb K2O applied/acre. Phosphorus fertilization trials continue to show that soil test P has limited ability to identify soils that respond positively to P fertilization. Double-cropped soybean yields were greater following wheat grown for grain than following wheat grown as a cover crop, but the time of fertilization had little effect on soybean yield when an adequate rate was applied. A positive response to P fertilization occurred in only one of five wheat trials. Two trials were damaged by glyphosate drift or birds. Wheat yield was not benefitted by K fertilization in two trials. Less than 3% of the applied urea-N was lost via ammonia volatilization and no yield differences occurred among wheat fertilized with urea, urea+NBPT, or ammonium sulfate. Significant wheat yield increases occurred from fall-applied poultry litter with results suggesting that 25-35% of the total N in poultry litter was available to winter wheat. In the first year of a long-term trial, compared to the no P or K controls , bermudagrass yields tended to be higher when P or K fertilizer was applied on a soil having low or very low soil test P and K levels. These results are not surprising since the stand uniformity within each trial was highly variable during the first year of this trial. Corn yields were generally greater when ESN (Environmentally Smart N) was applied preplant in comparison to urea. Results were consistent across two sites where corn was grown on soils with poor internal drainage and received 20+ inches of rainfall in April and May. Polymer-coated urea appears to be have great potential for reducing loss of preplant applied N on these soils. Rice yields at two sites were not influenced by 0, 1, 5 or 10x rates of a humic acid product (Hydra-Hume DG) or by the fertilizer/soil amendments Carbon Boost-S and TITAN powered by ACCOMPLISH. Yields were different between suboptimal and near optimal N rates. Four years of P and K fertilization at different annual rates had no significant effect on rice yield at one site. Rice yields did not benefit from the application of 80 to 200 lb N/acre, regardless of K rate, on soil that had received insufficient annual K fertilization for eight years or in two other trials where soil had been previously fertilized uniformly. The N amended biosolid, VitAG, showed promise as a potential N source for rice, but overall N rates and application times produced lower yields than NBPT-treated urea. Rice yield from CruiserMaxx-treated seed was 9 bu/acre greater than yield from untreated seed.
Publications
- Golden, B.R., N.A. Slaton, and R.J. Norman. 2011. Nitrogen release from Environmentally Smart Nitrogen as influenced by soil texture, temperature, moisture, and incubation method. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 42:1809-1824.
- Gordon, B.L., N.A. Slaton, C. Massey, and R. DeLong. 2011. Determination of poultry litters nitrogen fertilizer value for winter wheat production. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings. Oct. 16-19, 2011. San Antonio, TX. Madison, WI.
- Massey, C.J. N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, E.E. Gbur, R.E. DeLong, and B.R. Golden. 2011. Bermudagrass forage yield and ammonia volatilization as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 75:638-648.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, J. Shafer, S. Clark, B.R. Golden, and C. Massey. 2011. Soybean response to poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer. p.30-33. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, J. Shafer, S. Clark, and B.R. Golden. 2011. Soybean yield response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization rate and time. p.34-37. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E., DeLong, R.K. Bacon, and J. Kelly. 2011. Canola response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization rate in Arkansas. p.38-41. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, S. Clark, J. Shafer, and J. Branson. 2011. Wheat grain yield response to phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient fertilization. p.42-45. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, and B. Gordon. 2011. Soil test and Bermudagrass forage yield responses to five years of phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.46-49. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, J. Shafer, and S. Clark. 2011. Corn yield response to nitrogen source, rate and application strategy. p.50-52. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, T.L. Roberts, R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, and S. Clark. 2011. Rice response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization rate. p.253-258. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 591. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R. Norman, R. DeLong, and C. Massey. 2011. Row crop response to commercially available humic acid products. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. American Society of Agronomy Southern Regional Branch Annual Meetings. Feb. 6-8, 2011. Corpus Christi, TX. Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, and R. Kelley. 2011. Winter wheat yield response to urea amended with a urease inhibitor and fertilization time. Crop Management. doi:10.1094/CM-2011-0126-01-RS.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, T.L. Roberts, R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, and S. Clark. 2011. Rice and soybean response to selected humic acid and biological enhancing soil amendments. p.259-265. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 591. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, T.L. Roberts, R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, S. Clark, and J. Branson. 2011. Evaluation fo new fertilizers and different methods of application for rice production. p.266-277. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 591. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, J. Shafer, S. Clark, and J. Branson. 2011. Soybean yield response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.53-57. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2010. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 588. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybean plant nutrition concentration and yield response to fertilization with P, K, N, and/or poultry litter was evaluated in 17 separate trials. Phosphorus and K trials evaluated multiple rates ranging from 0 to 160 lb P2O5 and K2O/acre. Poultry litter was applied at rates equivalent to 70 and 140 lbs P2O5/acre and compared to an unfertilized control, N only, equal rates of P and K, and equal rates of P and K plus N applied as muriate of potash, triple superphosphate, and/or urea at three sites. Winter wheat plant nutrition status and yield response to N, P, K, and poultry litter fertilization was evaluated in 19 trials in 2009-2010. Nitrogen, P and K experiments were nutrient rate trials designed to improve or develop soil-test based fertilizer recommendations. Experiments with poultry litter were implemented with the goal of determining its N-fertilizer value when applied at or before planting. The effects of N application time and a urease inhibitor [N-(n-Butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT] on wheat yield were also evaluated.Rice fertilization trials were established at 1) four sites to evaluate yield response to P or K rate, source, and/or application time; 2) two sites to evaluate urease and nitrification inhibitors and polymer coated urea fertilizers applied at various times, and 3) two sites to investigate the utility of humic acid or other products marketed as soil microbial stimulants, and 4) at one site to evaluate multiple Zn fertilizer sources. The nitrification rate of soil as affected by N source and various inhbitor rates continued to be evaluated in laboratory incubations. Bermudagrass forage trials were continued for a fifth year in trials established in 2006 to evaluate forage growth responses to P and K fertilization. Phosphorus and K rate trials evaluated soil-test (Mehlich-3) P and K responses to annual P (0-225 lbs P2O5/acre/year) and K (0-500 lbs K2O/acre/year) fertilizer rates and nutrient uptake and yield responses. Trials were also established with corn and canola. Two canola experiments evaluated N and P fertilization rate with commercial available fertilizers. The corn trials investigated yield response to various N fertilization strategies. Information concerning crop fertilization was extended to clientele via various refereed and non-refereed publications, meeting proceedings/ and presentations at 12 field days, county educational meetings coordinated by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, industry groups, and various professional societies. Presentations focused on interpretation and practical use of soil-test based fertilizer recommendations for maximizing agronomic yields and net profits as well as best nutrient management practices for maximizing plant nutrient uptake and reducing soil and fertilizer nutrient movement into the surrounding landscape. The primary audience of outreach activities was growers, consultants, and other scientists. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator of all described experiments was Dr. Nathan Slaton, Professor/Director of Soil Testing - University of Arkansas. As project director, Dr. Slaton prepared funding proposals, designed experiments and treatments, coordinated establishment and management of field and laboratory trials, performed statistical analyses of results, and developed oral and written reports to funding agencies and clientele. Research collaborators include Drs. Rick Norman, Robert Bacon, Andrew Sharpley, Trent Roberts, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (UAAES); Chuck Wilson, Extension Rice Agronomist-University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (UACES); Jeremy Ross, Extension Soybean Agronomist-UACES; Morteza Mozaffari, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Leo Espinoza, Extension Soils Specialist-UACES; Rick Cartwright, Extension Plant Pathologist-UACES; Jason Kelley, Extension Wheat Agronomist-UACES; Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor-Louisiana State University; Bobby Golden, Assistant Professor-LSU AgCenter Red River Station; Brad Watkins, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Tim Walker, Assistant Research Professor-Mississippi State University. Research collaborators aided in developing research treatments and establishing and managing trials when needed. Suitable commercial field sites for research objectives were found in cooperation with various county Extension Agents including Rick Thompson, Poinsett County Extension Agent (CEA) -UACES; and Brent Griffen, Prairie County Extension Agent (CEA) -UACES. Experiment station personnel aided in locating suitable sites on UA-AES farms. Research staff at the Arkansas Agric. Research and Extension Center (AAREC), Rice Research Extension Center (RREC), Pine Tree Research Station (PTRS), Southeast Research Extension Center, Marianna Soil Test Laboratory, Fayetteville Agricultural Diagnostic Laboratory, and Lon Mann Cotton Branch Research Station assisted with establishment and management of research tests or analyses of plant, soil, and manure samples. Field and laboratory work was also facilitated by Mr. Russ DeLong and Colin Massey, Program Specialists-UAAES. Financial support for research was provided by the Arkansas Rice Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Soybean Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Wheat Research Promotion Board, Fertilizer Tonnage Fees administered by The Arkansas Soil Test Review Board, Agrium Inc., Dow Agrosciences, Mosaic, and Winfield Solutions. Funds for canola research were also provided by the US Department of Energy and USDA-CSREES. Research activities included training of graduate students (Brett Gordon), numerous UAAES staff, as well as growers and consultants at field days held at the Fayetteville Campus, RREC, PTBS, and Lake Hogue Research Field (Poinsett County) and various state, local, and county grower and professional meetings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences for the described research and outreach activities were open to all individuals which includes interested farmers, consultants, landowners, Extension agents, farm service personnel, peer scientists, and interested general public. Efforts to disseminate information were made via popular press articles and interviews, publication of reports in refereed and non-refereed journals, and oral and poster presentations. Oral presentations were made on soil testing and crop fertilization to regional, state (Arkansas), and local audiences at the following meetings: 1) Poinsett County (1/15/2010; Weiner, AR), 2-4) Arkansas Crop Management Conference on wheat, rice, and soybean (1/20-21/2010, North Little Rock, AR), 5) Arkansas Small Tree and Fruit Workshop in Faulkner County (2/16/2010, Conway, AR), 6) Rice Technical Working Group Consultants Training for Certified Crop Advisors (2/22/2010, Biloxi, MS, AR), 7) Tri-County Integrated Pest Management Meeting (6/29/2010, Jonesboro, AR), 8) Midsouth Asssociation of Wheat Scientists (8/4/2010, Olive Branch, MS, 9) Mississippi Chapter of American Society of Agronomy (11/17/2010, Video link to Grenada, MS, and 10) Arkansas National Guard Training (11/18/2010, Fayetteville, AR). Research results were also used/presented in classroom instruction during the fall semester 2010 for CSES 4224 (Soil Fertility) and the following professional meetings: Southern Branch American Society of Agronomy (2/2010, Orlando, FL) and American Society of Agronomy International Meetings (11/2010, Long Beach, CA). PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Irrigated soybean yield was not increased by P fertilization in five trials, even though Mehlich-3 extractable P was only 10 ppm at two sites. Neither poultry litter nor inorganic fertilizer increased soybean yield on three silt loams having low to medium fertility. Application of K during early vegetative or reproductive growth produced similar yields that were 18 to 27% greater than when no K was applied. The Mehlich-3 test recovered 20 to 46% of K fertilizer and 18 and 21% of P fertilizer that was applied 3 to 5 months before soil sampling. After nine years, application of 40 to 160 lb K2O/acre/year increased soybean yield 26 to 83% compared to no K with the greatest rate maximizing yield. Mehlich-3 soil K has changed by 1 ppm for every 38 lb K2O/acre. Results of wheat research showed the minimum N rate that maximized wheat yield ranged from 80 to 200 lb N/acre highlighting the need for an accurate soil N test. Results from two poultry litter trials showed that 15 to 30% of the total N (75 to 150 lb total-N/acre) in poultry litter was used towards grain production. Agrotain-treated urea, showed a small (3%) yield benefit over wheat fertilized with urea in trials conducted across three years and six sites. Wheat grain yields were unaffected by the date of N application so long as N was applied before Feekes stage 6. Wheat fertilized with 60 to 150 lb P2O5/acre produced average yields that were 5 to 10 bu/acre greater than wheat receiving no P at three of four sites. Canola yields were maximized by application of 135 lb N and 40 lb P2O5/acre at one research site in 2010. Trials conducted over the last three years show an average of 118 lb N/acre produces near maximum canola yields on silt loams in Arkansas. Bermudagrass yields were maximized by annual application of 500 lb K2O/acre/year and 45 lb P2O5/acre /year. Soil test availability indices for P and K have decreased by 7.4 ppm P and 15.5 ppm K per year due to negative P or K balance. Soil test P changed by 0.15 ppm per 1 lb P2O5/acre after four years of cropping and fertilization. The same approach for K showed a quadratic relationship indicating soil K was depleted by removal of bermudagrass forage <300 lb K2O/acre/year was applied. Corn yields were generally increased equally by different urea application strategies compared to the same N rate applied as preplant ESN-urea. In contrast, preplant applied polymer coated urea has failed to produce maximal rice yields compared to preflood urea. Rice yields were not influenced increased by 0, 1, 5 or10x recommended rates of a humic acid product. Three years of P and K fertilization at different annual rates had no significant effect on rice yield. Application of 10 lb K2O and 14 lb P2O5/acre is required to change Mehlich-3 soil test P or K, respectively, of a Dewitt silt loam by 1 ppm. Compared to broadcast application, banding P and Zn fertilizers tended to enhance early season tissue P and Zn concentrations, respectively, but had no consistent effect on rice yield. Rice yields did not benefit from the application of 80 to 200 lb N/acre on soil that had received insufficient annual K fertilization for ten years.
Publications
- DeLong, R.E., Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., Golden, B.R., and Wilson, C.E., Jr. 2010. Evaluation of poultry litter as a phosphorus and potassium fertilizer source for rice production. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD ROM]. 33nd Meeting, Mississippi State Univ., Biloxi, MS. 22 25 Feb. 2010. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Golden, B.R., Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., DeLong, R.E., and Wilson, C.E., Jr. 2010. Nitrification contributions to nitrogen losses from preflood applied urea in delayed flood rice culture. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD ROM]. 33nd Meeting, Mississippi State Univ., Biloxi, MS. 22 25 Feb. 2010. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Maschmann, E.T., Slaton, N.A., Cartwright, R.D., and Norman, R.J. 2010. Rate and timing of potassium fertilization and fungicide influence rice yield and stem rot. Agron. J. 102:163-170.
- Mozaffari, M., Slaton, N.A., Fowler, L.A., and Bourland, F.M.. 2010. Cotton responds positively to biosolids, poultry manure, and urea. p.20-22. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Mozaffari, M., Slaton, N.A., and Kennedy, C. 2010. Potassium fertilization increases seedcotton yield in low testing silt loam. p.23-24. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Norman, R.J., Enochs, A.J., Roberts, T.L., Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., Wilson, Frizzell, D.L., and Branson, J.D. 2010. Nitrogen content in floodwater of drill seeded, delayed flood rice following urea fertilization. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD ROM]. 33nd Meeting, Mississippi State Univ., Biloxi, MS. 22-25 Feb. 2010. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Norman, R.J., Roberts, T.L., Wilson, C.E., Slaton, N.A., Frizzell, D.L., Branson, J.D., Duren, M.W., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., and Gibbons, J.W. 2010. Grain yield response of fourteen new rice cultivars to nitrogen fertilization. p.166-180. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds). B.R. Wells. Rice Research Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 581. Fayetteville, AR.
- Roberts, TL., Norman, R.J., Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., and Fulford, A.M. 2010. Field validation of N STAR: A precision nitrogen management tool for direct seeded, delayed flood rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD ROM]. 33nd Meeting, Mississippi State Univ., Biloxi, MS. 22 25 Feb. 2010. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Roberts, T.L., Norman, R.J., Slaton, N.A., and Wilson, C.E. 2010. Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen changes with soil depth:Implications. p.181-190. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds). B.R. Wells. Rice Research Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 581. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E.,Shafer, J., and Clark, S. 2010. Wheat yield response to poultry litter application time. p.44-47. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Shafer, J., Clark, S., and Golden, B.R. 2010. Soybean yield response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization rate and time. p.48-53. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Shafer, J., Golden, B.R., and Branson, J. 2010. Soybean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization strategies. p.54-59. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Shafer, J., Clark, S.., Golden, B.R., and Massey, C.G. 2010. Soybean response to poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer. p.60-63. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Golden, B.R., DeLong, R.E., and Mozaffari, M. 2010. Correlation and calibration of soil potassium availability with yield and trifoliate leaf potassium concentration of full-season soybean. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 74:1642-1651.
- Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., DeLong, R.E., Clark, S.D., and Cartwrightm R.D., and Parsons, C.E. 2010. Rice response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.202-210. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds). B.R. Wells. Rice Research Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 581. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., DeLong, R.E., Clark, S.D., Shafer, J., and Golden, B.R. 2010. Wheat grain yield response to nitrogen fertilizer source or amendment and application time. p.64-67. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Roberts, T.L., Norman, R.J., Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., and Ross, W.J. 2010. N ST*R a soil based nitrogen test for fertilizer recommendations in Arkansas. p.191-197. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds). B.R. Wells. Rice Research Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 581. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Bacon, R.K., and Kelly, J. 2010. Canola response to nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization in Arkansas. p.30-35. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Clark, S., Shafer, J., and Golden, B.R. 2010. Wheat grain yield response to phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient fertilization. p.36-39. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., and Gordon, B. 2010. Evaluation of the nitrogen fertilizer value of poultry litter for winter wheat in Arkansas. In Abstracts [CD ROM]. 2010 American Society of Agronomy Southern Regional Branch Annual Meetings. 7-8 Feb., 2010. ASA, Orlando, FL.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Massey, C.G., and Golden, B.R. 2010. Soil and bermudagrass forage responses to four years of phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.40-43. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 578. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., Clark, S.D., and Golden, B.R. 2010. Rice response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization time. p.197-201. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds). B.R. Wells. Rice Research Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 581. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., and Wilson, C.E. 2010. Rice yield and nutrient uptake as affected by phosphorus and potassium fertilization in the fall, winter, and spring. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD ROM]. 33nd Meeting, Mississippi State Univ., Biloxi, MS. 22-25 Feb. 2010. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Watkins, K.B., Hignight, J.A., Norman, R.J., Roberts, T.L., Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., and Frizzell, D.L. 2010. Comparison of economic optimum nitrogen rates for rice in Arkansas. Agron. J. 102:1099-1108.
- Slaton, N.A., Golden, B.R., and Norman, R.J. 2010. Rice response to urea and two polymer coated urea fertilizers. p.211-219. In R.J. Norman and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds). B.R. Wells. Rice Research Studies 2009. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 581. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybean plant nutrition concentration and yield response to fertilization with P, K, N, and/or poultry litter was evaluated in 18 separate trials. Phosphorus and K trials evaluated multiple rates ranging from 0 to 160 lb P2O5 and K2O/acre. Poultry litter was applied at rates equivalent to 70 and 140 lbs P2O5/acre and compared to an unfertilized control, N only, equal rates of P and K, and equal rates of P and K plus N applied as muriate of potash, triple superphosphate, and/or urea at three sites. Winter wheat plant nutrition status and yield response to N, P, K, and poultry litter fertilization was evaluated in 18 trials in 2008-2009. Phosphorus and K experiments were nutrient rate trials designed to improve soil-test based fertilizer recommendations. Experiments with poultry litter were implemented with the goal of determining its N-fertilizer value when applied in October, December, February, and March. The effects of N application time and a urease inhibitor [N-(n-Butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT] on wheat yield were also evaluated. Rice fertilization trials were established 1) at seven sites to evaluate yield response to P or K rate, source, and/or application time; 2) at three sites to evaluate urease and nitrification inhibitors applied at various times, 3) at three sites to evaluate various polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilizers, and 4) at one site to evaluate multiple Zn fertilizer sources. The nitrification rate of soil as affected by N source and various inhbitor rates was also evaluated in laboratory incubations. Bermudagrass forage trials were continued for a fourth year in trials established in 2006 to evaluate forage growth responses to P and K fertilization. Phosphorus and K rate trials evaluated soil-test (Mehlich-3) P and K responses to annual P (0-225 lbs P2O5/acre/year) and K (0-500 lbs K2O/acre/year) fertilizer rates and nutrient uptake and yield responses. Canola fertilization experiments (7) were established to develop preliminary fertilization guidelines for N, P, K, S, Zn, and B. Trials were conducted at three different sites that followed rice, soybean, or fallow. The trials examined a range of nutrient addition rates, fertilizer sources, and applications times. Information concerning crop fertilization was extended to clientele via various refereed and non-refereed publications, meeting proceedings/ and presentations at 19 field days, county educational meetings coordinated by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, industry groups, and various professional societies. Presentations focused on interpretation and practical use of soil-test based fertilizer recommendations for maximizing agronomic yields and net profits as well as best nutrient management practices for maximizing plant nutrient uptake and reducing soil and fertilizer nutrient movement into the surrounding landscape. The primary audience of outreach activities was growers, consultants, and other scientists. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator of all described experiments was Dr. Nathan Slaton, Associate Professor/Director of Soil Testing - University of Arkansas. As project director Dr. Slaton prepared funding proposals, designed experiments and treatments, coordinated establishment and management of field and laboratory trials, performed statistical analyses of results, and developed oral and written reports to funding agencies and clientele. Collaborators on the described research included Drs. Rick Norman, Professor-University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (UAAES); Robert Bacon, Professor, UAAES; Chuck Wilson, Extension Rice Agronomist-University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (UACES); Jeremy Ross, Extension Soybean Agronomist-UACES; Morteza Mozaffari, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Leo Espinoza, Extension Soils Specialist-UACES; Rick Cartwright, Extension Plant Pathologist-UACES; Jason Kelley, Extension Wheat Agronomist-UACES; Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor-Louisiana State University; and Tim Walker-Assistant Research Professor-Mississippi State University. Research collaborators aided in developing research treatments and establishing and managing trials when needed. Suitable commercial field sites for research objectives were found in cooperation with various county Extension Agents including Rick Thompson, Poinsett County Extension Agent (CEA) -UACES; and Brent Griffen, Prairie County Extension Agent (CEA) -UACES. Experiment station personnel aided in locating suitable sites on UA-AES farms. Research staff at the Rice Research Extension Center (RREC), Pine Tree Branch Station (PTBS), Southeast Research Extension Center, Marianna Soil Test Laboratory, Fayetteville Agricultural Diagnostic Laboratory, and Lon Mann Cotton Branch Research Station assisted with establishment and management of research tests or analyses of plant, soil, and manure samples. Field and laboratory work was also facilitated by Mr. Russ DeLong, Program Specialist-UAAES. Financial support for research was provided by the Arkansas Rice Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Soybean Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Wheat Research Promotion Board, Fertilizer Tonnage Fees administered by The Arkansas Soil Test Review Board, Agrium Inc., Dow Agrosciences, Florikan Inc., Mosaic, NuFarm, and Winfield Solutions. Funds for canola research were also provided by the US Department of Energy and USDA-CSREES. Research activities included training of graduate students (Colin Massey, Elliot Maschmann, Bobby Golden, and Brett Gordon), numerous UAAES staff, as well as growers and consultants at field days held at the Fayetteville Campus, RREC, PTBS, and Lake Hogue Research Field (Poinsett County) and various state, local, and county grower and professional meetings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences for the described research and outreach activities were open to all individuals which includes interested farmers, consultants, landowners, Extension agents, farm service personnel, peer scientists, and interested general public. Efforts to disseminate information were made via popular press articles and interviews, publication of reports in refereed and non-refereed journals, oral and poster presentations. Oral presentations were made on soil testing and crop fertilization to Arkansas state and local audiences at the following meetings: 1) Prairie County (1/6/2009, Hazen, AR) 2) Poinsett County )1/8/2009; Weiner, AR), 3) Jackson County (1/14/2009, Newport, AR), 4) Independence County (1/14/2009, Rosie, AR) 5) Arkansas Crop Management Conference on wheat, rice, and soybean, and soil testing (1/27-29/2009, North Little Rock, AR), 6) Arkansas County (2/10/2009, Dewitt, AR), 7) Lawrence and Randoplh Counties (2/11/2009, Pocahontas, AR), 8) Mississippi Ag Consultants Meeting (Feb 12, Tunica, MS), 9) RREC Field Day (8/12/2009, Stuttgart, AR), 10) Arkansas Soybean Conference (12/8/2009, Brinkley, AR), 11) Arkansas County Agent Training (12/9/2009, Ferndale, AR), and 12) Arkansas County (12/15/2009, Stuttgart, AR). Research results were also used/presented in classroom instruction during the fall semester 2009 for CSES 4224 (Soil Fertility) and the following professional meetings: Moasic AgCollege (1/20/2009, Tampa, FL) Southern Plant Nutrient Management Conference (10/5/2009, Olive Branch, MS), Southern Branch American Society of Agronomy (2/1/2009, Atlanta, GA) and American Society of Agronomy International Meetings (10/1-5/2009, Pittsburgh, PA). PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Soybean yields were increased by 9-13% at 1 of 3 sites from single-year K fertilization trials. The tenth year of a long-term K fertilization trial showed annual application of >80 lb K2O/acre produced yields 35% greater than application of no K. Soybean yields were not affected by the month and rate of P or K application, but tissue concentrations indicated similar uptake of P and K from fertilizer applied 0 to 6 months before seeding. Soybean yield were increased by 7-15% by P fertilization at only 1 of 4 sites. Four trials compared inorganic P and K fertilizer to poultry litter. Soybean receiving litter or fertilizer at equal rates of P and K produced equal yields that were 4 bu/acre greater than soybean receiving no P or K. Doublecrop soybean yields were increased 11-58% by K fertilization and 21-38% by 120 to 150 lb P2O5. Applying all P or K in the fall produced similar yields as splitting the P or K between wheat and soybean provided an adequate rate was applied. The eighth year of a long-term K fertilization showed annual application of 80-160 lb K2O/acre increased yields by 45-58% above rice receiving no K and 12-19% above rice receiving 40 lb K2O/acre/year. Application of K fertilizer increased rice yields by 24-35% and showed that 95% of maximum yield could be produced with K applied as late as one week before heading. Various experimental, polymer-coated urea fertilizers were applied preplant and compared to urea applied preflood at two sites. One experimental fertilizer applied preplant yielded only 7-10 bu/acre less than urea applied preflood. The utility of urease inhibitors for winter wheat was evaluated at two sites. Wheat yields tended to decline as a near optimal N rate was delayed from February until early April. Urea treated with Agrotain produced higher yields than urea when applied at only one date when no rainfall occurred within 7 days after N application. Poultry litter applied at 150 lb N/acre in October, December, February, or April produced similar yields that were equivalent to about 50 lb urea-N/acre. Seven N rate trials were performed and showed maximum yield was produced with 60 to 200 lb N/acre highlighting the need for a soil N test. Phosphorus increased wheat yield 28-35% above that of wheat receiving no P at 1 of 2 sites. Wheat yields were unaffected by K, Zn, and B fertilization at two sites. Canola yields were maximized by application of 75 to 165 lb N/acre and did not respond to S fertilization at three sites. The P and K removal rates of harvested canola seed were equivalent to 0.96 lb P2O5 and 0.53 lb K2O/bu. Canola did not respond to B, Zn, or K fertilization, but a positive yield increase (73-164%) was measured from P fertilization at 1 of 2 sites. The 4th year of a bermudagrass trial showed that Mehlich-3 P and K decreased by 11 and 19 ppm, respectively, in soil receiving no P or K fertilization since 2006. Season-total forage yields receiving no K produced only 40% of the yield as that receiving >300 lb K2O/acre/year Application of no P resulted in yields that were 87% of forage receiving P.
Publications
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, J. Shafer, B. Golden, E. Maschmann, and J. Branson. 2009. Soybean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.51-56. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, J. Shafer, S. Clark, B. Golden, and E. Maschmann. 2009. Soybean response to poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer. p.56-59. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, J. Shafer, B. Golden, E. Maschmann, and S. Clark. 2009. Wheat and double-cropped soybean yield response to phosphorus and potassium rate and fertilization strategy. p.60-64. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., H.L. Goodwin, E.E. Gbur, R.E. DeLong, N. Kemper, S. Clark, E. Maschmann, and B. Golden. 2009. Winter wheat response to inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and poultry litter applied in fall and late winter. p.73-77. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., E.T. Maschmann, R.D. Cartwright, C.E. Parsons, R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, and B.R. Golden. 2009. Rice yield and stem rot response to potassium fertilization. p.246-253. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 571. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, S. Clark, J. Branson, E. Maschmann, and B. Golden. 2009. Wheat grain yield response to nitrogen source or amendment and application time. p.65-68. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, R. DeLong, B.R. Golden, T.L. Roberts, and J. Kelley. 2009. The influence of nitrogen application time and a urease inhibitor on winter wheat yield. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2009 International Annual Meetings. Nov. 1-5, 2009. Pittsburgh, PA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
- Watkins, K.B., J.A. Hignight, R.J. Norman, C.E. Wilson, Jr., N.A. Slaton, and D.L. Frizzell. 2009. Maximizing returns to nitrogen application in Arkansas rice production. p.322-328. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 571. Fayetteville, AR.
- Golden, B.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, and E.T. Maschmann. 2009. Nitrification inhibitors influence on rice grain yield and soil inorganic nitrogen. p.215-223. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 571. Fayetteville, AR.
- Golden, B.R. N.A. Slaton, C.G. Massey, E.T. Maschmann, and R.J. Norman. 2009. Nitrogen release from Environmentally Smart Nitrogen as influenced by soil texture, temperature, moisture, and incubation method. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2009 American Society of Agronomy Southern Regional Branch Annual Meetings. Jan. 31 - Feb. 1, 2009. ASA, Atlanta, GA.
- Golden, B.R. N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, and R. DeLong. 2009. Nitrification's role in nitrogen loss of urea applied preflood in delayed-flood rice production. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2009 International Annual Meetings. Nov. 1-5, 2009. Pittsburgh, PA.
- Maschmann, E.T., N.A. Slaton, R. Cartwright, R. Norman, R. DeLong, and B. Golden. 2009. Potassium fertilization influences rice growth, yield and stem rot. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2009 American Society of Agronomy Southern Regional Branch Annual Meetings. Jan. 31 - Feb. 1, 2009. ASA, Atlanta, GA.
- Milus, E.A., R.D. Cartwright, C.S. Rothrock, M. Anders, and N. Slaton. 2009. Impact of cropping sequences and alternative hosts on take-all management of winter wheat in Arkansas. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2009-0512-02-RS.
- Norman, R.J., C.E. Wilson, Jr., N.A. Slaton, D.L. Frizzell, J.D. Branson, M.W. Duren, T.L Roberts, K.A.K. Moldenhauer, and J.W. Gibbons. 2009. Grain yield response of thirteen new rice cultivars to nitrogen fertilization. p.224-239. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 571. Fayetteville, AR.
- Norman, R.J., C.E. Wilson, Jr., N.A. Slaton, B.R. Griggs, J.T. Bushong, and E.E. Gbur. 2009. Nitrogen fertilizer sources and timing before flooding dry-seeded, delayed flood rice. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73:2184-2190.
- Roberts, T.L., R.J. Norman, N.A. Slaton, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2009. Changes in alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen distribution with soil depth: Fertilizer correlation and calibration implications. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73. 2151-2158.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, S. Clark, J. Branson, B. Golden, E. Maschmann, and J. Shafer. 2009. Wheat grain yield rsponse to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rate. p.69-72. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, B.R. Golden, and E.T. Maschmann. 2009. Bermudagrass forage response to potassium fertilization. p.37-41. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C.G. Massey, B.R. Golden, and E.T. Maschmann. 2009. Bermudagrass forage response to phosphorus fertilization rate. p.42-45. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, M. Emerson, R.K. Bacon, and J. Kelly. 2009. Canola response to nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization in Arkansas. p.46-50. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2008. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 569. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybean plant nutritional status and yield response to fertilization with P, K, N, and/or poultry litter was evaluated in 15 separate trials. Phosphorus and K trials evaluated multiple rates ranging from 0 to 160 lb P2O5 and K2O/acre. Poultry litter was applied at rates equivalent to 70 and 140 lbs P2O5/acre and compared to an unfertilized control, N only, equal rates of P and K, and equal rates of P and K plus N applied as muriate of potash, triple superphosphate, and/or urea at three sites. Winter wheat plant nutrition status and yield response to N, P, K, and poultry litter fertilization was evaluated in six trials in 2007-2008. Phosphorus and K experiments were nutrient rate trials designed to improve soil-test based fertilizer recommendations. Experiments with poultry litter were implemented with the goal of determining its N-fertilizer value when applied in the fall preplant or late winter after emergence. The effects of N application time and a urease inhibitor on wheat yield were also evaluated. Rice fertilization trials were established 1) at three sites to evaluate yield response to P rate and/or source, 2) at seven sites to evaluate short- or long-term response to K fertilization, and 3) at three sites to evaluate various polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilizers or urease and nitrification inhibitors applied at various times. The N-release rate of Environmentally Smart N (ESN) was also evaluated in 40 day laboratory incubations. Bermudagrass forage trials were continued for a second or third year in trials established in 2006 or 2007 to evaluate forage responses N, P and K fertilization. Phosphorus and K rate trials evaluated soil-test (Mehlich-3) P and K responses to P (0-225 lbs P2O5/acre/year) and K (0-500 lbs K2O/acre/year) rates after one-year (2006) of fertilization and nutrient uptake and yield responses. The N trial evaluated yield and N uptake responses to N source (ammonium nitrate, urea, urea plus Agrotain, and pelleted poultry litter) applied at annual total-N rates of 0 to 450 lbs N/acre. Ammonia volatilization as measured in plexiglass chambers was measured at three N application times during 2008. Information concerning crop fertilization was extended to clientele via various refereed and non-refereed publications, meeting proceedings/ and presentations at 15 field days and/or county educational meetings coordinated by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service and various professional societies. Presentations focused on interpretation and practical use of soil-test based fertilizer recommendations for maximizing agronomic yields and net profits as well as best nutrient management practices for maximizing plant nutrient uptake and reducing soil and fertilizer nutrient movement into the surrounding landscape. The primary audience of outreach activities was growers, consultants, and other scientists. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator of all described experiments was Dr. Nathan Slaton, Associate Professor/Director of Soil Testing - University of Arkansas. As project director Dr. Slaton prepared funding proposals, designed experiments and treatments, coordinated establishment and management of field and laboratory trials, performed statistical analyses of results, and developed oral and written reports to funding agencies and clientele. Collaborators on the described research included Drs. Rick Norman, Professor-University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (UAAES); Chuck Wilson, Extension Rice Agronomist-University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (UACES); Jeremy Ross, Extension Soybean Agronomist-UACES; Morteza Mozaffari, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Leo Espinoza, Extension Soils Specialist-UACES; Robert Bacon, Professor-UAAES; Rick Cartwright, Extension Plant Pathologist-UACES; Jason Kelley, Extension Wheat Agronomist-UACES; Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor-Louisiana State University; and Tim Walker-Assistant Research Professor-Mississippi State University. Research collaborators aided in developing research treatments and establishing and managing trials when needed. Suitable commercial field sites for research objectives were found in cooperation with various county Extension Agents including Rick Thompson and Craig Allen, Poinsett County Extension Agents (CEA) -UACES; Robert Seay, Benton County CEA-UACES; and crop consultant Jason McGee. Experiment station personnel aided in locating suitable sites on UA-AES farms. Research staff at the Rice Research Extension Center (RREC), Pine Tree Branch Station (PTBS), Southeast Research Extension Center, Marianna Soil Test Laboratory, Fayetteville Agricultural Diagnostic Laboratory, and Lon Mann Cotton Branch Research Station assisted with establishment and management of research tests or analyses of plant, soil, and manure samples. Field and laboratory work was also facilitated by Mr. Russ DeLong, Program Specialist-UAAES. Financial support for research was provided by the Arkansas Rice Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Soybean Research Promotion Board, Fertilizer Tonnage Fees administered by The Arkansas Soil Test Review Board, Loveland Industries, Agrium Inc., Mosaic, AgXplore, and Kingenta Fertilizer. Research activities included training of graduate students (Colin Massey, Elliot Maschmann, and Bobby Golden), numerous UAAES staff, as well as growers and consultants at field days held at the Fayetteville Campus, RREC, PTBS, and Lake Hogue Research Field (Poinsett County) and various state, local, and county grower and professional meetings. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences for the described research and outreach activities were open to all individuals which includes interested farmers, consultants, landowners, Extension agents, farm service personnel, peer scientists, and interested general public. Efforts to disseminate information were made via popular press articles and interviews, publication of reports in refereed and non-refereed journals, oral and poster presentations. Orals presentations were made on soil testing and crop fertilization to Arkansas state and local audiences at the following meetings: 1) Poinsett County )1/16/2008; Weiner, AR), 2) Jackson County Soil Fertility Training (1/9/2008, Newport, AR), 3) Arkansas Crop Management Conference (1/29-31/2008, North Little Rock, AR), 4) Lonoke County (1/7/2008 and 11/16/2008, Lonoke, AR), 5) Independence County (1/9/2008, Rosie, AR), 6) Prairie County (1/7/2008, Hazen, AR), 7) Whitmore Fertilizer-Arkansas County (3/7/2008, Dewitt, AR), 8) Southeast Branch Station Field Day (7/24/2008, Rohwer, AR), 9) Poinsett County Field Day (8/1/2008, Weiner, AR), 10) RREC Field Day (8/14/2008, Stuttgart, AR), and 11) Logan County (9/9/2008, Paris, AR). Research data was also used/presented in classroom instruction during fall semester 2007 for CSES 4224, Soil Fertility; Southern Pasture and Forage Improvement Conference (5/12-14/2008, Knoxville, TN), Rice Technical Working Group Meeting (2/18-21/2008, San Diego, CA), and American Society of Agronomy International Meetings (10/5-9/2008, Houston, TX). PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Soybean yields were increased by 10-36% at 4 of 7 sites from K fertilization, but P fertilization failed to increase soybean yield on five soils with 6-45 ppm Mehlich-3 soil P. Since 2004, 15 of 17 sites with soil-test K <100 ppm have responded positively to K fertilization. In contrast, only 5 of 27 sites have shown a positive soybean yield increase to P fertilization. Soybean also responded favorably to P and K fertilization with inorganic fertilizer or poultry litter in three trials. Averaged across sites, soybean yields were increased by P and K regardless of source, and equal among sources including both P and K applied at the low rate. Soybean receiving the high rate of poultry litter produced the greatest yield. Trials with rice showed yield response to K varied among sites, but was generally greatest when K was applied preflood and gradually declined as the K fertilization time was delayed until late boot. Rice yields also increased when fungicide was applied, but the magnitude of yield increase varied with K application time and among sites. Yield increases from fungicide were greatest when no K was applied indicating a portion of the yield loss from K deficiency is due to increased disease severity. Stem rot severity decreased when both K and fungicide were applied. Evaluation of several PCU fertilizers applied preplant showed most were not suitable alternatives to urea applied preflood for rice grown in the delayed-flood system. Nitrification inhibitors did not consistently prevent nitrification among soils long enough to allow N fertilizer to be applied 7 days or more before flooding. Lab incubation trials showed ESN fertilizer releases most of its N within 40 days at 20-25 C, N release is slower at low temperatures and is largely unaffected by soil moisture content and soil series. Wheat yields tended to decline as N was delayed from February until late March and were different among N sources. Urea treated with Agrotain produced higher wheat yields when applied in late March than urea, ESN or ESN + urea mixture suggesting that ESN releases N too slowly and that ammonia volatilization from urea may be a significant N loss pathway for surface-applied urea in March. Poultry litter applied in December provided only small amounts of plant-available N for winter wheat with each unit of total N applied producing about 20% of the yield as each unit of urea-N. Bermudagrass requires at least 300 lb K2O/acre/year to produce near maximal yield potential. Application of no K for three years resulted in yield losses approaching 60%. After three years of cropping, season-total bermudagrass yield declined 14% in soil (86-112 ppm Mehlich-3 P) that has received no P fertilizer since 2006. Application of 135 lb P2O5/acre/year was required to produce near maximal yields. Urea treated with the urease inhibitor Agrotain showed no benefit to bemudagrass yield over urea alone in three years of research. However, ammonia volatilization was reduced significantly by application of Agrotain to urea. Non-irrigated bermudagrass grown for hay requires about 360 lb N/acre to produce 90% of its yield potential in Northwest Arkansas.
Publications
- Bushong, J.T., Roberts, T.L., Ross, W.J., Norman, R.J., Slaton, N.A., and Wilson, C.E., Jr. 2008. Evaluation of distillation and diffusion techniques for estimating hydrolyzable amino sugar-nitrogen as a means of predicting nitrogen mineralization. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 72:992-999.
- DeLong, R.E., Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., Golden, B.R., and Wilson, C.E., Jr. 2008. Correlation of soil-test potassium with grain yield and plant concentration and uptake of potassium by rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 32nd Meeting, Univ. California-Davis, San Diego, CA. 18-21 Feb. 2008. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Fixen, P.E., Schneider, R.W., Wright, D.L., Mallarino, A.P., Nelson, K.A., Ebelhar, S.A., and Slaton, N.A. 2008. Implications of Asian soybean rust in nutrient management - Research update. Better Crops. 92:26-29.
- Golden, B.R., Massey, C.G., Slaton, N.A., Maschmann, E.T., and Norman, R.J.. 2008. Nitrogen release from polymer coated urea in five Arkansas soils. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2008 International Annual Meetings. Oct. 5-9, 2008. Houston, TX. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
- Golden, B.R., Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., and DeLong, R.E. 2009. Evaluation of polymer-coated urea for directed-seeded, delayed-flood rice production. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 73: accepted.
- Golden, B.R., Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., and Norman, R.J. 2008. Evaluation of polymer-coated urea as an alternative to preflood urea for delayed-flood rice. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. American Society of Agronomy Southern Branch Meeting. Feb. 3-5, 2008. Dallas, TX. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Golden, B.R., Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., DeLong, R.E., and Wilson, C.E., Jr. 2008 Assessment of polymer-coated urea for delayed-flood rice production. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 32nd Meeting, Univ. California-Davis, San Diego, CA. 18-21 Feb. 2008. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Harper, T.W., Brye, K.R., Daniel, T.C., Slaton, N.A., and Haggard, B.E. 2008. Land use effects on runoff and quality, on an eastern Arkansas soil under simulated rainfall. J. Sustain. Agric. 32(2) 231-253.
- Maschmann, E.T., Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Golden, B.R., and Micheri, P. 2008. Potassium deficiency influences rice growth and yield. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. American Society of Agronomy Southern Branch Meeting. Feb. 3-5, 2008. Dallas, TX. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Maschmann, E.T., Slaton, N.A., Cartwright, R.D., Norman, R.J., DeLong, R.E., Wilson, C.E., Jr., and Micheri, P.H. 2008. Potassium fertilization influences growth, yield, and stem rot severity of rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 32nd Meeting, Univ. California-Davis, San Diego, CA. 18-21 Feb. 2008. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Massey, C.G., Golden, B.R., and Maschmann, E.T. 2008. Bermudagrass forage response to phosphorus fertilization. p.59-63. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Massey, C.G., Golden, B.R., and Maschmann, E.T. 2008. Bermudagrass forage response to potassium fertilization. p.64-68. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Massey, C.G., Golden, B.R., and Maschmann, E.T. 2008. Bermudagrass yield and Mehlich-3 phosphorus response to phosphorus fertilization. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2008 International Annual Meetings. Oct. 5-9, 2008. Houston, TX. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
- Massey, C.G., Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Golden, B.R., Maschmann, E.T., and Roberts, T.L.. 2008. Bermudagrass forage yield and ammonia volatilization as affected by nitrogen fertilization. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. American Society of Agronomy Southern Branch Meeting. Feb. 3-5, 2008. Dallas, TX. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Massey, C.G., Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Golden, B.R., and Maschmann, E.T.. 2008. Bermudagrass forage yield and ammonia volatilization as affected by nitrogen fertilization. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2008 International Annual Meetings. Oct. 5-9, 2008. Houston, TX. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
- Massey, C.G., Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Golden, B.R., and Maschmann, E.T.. 2008. Bermudagrass forage response to nitrogen fertilization. p.24-28. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Seay, R., and Slaton, N.A. 2008. Bermudagrass yield response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization in northwest Arkansas. Forage and Grazinglands. doi:101094/FG-2008-0818-01-RS..
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Golden, B.R., Clark, S., and Shafer, J. 2008. Wheat and double-cropped soybean yield response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization strategy. p.54-58. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Mozaffari, M., Clark, S., Allen, C., and Thompson, R. 2008. Wheat grain yield response to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rate. p.69-71. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Mozaffari, M., Shafer, J., and Branson, J. 2008. Soybean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization rate. p.72-77. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., and Golden, B.R. 2008. Annual potassium fertilization influences rice and soybean yields and soil-test potassium. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 32nd Meeting, Univ. California-Davis, San Diego, CA. 18-21 Feb. 2008. LSU, Crowley, LA.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Golden, B.R., Clark, S., Micheri, P., Maschmann, E.T., Branson, J., and Frizzell, D. 2008. Rice response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.209-219. In R.J. Norman, J.-F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 560. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Golden, B.R., DeLong, R.E., and Massey, C.G. 2008. Green bean yield as affected by nitrogen fertilization strategy. p.77-79. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2007. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 558. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Golden, B.R., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., and DeLong, R.E. 2009. Correlation and calibration of soil potassium availability with rice yield and nutritional status. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 73: accepted.
- Yan, W., Agrama, H.A., Slaton, N.A., and Gibbons, J.W. 2008. Soil and plant materials associated with rice straighthead disease induced by arsenic. Agron. J. 100:1655-1661.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybean experiments were established in 18 separate trials to evaluate full-season soybean plant nutritional status and yield responses to fertilization with P, K, N, and poultry litter. Phosphorus and K trials evaluated multiple rates ranging from 0 to 160 lb P2O5 and K2O/acre. Poultry litter was applied at rates equivalent to 160 lbs P2O5/acre and compared to equal rates of muriate of potash and triple superphosphate at two sites. Winter wheat fertilization trials were established to evaluate plant nutrition and yield responses to P, K, and poultry litter at multiple sites in fall 2007. Phosphorus and K experiments were nutrient rate trials designed to improve soil-test based fertilizer recommendations. Experiments with poultry litter were implemented with the goal of determining its N-fertilizer value when applied in the fall preplant or late winter after emergence. Rice fertilization trials were established 1) at three sites to evaluate yield response to P rate and/or
source, 2) at six sites to evaluate short- or long-term response to K fertilizer rates, and 3) at three sites to evaluate various polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilizers (ESN, Duration CR-V, and Polyon 41 and 42% N) applied preplant as alternatives to urea applied preflood via airplane. The N release rate of PCU fertilizers was also evaluated in 40 to 60 day field and laboratory incubation studies to aid in explaining field results. Bermudagrass forage production trials were continued for a second year in trials established in 2006 to evaluate forage responses N, P and K fertilization. Phosphorus and K rate trials evaluated soil-test (Mehlich-3) P and K responses to P (0-225 lbs P2O5/acre/year) and K (0-500 lbs K2O/acre/year) rates after one-year (2006) of fertilization and nutrient uptake and yield responses. The N trial evaluated yield and N uptake responses to N source (ammonium nitrate, urea, urea plus Agrotain, and pelleted poultry litter) applied at total-N rates from 0 to 450 lbs
N/acre. Ammonia volatilization as measured in plexiglass chambers was measured at three N application times during the growing season. Information concerning crop fertilization was extended to clientele via various refereed and non-refereed publications and meeting proceeding and oral presentations at 16 field days and/or county educational meetings coordinated by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service and various professional societies within and outside of Arkansas. Presentations focused on interpretation and practical use of soil-test based fertilizer recommendations for maximizing agronomic yields and net profits as well as best nutrient management practices for maximizing plant nutrient uptake and reducing soil and fertilizer nutrient movement into the surrounding landscape. The primary audience of outreach activities was growers and consultants as well as other scientists.
PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator of all described experiments was Dr. Nathan Slaton, Associate Professor/Director of Soil Testing - University of Arkansas. As project director Dr. Slaton prepared funding proposals, designed experiments and treatments, coordinated establishment and management of field and laboratory trials, performed statistical analyses of results, and developed oral and written reports to funding agencies and clientele. Collaborators on the described research included Drs. Rick Norman, Professor-University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (UAAES); Chuck Wilson, Extension Rice Agronomist-University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service (UACES); Jeremy Ross, Extension Soybean Agronomist-UACES; Morteza Mozaffari, Research Assistant Professor-UAAES; Leo Espinoza, Extension Soils Specialist-UACES; Rick Cartwright, Extension Plant Pathologist-UACES; Jason Kelley, Extension Wheat Agronomist-UACES; Dustin Harrell, Assistant Professor-Louisiana State
University; and Tim Walker-Assistant Research Professor-Mississippi State University. Research collaborators aided in developing research treatments and establishing and managing trials when needed. Suitable commercial field sites for research objectives were found in cooperation with various county Extension Agents including Rick Thompson and Craig Allen, Poinsett County Extension Agents (CEA) -UACES; Robert Seay, Benton County CEA-UACES; and Johnny Gunsaulis, Washington County CEA-UACES; and crop consultants including Dustin Engler and Jason McGee. Experiment station aided in locating suitable sites on UAAES farms. Research staff at the Rice Research Extension Center (RREC), Pine Tree Branch Station (PTBS), Southeast Research Extension Center, Marianna Soil Test Laboratory, and Fayetteville Agricultural Diagnostic Laboratory, and Lon Mann Cotton Branch Research Station assisted with establishment and management of research tests or analyses of plant, soil, and manure samples. Field
and laboratory work was also facilitated by Mr. Russ DeLong, Program Specialist-UAAES. Financial support for research was provided by the Arkansas Rice Research Promotion Board, Arkansas Soybean Research Promotion Board, Fertilizer Tonnage Fees administered by The Arkansas Soil Test Review Board, International Plant Nutrition Institute-Foundation for Agronomic Research, Loveland Industries, Agrium Inc., Georgia Pacific, Natural Resource Conservation Service, and Kingenta Fertilizer. Research activities included training of graduate students (Colin Massey, Elliot Maschmann, and Bobby Golden), numerous UAAES staff, as well as growers and consultants at field days held at the Fayetteville Campus, RREC, PTBS, and Lake Hogue Research Field (Poinsett County) and various state, local, and county grower and professional meetings.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audiences for the described research and outreach activities included all interested farmers, consultants, landowners, Extension agents, farm service personnel, peer scientists, and interested general public. Efforts to disseminate information were made via popular press articles and interviews, publication of reports in refereed and non-refereed journals, oral and poster presentations. Orals presentations were made to Arkansas state and local audiences at the following meetings: 1) Poinsett County (Rice and soybean fertilization, 1/11/2007; Weiner, AR), 2) Jackson County Soil Fertility Training (Understanding your soil test report and Managing Soil Fertility on Your Farm, 1/16/2007, Newport, AR), 3) Arkansas Crop Management Conference (Rice Fertilization with P, K, and Zn & Variability in Soil Testing, 1/29/2007, North Little Rock, AR), 4) Arkansas Crop Management Conference (Fertilization of Wheat, 1/30/2007, North Little Rock, AR), 5) North
Delta Agri Expo (Use of Poultry Litter in Row Crop Agriculture, 2/8-9/2007, Jonesboro, AR), 6) Lawrence and Randolph County Rice Educational Meeting (Fertilizing Rice and Update on Changes in Soil Testing, 2/22/2007, Hoxie, AR), 7) Cross County Extension Service Rice Training (Fertilization of Rice, 2/28/2007, Wynne, AR), 8) University of Arkansas Hay Day (Fertilization of Bermudagrass, 7/12/2007, Fayetteville, AR), 9) Poinsett County Field Day (Rice K fertilization & Soybean Fertilization, 8/3/2007, Weiner, AR), 10) Arkansas Consultants Rice Training (Rice K Fertilization, 8/7/2007, Lonoke, AR), 11) RREC Field Day (Rice and Soybean fertilization, 8/8/2007, Stuttgart, AR), 12) PTBS Field Day (Rice and Soybean fertilization, 8/16/2007, Pine Tree, AR). Research data was also used in classroom instruction during fall semester 2007 for CSES 4224, Soil Fertility.
Impacts
Soybean yields were increased by 4-53% at 5 of 8 sites from K fertilization and by up 29% by P fertilization at one site. Soil-test K is highly correlated (r2 >0.80)with relative soybean yield and trifoliate leaf K at R2 stage. Soil-test P is also significantly correlated with soybean yield, but the relationship is weak and requires more research to improve soil-test based P recommendations. Significant soybean yield responses to P fertilization have occurred only when Mehlich-3 P is <20 ppm. Soybean yields may also be increased by poultry litter. In 2007, one positive yield response to litter was attributed to K, but at the second site soybean receiving poultry litter produced average yields that were 9 bu/acre greater than equal P and K nutrient rates as inorganic fertilizers suggesting the response may have been to N in the litter. Rice yields were not affected significantly by P fertilization at three sites in 2007, but were increased by 24-38 bu/acre by K
fertilization at 3 of 8 sites. Positive rice yield responses tend to occur when soil-test K is <100 ppm. Panicle assays at two K-deficient sites suggest K deficiency results in fewer total spikelets and a higher percentage of blank spikelets per panicle than rice receiving adequate K. Sufficient annual K-fertilization also reduced the severity of rice stem rot. Evaluation of several PCU fertilizers applied preplant showed most were not suitable alternatives to urea applied preflood for rice grown in the delayed-flood system. Near maximum yields were sometimes produced with PCU applied preplant, but the results have been inconsistent or required greater N rates than preflood urea. Incubations showed ESN and Duration CR-V release N too rapidly for efficient uptake. The Polyon fertilizers released N too slowly to produce optimum yields, but show promise and warrant more research. Freezing temperatures in April damaged all wheat trials except one evaluating the N value of poultry litter.
When averaged across N rates, poultry litter applied in December produced greater yields (29 bu/acre) than litter applied in October (23 bu/acre), but February applied urea produced the greatest yields (49 bu/acre). The N-fertilizer value of litter for winter wheat appears low, but additional research is needed. Inadequate K fertilization of bermudagrass for two-years caused second year yield losses of 21 to 43% when 100 and 0 lb K2O/acre/yr, respectively, were applied to a soil with an initial medium soil-K level. Potassium removal ranged from 21-55 lb K2O/ton and depended on annual K rate. Season-total bermudagrass yield was not affected by P rate on a soil with Mehlich-3 P of 97 ppm. However, the third harvest yield was significantly increased by P fertilization for the second consecutive year. Phosphorus removal ranged from 11-13 lb P2O5/ton. Bemudagrass receiving NH4NO3 produced greater yields than when urea, urea plus Agrotain, or pelleted poultry litter were applied at equal
rates. Ammonia volatilization was reduced significantly by application of Agrotain to urea. Pelleted poultry litter had very low and similar NH3 losses as NH4NO3.
Publications
- Delong, R., N. Slaton, B. Golden, J. Ross, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2007. Soybean response to boron fertilization in Arkansas 2002-2007. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2007 International Annual Meetings. Nov. 4-8, 2007. New Orleans, LA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
- Golden, B., N. Slaton, R. DeLong, and R. Norman. 2007. Evaluation of polymer-coated urea as an alternative to preflood urea for delayed flood rice. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. American Society of Agronomy Southern Branch Meeting. Feb. 4-7, 2007 Mobile, AL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Golden, B.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, and R.J. Norman. 2007. Nitrogen release from polymer-coated urea via a buried bag method. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2007 International Annual Meetings. Nov. 4-8, 2007. New Orleans, LA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, B.R. Golden, and M. Mozaffari. 2007. Full-season, irrigated soybean response to potassium fertilization in Arkansas. Better Crops 91(2):28-30.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, R.D. Cartwright, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2007. Cultivar and seeding date effects on kernel smut of rice in Arkansas. Agron. J. 99:521-529.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, B.R. Golden, C.G. Massey, and T.L. Roberts. 2007. Bermudagrass forage response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization rate. p.52-57. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2006. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 548. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, and B.R. Golden. 2007. Soybean response to boron fertilization strategy. p.58-62. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2006. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 548. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R. DeLong, B. Golden, and J. Ross. 2007. Soybean growth and yield responses to poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer. In Abstracts [CD-ROM]. 2007 International Annual Meetings. Nov. 4-8, 2007. New Orleans, LA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI..
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, B.R. Golden, J. Shafer, and S.D. Clark. 2007. Rice and soybean response to annual potassium fertilization rate. p.332-338. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2006. ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 550. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, S. Clark, C. Allen, and R. Thompson. 2007. Wheat grain yield response to phosphorus fertilizer rate. p.73-76. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2006. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 548. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, S. Clark, and J. Shafer. 2007. Wheat grain yield response to nitrogen applied in fall and late winter. p.68-72. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2006. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 548. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, B.R. Golden, J. Shafer, and J. Branson. 2007. Soybean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization rate on silt loam soils. p.63-67. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 548. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and B.R. Golden. 2007. Rice response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.339-348. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2006. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 550. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Boron fertilization studies were conducted at 5 sites to evaluate soybean response to rate and time of B. Tissue B concentrations were increased by B fertilization at all sites, but yield was significantly increased at only one site and showed a trend to increase at another. At the responsive site, yields were increased by 25% from B applied at planting or by the V4 stage. Boron applied at R2 stage resulted in numerically greater yields that were not different from the control. Phosphorus and K fertilization trials with soybean were established at 6 sites. Yields were increased significantly from K fertilization by 12-69% at 3 sites and from P fertilization by 18-25% at 2 sites. Trials conducted since 2004 show that soil-test K is highly correlated with relative soybean yield and trifoliate K concentration at R2, and soil-test P is significantly correlated with soybean relative yield but the relationship is weak and requires more research to better delineate the
agronomic soil-test P threshold. Four K trials were established with rice with no site showing a significant yield increase. Yield increases were not expected as soil-test K was near or above the current interpretation of Optimum suggesting that recommendations are reasonably accurate. Additional data is needed to better define the Below Optimum soil-test K level and calibrate the K rates needed to maximize yields and profits. The 7th year of a long-term K trial showed rice yields were increased by annual application of >50 lbs K/acre/year. Rice and soybean yields have declined by an average of 2.5 and 4.5%/year, respectively, when no K has been applied. Several polymer-coated urea fertilizers (PCUF) applied preplant were compared with urea applied preflood to direct seeded rice flooded at the 5-leaf stage. No preplant applied PCUF evaluated produced acceptable yields compared to the standard practice of preflood urea. Phosphorus increased wheat yields by 13-36% at 3 of 6 sites.
Soil-test P of 19 trials shows a weak but significant relationship with relative wheat yield. Further data must be collected to better characterize the soil-test P that delineates P-deficient from sufficient soils. Fall applied N (40-80 lbs N/acre) was needed to maximize wheat yields following rice. Wheat following rice required a total of 160 lbs N/acre to produce maximum yields with 40-80 lbs N/acre needed at planting. Wheat grown on soil previously cropped to bermudagrass required 0 lbs N/acre following soybean or 40 lbs N/acre following rice to maximize yields. A trial examining P and K fertilization of bermudagrass on a soil with Medium soil-test K and Above Optimum soil P showed total yield was increased by 13-18% by >200 lbs K2O/acre. Potassium uptake ranged from 34 to 51 lbs K2O/acre/ton. Total hay yields were not increased by P fertilization. Phosphorus removal averaged 12 lbs P2O5/acre/ton. Hay yields among urea, NH4NO3, and urea + Agrotain fertilizers were not different but
consistently greater than yields from pelleted poultry litter applied at equal total N rates. Averaged across N rates, pelleted litter produced 84% of the yield produced with inorganic N fertilizers.
Impacts
Data is being used to characterize soil fertility and plant nutrient needs for bermudagrass, rice, soybean and wheat production systems in Arkansas. Such information should improve our understanding of soil testing and fertilization of these crops and lead to sustainable and agronomically sound nutrient management practices. Information was extended to the Cooperative Extension Service for grower use, considered in new fertilizer recommendations when appropriate, and published for documentation. Research data was used to refine existing soil test-based P and K fertilizer recommendations for rice, soybean, and wheat grown in Arkansas. Additional P and K fertilization trials are needed to build confidence in the preliminary correlation and calibration relationships. These data will also aid in developing nutrient management guidelines for these crops grown in states adjacent to Arkansas that use similar soil-test methods, have similar cropping systems, and/or have
similar climatic conditions. The profitability of row-crop production will be improved through more accurate nutrient management guidelines. Research findings will improve our ability to predict when significant crop yield responses to fertilization will occur, provide insight on how to manage nutrient deficiencies when they do occur, increase fertilizer use efficiency, and integrate nutrient and pest management recommendations.
Publications
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Golden, B.R., and Baquireza, C.J. 2006. Rice response to potassium fertilization rate on silt loam soils in Arkansas. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 31st Meeting, Texas A&M Univ., The Woodlands, TX. 26 Feb - 1 March 2006. Crowley, LA.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Norman, R.J., Mozaffari, M., and Espinoza, L.. 2006. Mehlich-3 phosphorus and potassium correlation and fertilizer calibrations for rice, soybean, and winter wheat grown in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Feb. 5 - Feb. 7, 2006. Orlando, FL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., DeLong, R.E., and Golden, B.R. 2006. Evaluating the nitrogen fertilizer value of poultry litter applied preplant to direct-seeded rice. p.341-350. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 540. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Norman, R.J., and DeLong, R.E. 2006. Correlation of soil pH and Mehlich-3 phosphorus with post-flood rice phosphorus concentrations in Arkansas. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:2819-2837.
- Brye, K.R., Golden, B.R., and Slaton, N.A. 2006. Poultry litter decomposition dynamics as affected by litter form and rate prior to flooding for rice production. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 70:1155-1167.
- Golden, B.R., Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., Gbur, E.E., Jr., Brye, K.R., and DeLong, R.E. 2006. Recovery of nitrogen in fresh and pelleted poultry litter by rice. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 70:1359-1369.
- Ross, J.R., Slaton, N.A., Brye, K.R., and DeLong, R.E. 2006. Boron fertilization influences on soybean yield and leaf and seed boron concentrations. Agron. J. 98(1):198-205.
- Slaton, N.A., Branson, B., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Norman, R.J., and DeLong, R.E. 2006. Zinc fertilization of rice grown on clay soils in Arkansas. p.324-332. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 540. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., and Golden, B.R. 2006. Soybean response to boron fertilization strategy. p.89-92. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 537. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, DeLong, Mozaffari, M., Clark, S., Allen, C., and Thompson, R. 2006. Wheat grain yield response to phosphorus fertilzier rate. p.93-96. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 537. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Mozaffari, M., Shafer, J., Branson, J., and Richards, T. 2006. Soybean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization rate. p.97-101. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 537. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., and Wilson, C.E., Jr. 2006. Rice and soybean responses to annual potassium fertilization rate in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Nov. 12-16, 2006. Indianapolis, IN. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Norman, R.J., Wilson, C.E., Jr., and Golden, B.R. 2006. Rice response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.333-340. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2005. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 540. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Boron fertilization studies were conducted with soybean grown on alkaline silt loam soils at four sites to evaluate crop response to B fertilization rate and time of application during 2005. Tissue B concentrations were increased by B fertilization, but B fertilization had no significant influence on soybean yields. The N-, P-, and K-fertilizer values of poultry litter applied preplant to flood-irrigated rice were evaluated at five sites in 2005. Only about 25 to 30% of the total N in poultry litter is recovered by rice during the first growing season. The total P and K in fresh and pelletized poultry litter provide similar amounts of available P and K to flood-irrigated rice as inorganic P and K fertilizers when applied at equal P and K rates. Trials conducted in 2005 showed the N-fertilizer value of poultry litter declines as the time of application before seeding is increased, stand loss due to salt injury can occur when high rates of litter are applied preplant to
rice, and that litter applied to the soil surface produced similar rice yields as incorporated litter. Rice grown on clay soils did not show growth or yield benefits from fertilization with granular Zn rates up to 30 lb Zn/acre at ten sites. Data from 23 site-years of research with clayey soils were summarized to assess the need for Zn fertilization of clay soils. Results show that soil pH plus Mehlich-3 extractable Zn can be used to estimate Zn concentrations of rice seedlings grown in clayey soils. Fertilizer recommendations were revised to indicate the need for Zn fertilization when soil pH is above 6.0 and Mehlich-3 Zn is <1.6 ppm. Various other fertilization trials including N, K, and P fertilizers were also initiated with rice, soybean, and wheat. Data from these trials will be used to correlate Mehlich-3 extractable nutrients with crop responses to fertilization and calibrate the P and K fertilizer recommendations for these crops. Significant rice yield increases from K
fertilization were found at 5 of 7 sites in 2005. Trials evaluating rice and soybean response to annual K fertilization rate showed that after 4 years significant rice (20 to 40 bu/acre) and soybean (10 to 20 bu/acre) yield losses occur when no or sub-optimal K rates (<50 lb K/acre) are applied to silt loam soils. Phosphorus fertilization had no influence on rice yields at two sites. Soybean yields were increased significantly by P fertilization at 1 of 6 sites and by K fertilization at 2 of 6 sites. Wheat yields were significantly increased by P fertilization at 2 of 4 sites. Trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of seeding date and cultivar on kernel smut of rice at three sites. No consistent trend was found between seeding date and kernel smut severity and incidence. However, kernel smut usually increased as cultivar susceptibility to kernel smut increased.
Impacts
Data generated from research is being used to characterize soil fertility and plant nutrition needs of wheat, rice, and soybean when these crops are grown in rotation which should improve our understanding of soil testing and plant nutrition relationships for rotations involving rice. Information is extended to the Cooperative Extension Service for grower use, considered in new fertilizer recommendations when appropriate, and published in various locations for documentation. Research data was used to refine existing soil test-based P and K fertilizer recommendations for rice, soybean, and wheat grown in Arkansas. Additional P and K fertilization trials are needed to build confidence in the preliminary correlation and calibration relationships. These data will also aid in developing nutrient management guidelines for these crops grown in states adjacent to Arkansas that use similar soil-test methods. The profitability of row-crop production will be improved through
more accurate nutrient management guidelines. Research findings will improve our ability to predict when significant crop yield responses to fertilization will occur, provide insight on how to manage nutrient deficiencies, increase fertilizer use efficiency, and integrate nutrient and pest management recommendations.
Publications
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, and R. Thompson. 2005b. Irrigated soybean response to boron application time and rate. p.91-94. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 525. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., T.W. Walker, J. Bond, D. Dunn, P.K. Bollich, and R.E. DeLong. 2005. Rice response to boron application rate and time in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. p.326-331. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 529. Fayetteville, AR.
- DeLong, R.E., D.L. Boothe, N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, R.D. Cartwright, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and M.W. Duren. 2005. Seeding date effect on kernel smut and grain yield of rice in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Nov. 6-10, 2005. Salt Lake City, UT. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Golden, B.R., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, K.R. Brye, R.E. DeLong. 2005. The urea-nitrogen equivalence of fresh and pelleted poultry litter for flood-irrigated rice. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Nov. 6-10, 2005. Salt Lake City, UT. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., J. Branson, C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, and R.E. DeLong. 2005. Zinc fertilization of rice grown on clay soils in Arkansas. p.305-309. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 529. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., K.R. Brye, R.K. Bacon, and M. Mozaffari. 2005. Correlation and calibration of Mehlich-3 phosphorus recommendations for winter wheat following rice in Arkansas. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal:36(7/8):993-1004.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, C. Baquireza, R.J Norman, C.E. Wilson, and B.R. Golden. 2005. Rice response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization in Arkansas. p.310-318. p.319-325. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 529. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, S.D. Clark, and D.L. Boothe. 2005. Winter wheat response to phosphorus fertilization. p.81-85. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 525. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, and R. Thompson. 2005a. Full-season, irrigated soybean response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. p.86-90. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 525. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., E.E. Gbur, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and R.J. Norman. 2005. Rice Response to Granular Zinc Sources Varying in Water-Soluble Zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 69:443-453.
- Slaton, N.A., B.R. Golden, K.R. Brye, R.J. Norman, T.C. Daniel, R.E. DeLong, and J.R. Ross. 2005. The nitrogen fertilizer value of preplant-incorporated poultry litter for flood-irrigated rice. p.319-325. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 529. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., M. Mozaffari, R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, and W.J. Ross. 2005 Influence of nitrogen fertilizer application rate and time on winter wheat yields. p.95-99. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 525. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2005. Effect of zinc source and application time on zinc uptake and grain yield of flood-irrigated rice. Agron. J. 97(1):272-278.
- Slaton, N.A., J. Ross, R. DeLong, S. Clark, and J. Shafer. 2005. Residual nutrition of a single boron application on soybean and rice in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Nov. 6-10, 2005. Salt Lake City, UT. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., J.R. Ross, R.E. DeLong, S.D. Clark, J. Shafer, and D.L. Boothe. 2005. Evaluation of the residual benefits of boron fertilization on soybean and rice. p.100-104. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2004. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 525. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/30/04
Outputs
Boron fertilization studies were conducted with rice and soybean to evaluate their response to B rate and application time, the residual influence of a single B application, and soybean seed B concentration on germination, growth, and yield. Soybean yields were increased (10%) by B fertilization at 1 of 4 sites. Data from four study sites in 2003 showed that B fertilization increases soybean seed concentration. When soil B availability is low, soybean seed often contains low (<8 mg B/kg) and when seed B concentrations are <3 mg B/kg germination is low. Tissue analysis to evaluate the influence of seed B concentration on plant B nutrition is not yet complete. A single application of B made in 2002 at two sites significantly increased B concentrations of soybean (02), rice (03) and soybean (04) suggesting that annual or biennial B applications may not be required. Six B time of application trials conducted with rice in the Midsouth, three of which were located in
Arkansas, showed no significant benefit or detriment to rice yield. A 3-year survey of commercial soybean fields in Arkansas was completed. Data analysis is not yet complete, but shows that soybean grown in several northeast Arkansas counties requires B fertilization since tissue B concentrations were often <20 mg B/kg. The total P and K in fresh and pelleted poultry litter provide similar amounts of available P and K to flood-irrigated rice as inorganic P and K fertilizers when applied at equal rates. Preplant incorporated litter was an inefficient N source for flood-irrigated rice. Application of 240 lb litter-N/acre produced rice yields equal to 60-90 lb N/acre applied preflood as urea. Litter applied at rates to satisfy P and K requirements will provide some available N and that preflood urea-N rates should be lowered to account for the available litter-N. Rice grown on clay soils did not show growth or yield benefits from fertilization with granular Zn rates up to 20 lb Zn/acre
at five sites. Tissue Zn concentration of rice at the midtillering stage suggest that soil pH and Mehlich-3 Zn both influence Zn availability. Data is being used to determine if Zn fertilizer recommendations are needed on clay soils. Various other fertilization trials with N, K, and P fertilizers were also initiated with rice, soybean, and wheat. Data from these trials will be used to correlate Mehlich-3 nutrients with crop responses to fertilization and calibrate the P and K fertilizer recommendations. Significant rice yield increases from K fertilization were found at 4 of 8 sites. Phosphorus fertilization had no influence on rice yields at five sites. Soybean yields were increased significantly by P fertilization at 1 of 3 sites and by K fertilization at 2 of 4 sites. Wheat yields were significantly increased by P fertilization at 2 of 6 sites. Trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of N rate and application time on false smut of rice. The severity of false smut increased
as preflood N rate increased. The severity and incidence of kernel smut increased as seeding was delayed and cultivars have different susceptibilities to kernel smut.
Impacts
Data generated from research conducted is being used to characterize soil fertility and plant nutrition needs of wheat, rice, and soybean when these crops are grown in rotation which should improve our understanding of soil testing and plant nutrition relationships for rotations involving rice. Information is extended to the Cooperative Extension Service for grower use, considered in new fertilizer recommendations when appropriate, and published in various locations for documentation. Research efforts will be used to refine current soil test-based fertilizer recommendations when enough data is collected to correlate and calibrate soil-test information with crop responses to fertilization. The profitability of row-crop production will be improved through more accurate nutrient management guidelines. Research findings will improve our ability to predict when significant responses to fertilization will occur, provide insight on how to manage nutrient deficiencies when
they do occur, and integrate nutrient and pest management recommendations.
Publications
- Pugh, B.C., R.E. DeLong, and N.A. Slaton. 2004. Potassium fertilizer rate and application time effects on grain yield and K uptake by rice in Arkansas. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Reiter, M.S., T.C. Daniel, N.A. Slaton, C. Wilson, Jr., C. Tingle, and B. Bock. 2004. Effects of poultry litter ash and raw litter on rice in an eastern Arkansas rice, wheat, soybean rotation. p.58-60. p.39-43. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 515. Fayetteville, AR.
- Reiter, M.S., T.C. Daniel, N.A. Slaton, C.E. Wilson, Jr., C.H. Tingle, and B. Bock. 2004. Effects of poultry litter ash and raw litter on rice and wheat in an eastern Arkansas rice, wheat, and soybean rotation. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, D. Dombek, and D. Ahrent. 2004. Evaluation of several soybean cultivars for differences in trifoliate-leaf boron concentration. p.66-69. p.39-43. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 515. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., D. Dunn, and B. Pugh. 2004. Potassium nutrition of flood-irrigated rice. Better Crops 88(3):20-22.
- Slaton, N.A., E.E. Gbur, Jr., R.D. Cartwright, R.J. Norman, K.R. Brye, and R.E. DeLong. 2004. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and method of application on rice grain yield and kernel smut. Agron. J. 96:1489-1496.
- Slaton, N.A., B.R. Golden, K.R. Brye, R.J. Norman, T.C. Daniel, R.E. DeLong, and J.R. Ross. 2004. The nitrogen fertilizer value of preplant-incorporated poultry litter for flood-irrigated rice. p.294-302. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 517. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., J. Hensley, C.E. Wilson, Jr., J. Branson, R.J. Norman, and R.E. DeLong. 2004a. Rice response to zinc fertilization on clay soils in Arkansas. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Slaton, N.A., J.R. Ross, R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2004. Soybean seed boron concentration and germination as affected by boron fertilization. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., T.W. Walker, P.K. Bollich, D. Dunn, and J.R. Ross. 2004. Rice response to boron application rate and time on Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. p.303-311. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 517. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, D.L. Boothe, and S.D. Clark. 2004b. Prediction of rice phosphorus concentration at the midtillering stage using soil pH and Mehlich-3 phosphorus. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Walker, T.W., J. Street, and N. Slaton. 2004. Phosphorus rate by application timing on a low-P, high pH clay soil. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Wilson, Jr., C.E., R.J. Norman, N.A. Slaton, D.L. Frizzell, and J.W. Branson. 2004. Tolerance of seedling rice to simulated hail damage. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Xia, Y.L., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, N.A. Slaton, D.L. Frizzell, D.L. Boothe, and J.W. Branson. 2004a. Comparison and evaluation of phosphorus soil-test methods for predicting P availability under flooded conditions. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 -March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Xia, Y.L., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, N.A. Slaton, D.L. Frizzell, D.L. Boothe, and J.W. Branson. 2004b. Dynamics of extractable soil phosphorus by six methods during flooding. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, K.R. Brye, B.R Golden, R. Thompson, R. Wimberly, R. Klerk, M. Hamilton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2004 Soybean grain yield response to foliar boron application rate and time. p. 61-65. p.39-43. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 515. Fayetteville, AR.
- Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2004. Rice response to boron fertilization in Arkansas. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2004. Soybean response to B fertilization in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, June 27-29, 2004. Biloxi, MS. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., K.R. Brye, T.C. Daniel R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, B.R. Golden, and J.R. Ross. 2004. The phosphorus and potassium value of two poultry litter sources used for flood-irrigated rice. p.286-293. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 517. Fayetteville, AR.
- Boothe, D.L., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, R.D. Cartwright, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and M. Duren. 2004. The effect of seeding date on kernel smut of rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. 1 Feb - 3 March 2004. Crowley, LA.
- Brye, K.R., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, M.C. Savin, R.J. Norman, and D.M. Miller. 2004. Short-term effects of land leveling on soil chemical properties and their relationships with microbial biomass. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 68:924-934.
- Brye, K.R., N.A. Slaton, and P. Chen. 2004. Can crop productivity be predicted by soil characterization after land leveling? Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM2004-0908-01-RS.
- Brye, K.R., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, and M.C. Savin. 2004. Short term effects of poultry litter form and rate on soil bulk density and water content. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35 (15-16):2311-2325.
- Bushong, J.T., J.T. Ross, B.R. Griggs, D.L. Boothe, R.J. Norman, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and N.A. Slaton. 2004. Nitrogen uptake and loss when Agrotain, ammonium sulfate, and urea are applied preflood to rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA
- Bushong, J.T., R.J. Norman, C.E. Wilson, Jr., N.A. Slaton, J.A. Hattey, E.E. Gbur, and W.J. Ross. 2004. Evaluation of several indices of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Carroll, D., M. Mozaffari, N.A. Slaton, C. Kennedy, and C. Heron. 2004. Effect of land leveling on soil properties in a cotton field. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, June 27-29, 2004. Biloxi, MS. ASA, Madison, WI.
- DeLong, R.E., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, R.J. Norman, and W.J. Ross. 2004. Evaluating the recommendation for fall nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Golden, B.R., N.A. Slaton, K.R. Brye, R.J. Norman, and R.E. DeLong. 2004. Recovery efficiency of nitrogen in fresh and pelletized poultry litter in rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA
- Golden, B.R., N.A. Slaton, K.R. Brye, R.J. Norman, and R.E. DeLong. 2004. Recovery efficiency of nitrogen in fresh and pelletized poultry litter in rice. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, June 27-29, 2004. Biloxi, MS. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Harper, T.W., T.C. Daniel, M.M. Anders, and N.A. Slaton. 2004. Effects of conservation tillage on runoff-off water quality in the Arkansas Delta. p.21-23. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 515. Fayetteville, AR.
- Harper, T.W., T.C. Daniel, K.R. Brye, and N.A Slaton. 2004. Native prairie and agroecosystem effects on soil physical properties and runoff water quality in the Arkansas Delta. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Hensley, J., N.A. Slaton, C.E. Wilson, Jr., J. Branson, and R.J. Norman. 2004. Zinc fertilization of rice grown on clay soils in Arkansas. p.255-261. In R.J. Norman, J.F. Meullenet, and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 517. Fayetteville, AR.
- Mozaffari, M., N.A. Slaton, L. Espinoza, and K. Sisk. 2004. Evaluation of boron status of soybean fields in Mississippi Delta Region of Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Norman, R.J., J.T. Bushong, C.E. Wilson, Jr., D.L. Boothe, B.R. Griggs, W.J. Ross, and N.A. Slaton. 2004. Influence of Agrotain, ammonium sulfate, , and urea on ammonia volatilization and grain yield of delayed flood rice. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2004. Seattle, WA. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Norman, R.J., C.E. Wilson, Jr., N.A. Slaton, D.L. Boothe, B.R. Griggs, and J.T. Bushong. 2004. Evaluation of several nitrogen fertilizers for use at preflood in delayed flood rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 30th Meeting, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA. Feb 1 - March 3, 2004. Crowley, LA.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Winter wheat yield and Mehlich-3 soil-test data from studies conducted during the past 10 years were summarized to correlate and calibrate P fertilizer recommendations for wheat grown on silt loam soils following rice. The predicted relative yield of wheat receiving no P fertilizer was <95% and declined gradually when Mehlich-3 soil P was <19 mg P/kg. The Mehlich-3 soil-test P boundaries defining each soil-test P level were <10 mg P/kg for very low, 10 to 14 mg P/kg for low, 15 to 19 mg P/kg for medium, 20 to 30 mg P/kg for optimum, and >30 mg P/kg for high with recommended P rates of 35, 30, 25, 11, and 0 kg P/ha, respectively.Data from multiple studies were also used to correlate Mehlich-3 soil P and soil water pH with rice seedling P concentration using regression analyses. Results showed that a model with the linear and quadratic terms for soil pH and Mehlich-3 P was significant and could predict with reasonable accuracy the rice tissue P concentrations of rice.
The relationships among rice N fertilization strategies and the level of kernel smut and sheath blight diseases of rice were evaluated. Results showed that the preflood N fertilizer rate, rather than midseason N rate, has the most influence on rice grain yield, kernel smut incidence and severity, and early season sheath blight levels. Kernel smut level was highly dependent upon the environment with excessive preflood N fertilization increasing kernel smut only when the environment was favorable for kernel smut. Environmental conditions also influenced sheath blight, but increasing the preflood N rate consistently increased early season, but not late season sheath blight levels. Preflood N rates that produced maximum grain yields also tended to maximize sheath blight. Rice and soybean response to B fertilization rate and time of application were initiated at multiple sites in 2003. Significant soybean yield increases were found at four sites in northeast Arkansas. Application of 1.0 lb
B/acre, averaged across application times, increased soybean yields by 8 to 118% (4 to 17 bushels/acre) above the yields of the unfertilized controls. A soybean tissue analysis survey of commercial soybean fields continued to show that soybean grown in several northeast Arkansas counties likely requires routine B fertilization since tissue B concentrations were often below the 20 ppm critical concentration. Studies and surveys will be continued in 2004. Ten B fertilization trials of rice were conducted in cooperation with three other rice-producing states during 2002 and 2003. Data shows that rice has a low B requirement and does not consistently respond direct B fertilization. Preliminary data suggests that fresh and pelletized litter provide P and K availability to flood-irrigated rice as inorganic P and K fertilizers when applied at equal P and K rates. However, preplant incorporated litter is an inefficient N fertilizer source for flood-irrigated rice using the production system
common to Arkansas. Only about 15 to 20% total N content of litter was recovered by rice plants. Various other fertilization trials including Zn, N, K, and P fertilizers were also initiated on rice, soybean, and wheat.
Impacts
Data generated from current research is used to characterize soil fertility and plant nutrition needs of wheat, rice, and soybean when these crops are grown in rotation which should improve our understanding of soil testing and plant nutrition relationships for rotations involving rice. Such information is extended to the Cooperative Extension Service for grower use, considered in new fertilizer recommendations when appropriate, and published for documentation. Research efforts will be used to refine current soil-test based fertilizer recommendations when enough data is collected to correlate and calibrate soil test information with crop responses to fertilization which will improve the profitability of row crop agriculture through improved nutrient management guidelines. Research findings will improve our ability to predict when significant responses to fertilization will occur, provide insight on how to manage nutrient deficiencies when they occur, and integrate
fertilizer management with pest control strategies.
Publications
- Brye, K.R., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, M.C. Savin, R.J. Norman, and D.M. Miller. 2003. Short-term effects of land leveling on soil chemical properties and their relationships with biological properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1405-1417.
- DeLong, R.E., N.A. Slaton, K.R. Brye, N.A. Wolf, and M. Mozaffari. 2003. Relationships between organic carbon and other soil chemical properties of Arkansas soils. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Nov. 2-6, 2003. Denver, CO. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Espinoza, L., M. Mozaffari, N.A. Slaton, R. Wimberly, R. Thompson, and R. Klerk. 2003. Soybean yield response to foliar- and soil-applied boron rates. p.31-35. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W. E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 502. Fayetteville, AR.
- Brye, K.R., and N.A. Slaton. 2003. Carbon and nitrogen storage in a typic albaqualf as affected by assessment method. Comm. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 34:1637-1655.
- Fageria, N.K., N.A. Slaton, and V.C. Baligar. 2003. Nutrient Management for Improving Lowland Rice Productivity and Sustainability. p.64-153. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Advances in Agronomy - Volume 80. Academic Press, New York.
- Mozaffari, M., M. A. Henslee, N. A. Slaton, E. Evans and C. Kennedy. 2002. Effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and petiole potassium. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Feb. 2-5, 2003. Mobile, AL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Mozaffari, M., M.A. Henslee, N.A. Slaton, E. Evans, J.S. McConnell, and C. Kennedy. 2003. Cotton response to potassium and phosphorus fertilization in a silt loam. p.50-53. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W.E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 502. Fayetteville, AR.
- Mozaffari, M., M.A. Henslee, N.A. Slaton, J.S. McConnell, E. Evans, and C. Kennedy. 2003.Cotton response to nitrogen fertilization in a silt loam. p.54-56. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W.E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 502. Fayetteville, AR.
- Mozaffari, M., N.A. Slaton, L. Espinoza, and R.E. DeLong. 2003. Preliminary evaluation of boron status of soybean fields in Arkansas. p.57-59. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W.E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 502. Fayetteville, AR.
- Mozaffari, M., N.A. Slaton, L. Espinoza, M.A. Henslee. 2003. An assessment of boron status of soybean fields in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Feb. 2-5, 2003. Mobile, AL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Mozaffari, M, N.A. Slaton, L. Espinoza, R. Thompson, and R. DeLong. 2002. Effect of rate and timing of foliar boron application on soybean yield and boron content. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Feb. 2-5, 2003. Mobile, AL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Norman, R.J. C.E. Wilson, Jr., D.L. Boothe, and N.A. Slaton. 2003a. Grain yield performance of rice cultivars grown in northeast Arkansas influenced by seeding date. p.288-291. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 504. Fayetteville, AR.
- Norman, R.J. C.E. Wilson, Jr., D.L. Boothe, and N.A. Slaton. 2003b. Evaluation of Agro-culture high NRG-N and XN as preemergence and preflood nitrogen fertilizers in drill-seeded, delayed flood rice. p.292-297. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 504. Fayetteville, AR.
- Norman, R.J. C.E. Wilson, Jr., D.L. Boothe, N.A. Slaton, K.A.K. Moldenahauer, J.W. Gibbons, D.L. Frizzell, and S.D. Clark. 2003. Grain yield response of new rice cultivars to nitrogen fertilization. p.298-308. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 504. Fayetteville, AR.
- Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Rice and soybean response to B fertilization in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Feb. 2-5, 2003. Mobile, AL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Ross, J.R. N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Soybean response to soil and foliar B applications. p.75-77. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W.E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 502. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., P.K. Bollich, D. Dunn, J.R. Ross, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Rice response to boron application rate and time in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri. p.315-320. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 504. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.D. Cartwright, J. Meng, E.E. Gbur, and R.J. Norman. 2003. Sheath blight severity and rice yield as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate, application method and fungicide. Agron. J. 95:1489-1496.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, S.D. Clark, and D.L. Boothe. 2003. Soybean response to phosphorus fertilization following rice in the rotation. p.78-82. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W.E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 502. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, N. Wolf, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Boron deficiency of soybean. in Arkansas. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Meetings, Feb. 2-5, 2003. Mobile, AL. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., S.D. Linscombe, R.J. Norman, and E.E. Gbur, Jr. 2003. Seeding date effect on rice yields in Arkansas and Louisiana. Agron J. 95:218-223.
- Slaton, N.A., J. McGee, R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2003. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate and application time on rice growth and yield. p.321-328. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 504. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., B.C. Pugh, R.E. DeLong, S.D. Clark, R.J. Norman, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2003. Rice response to the time and rate potassium fertilization. p.329-337. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 504. Fayetteville, AR.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Studies to evaluate the long-term residual benefits of a single Zn fertilizer application to rice and soybean grown in rotation were initiated at two locations in 2002. Zinc application significantly increased rice yields at one location. The emphasis of this study is on tracking the effect of a single Zn fertilizer application on soil Mehlich 3 Zn across time since rice response to Zn fertilization has been thoroughly documented. The interaction between Zn application time and fertilizer source was conducted for the third and final year. Similar to previous years, application of granular Zn 5 days before flooding did not prevent significant rice yield losses to Zn deficiency, but preformed well when applied and incorporated before seeding or surface applied after seeding. Solutions of Zn sulfate and EDTA chelated sources, but not ZnO sources, were highly effective at preventing Zn deficiency and maximizing yield when applied before seeding, before emergence, and to
rice foliage before flooding. Potassium fertilization studies were conducted to evaluate the rate and time of K fertilizer application on rice growth, nutrition, and yield. Potassium application time significantly affected rice grain yields in 2002. Application of K fertilizer, regardless of rate and time, produced significantly greater yields than the unfertilized control. Rice yield response to K fertilization tended to decline as K application was delayed past the seedling stage. Efforts to characterize rice K uptake, soil solution K concentration and Mehlich 3 soil K were continued in 2002. Plant uptake accounts for roughly one-half of the soil Mehlich 3 K decline during the season. Time and rate of P fertilizer application studies on rice yield were continued at three locations in 2002. Rice growth, P nutrition and P fertilizer uptake, but not yield, were improved by P fertilizer application before flooding at the 5-leaf stage rather than before emergence on alkaline silt loam
soils with low Mehlich 3 extractable P. Alkaline silt loam soils with high Mehlich 3 extractable P did not require P fertilization for sufficient P nutrition suggesting that this P extraction method can be correlated for routine soil testing. The fifth year of P fertilization studies showed that 80 to 120 lbs P2O5/acre were required to maintain the initial soil test P concentration after two crop rotation cycles. The third year of studies investigating N fertilization practices on rice yield and disease incidence and severity were completed in 2002. Rice and soybean response to B fertilization rate and time of application were initiated at multiple sites in 2002. Significant soybean yield responses were found, but were not predictable based on soil test B. A soybean tissue analysis survey of commercial soybean fields showed that soybean grown in several northeast Arkansas counties likely requires routine B fertilization since tissue B concentrations were often below the 20 ppm
critical concentration. Most of these projects will be continued in 2003.
Impacts
Data generated from research conducted in 2002 is being used to characterize soil fertility and plant nutrition needs of wheat, rice, and soybean when these crops are grown in rotation which should improve our understanding of soil testing and plant nutrition relationships for rotations involving rice. Such information is extended to the Cooperative Extension Service for grower use, considered in new fertilizer recommendations when appropriate, and published in various locations for documentation. Research efforts will be used to refine current soil-test based fertilizer recommendations when enough data is collected to correlate and calibrate soil test information with crop responses to fertilization which will improve the profitability of row crop agriculture through improved nutrient management guidelines. Research findings will improve our ability to predict when significant responses to fertilization will occur and provide insight on how to manage nutrient
deficiencies when they do occur.
Publications
- Slaton, N.A., J.B. McGee, R.E. DeLong, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and R.J. Norman. 2002. Phosphorus nutrition of rice as affected by time and rate of fertilizer application. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 94nd Annual Mtg. Indianapolis, IN. Nov. 10-14, 2002. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., J. McGee, R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2002. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate and application time on seasonal phosphorus uptake by rice. p.202-211. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2001. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 495. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and D.L. Boothe. 2002. Rice response to zinc application rate of four granular zinc fertilizer sources. p.212-218. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2001. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 495. Fayetteville, AR.
- Norman, R.J., C.E. Wilson, Jr., and N.A. Slaton. 2002. Soil Fertilization and Mineral Nutrition in U.S. Mechanized Rice Culture. p.331-412. In C.W. Smith and R.H. Dilday (eds.). Rice: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
- Perschbacher, P.W., G.W. Ludwig, and N. Slaton. 2002. Effects of common aerially applied rice herbicides on the plankton communities of aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture. 214:241-246.
- Pugh, B.C., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, R.J. Norman, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2002. Seasonal soil solution nutrient concentrations of a flooded DeWitt silt loam cropped to rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 29th Meeting, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR.
- Pugh, B.C., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2002a. The effects of potassium fertilizer rate and rice uptake on soil potassium pools during the season. In Agronomy Abstracts. . [CD-ROM]. 94nd Annual Mtg. Indianapolis, IN. Nov. 10-14, 2002. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Pugh, B.C., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, and C.E. Wilson, Jr. 2002b. The effect of potassium fertilizer rate and application timing on potassium uptake by rice. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 94nd Annual Mtg. Indianapolis, IN. Nov. 10-14, 2002. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., L. Ashlock, J. McGee, E. Terhune, R. Wimberly, R. DeLong, and N. Wolf. 2002. Boron deficiency of soybean in Arkansas. p.37-41. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W. E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2001. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 490. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., R.E. DeLong, and S.D. Clark. 2002. Soybean response to potassium fertilizer rate following rice in rotation. p.42-44. In N.A. Slaton (ed.) W. E. Sabbe Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2001. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 490. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., S. Ntamatungiro, R.E. DeLong, C.E. Wilson, Jr., and R.J. Norman. 2002. Evaluation of granular zinc fertilizers used for the fertilization of rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 29th Meeting, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, R.E. DeLong, and E.E. Gbur. 2002. Mehlich 3 phosphorus response to phosphorus fertilization in a soybean-rice rotation. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 94nd Annual Mtg. Indianapolis, IN. Nov. 10-14, 2002. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Slaton, N.A., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, and E.E. Gbur, Jr. 2002. Development of a critical Mehlich 3 soil zinc concentration for rice in Arkansas. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33:2759-2770.
- Slaton, N.A., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, S. Ntamatungiro, D.L. Boothe, S.D. Clark, and R.E. DeLong. 2002. Evaluation of zinc fertilizer application time on rice yield. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 29th Meeting, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., C.E. Wilson, Jr., R.J. Norman, S. Ntamatungiro, and D.L. Frizzell, 2002. Rice response to phosphorus fertilizer application rate and timing on alkaline soils in Arkansas. Agron. J. 94:1393-1399.
- Tucker, C.L., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, C.E. Wilson, Jr., S. Ntamatungiro, and D.L. Boothe. 2002a. Preflood and midseason nitrogen rate effect on nitrogen concentration of rice flood water. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 29th Meeting, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR.
- Tucker, C.L., N.A. Slaton, R.J. Norman, C.E. Wilson, Jr., S. Ntamatungiro, and D.L. Boothe. 2002b. Preflood and midseason nitrogen rate effect on nitrogen concentration of rice flood water. In Agronomy Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 94nd Annual Mtg. Indianapolis, IN. Nov. 10-14, 2002. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Wilson, C.E., Jr., N.A. Slaton, D.L. Frizzell, D.L. Boothe, and R.J. Norman. 2002. Use of sodium chlorate as a harvest desiccant for rice. In Rice Technical Working Group Abstracts. [CD-ROM]. 29th Meeting, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The residual benefits of a single Zn fertilizer application to rice were evaluated from plots established in 2000 at two locations. A single granular Zn application benefits rice growth for at least two years after application. The Zn application rate was the most critical factor influencing the residual benefits to the second rice crop. Application of >8 lb Zn/acre was required to maximize rice yields on Zn deficient soils. Zinc source did not matter. Soil test Zn increased by 0.5 lb Zn (Mehlich 3 Zn)/lb Zn applied. Another study was conducted to evaluate the interaction between application time and Zn fertilizer source. Application of granular Zn 5 days before flooding did not prevent significant rice yield losses to Zn deficiency. Granular sources must be applied by seedling emergence for seedling uptake. Zinc uptake was not affected when Zn was incorporated or applied to the soil surface. Solutions of Zn sulfate and EDTA chelated sources were highly effective at
preventing Zn deficiency and maximizing yield when applied before seeding, before emergence, and to rice foliage before flooding. Potassium fertilization studies were conducted to evaluate the rate and time of K fertilizer application on both rice and soybean growth, nutrition, and yield. Rice yields did not respond to K fertilizer application time or rate in 2001 suggesting that current fertilizer recommendations are appropriate for the production of high yielding rice. Soil solution K concentrations increased to a maximum one week after flooding, rapidly declined for three to four weeks, and reached an equilibrium for the remainder of the growing season (5 to 6 weeks). This data helps explain why K deficiency of rice typically appears about 5 weeks after flooding and characterizes seasonal soil depletion of K and K uptake dynamics by rice. Soybean yields were increased by 12% in soils with low to medium soil test K which again supported current fertilizer recommendations based on
soil testing. The time and rates of P fertilizer application on rice yields were investigated at three locations in 2001. Data suggested that rice growth, P nutrition, yield, and P fertilizer uptake were improved by P fertilizer application before flooding at the 5-leaf stage rather than before emergence on alkaline silt loam soils. Apparently, the application of P fertilizer before rice seeding to some soils results in fixation of fertilizer P to forms that are not available to rice. Rice yields were reduced when P fertilizer was applied at moderate and high annual rates for the fourth consecutive year on an acid soil that tested low in soil P. After four years of P fertilization, soil test P continued to show a cyclic response dependent upon the previous crop and soil pH. Soil test P tends to increase following soybean and decline following rice in the rotation, even when P fertilizer was applied. With P fertilization, soil test P increases at a faster rate on an alkaline soil
compared to an acid soil and is probably linked to the predominate forms of soil P.
Impacts
Data generated from research conducted in 2001 is being used to characterize soil and plant nutrition needs of rice and soybean when these crops are grown in rotation which should improve our understanding of soil testing and plant nutrition relationships for rotations involving rice. Such information is provided to the Cooperative Extension Service for grower use and also considered in new fertilizer recommendations when appropriate. For example, new Zn fertilizer recommendations in the form of low-cost Zn application methods (i.e., Zn seed treatments) have been adopted by growers and are being used on an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 acres of rice grown in Arkansas. Additionally, soil test criteria used to recommend Zn fertilization of rice were updated in 2001.
Publications
- Slaton, N.A. (ed) 2001. Arkansas Rice Production Handbook. Misc. Pub. No. MP192. Univ. of Ark. Coop. Exten. Serv., Little Rock, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., and Gilmour, J.T. 2001. Oxidation rates of commercial elemental sulfur products applied to an alkaline silt loam from Arkansas. SSSAJ. 65:239-243.
- Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Ntamatungiro, S., Norman, R.J., and Boothe, D.L. 2001. Evaluation of zinc seed treatments for rice. Agron. J. 93:152-157.
- Slaton, N.A., DeLong, R.E., Ntamatungiro, S., Clark, S.D., and Boothe, D.L. 2001. Phosphorus fertilizer rate and application time effect on soybean yield. p.54-58. In R.J. Norman and S.L. Chapman (eds.) Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 2000. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 480. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Norman, R.J., Boothe, D.L., Ntamatungiro, S., Clark, S.D., Wilson, C.E., Jr., and DeLong, R.E. 2001. Potassium nutrition of rice: summary of 2000 research studies. p.395-404. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2000. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 485. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Ntamatungiro, S., Boothe, D.L., Clark, S.D., and Norman, R.J. 2001. Effect of zinc fertilizer application time on rice yield. p.405-412. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2000. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 485. Fayetteville, AR.
- Slaton, N.A., Wilson, C.E., Jr., Ntamatungiro, S., and Norman, R.J. 2001. Development of a critical Mehlich 3 soil-test zinc value for rice. p.412-420. In R.J. Norman and J.F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2000. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Ser. 485. Fayetteville, AR.
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